CHROMOSOME BIOLOGY 2021 - 4TH EDITION - IPK Gatersleben
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C HROMOSOME B IOLOGY 2021
4TH EDITION
Phaseolus vulgaris L.
LEGUMINOSAE
▼ P. vulgaris (2n = 22), the common bean, is the
most nutritious and economically important species
of the genus. It is part of the human diet for
thousands of years, when it was domesticated from
its two genepools, the Mesoamerican and the
Andean.
▲ Oligo-FISH barcode on mitotic metaphase chromosomes of P. vulgaris. One to five regions of unique sequences were selected per chromosome pair using the genome of
Vigna unguiculata as reference (the species diverged about 10.4 My ago). Two oligonucleotide pools were labelled in red and green and used as probes. The combination of
signals allows the identification of each chromosome pair.
Thiago Henrique do Nascimento, Fernanda de Oliverira Bustamante, Lívia do Vale Martins, Guilherme T. Braz, Jiming Jiang, Ana Christina Brasileiro-
Vidal & Andrea Pedrosa-Harand (Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil and Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA )
JANUARY
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4 5 6 7 8 9 10
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18 19 20 21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28 29 30 31
×Festulolium braunii (K.Richt.) A.Camus
POACEAE
▼ F. braunii (2n = 14), native and synthetic hybrid of
meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis Huds.) and
Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.), is one of
the most promising species for future forage grass
breeding in temperate climates to mitigate impacts
of climate change.
Festuca pratensis
Lolium multiflorum
▲ In situ probing of pachytene chromosomes of diploid xFestulolium braunii demonstrates regular pairing of the homoeologous chromosomes and subsequent
recombination among parental genomes of Festuca pratensis (green color) and Lolium multiflorum (red color). This results in highly heterogeneous progeny of the hybrids.
Mitotic cell: ImmunoFISH of CENH3 (green) and gDNA of F. pratensis (red) in diploid Festulolium braunii
David Kopecky and Marco Tulio Mendes Ferreira (Institute of Experimental Botany, Olomouc, Czech Republic) & Adam J. Lukaszewski (University of California,
Riverside, USA)
FEBRUARY
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8 9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17 18 19 20 21
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Spelt wheat Triticum spelta L.
POACEAE
▼ T. spelta – hulled hexaploid wheat is grown in
Europe since late Neolith. Spelt was not recorded in
archeological sites of Asia, but 1957-59 pure spelt
fields were found by H. Kuckuck in Iran. Iranian
spelt might have originated from hybridization of
tetraploid emmer with Aegilops tauschii. European
spelt is thought to occur independently from
hybridization of bread wheat with Triticum dicoccon.
Picture shows a spike of Iranian spelt.
▲ Giemsa C-banding pattern of mitotic chromosomes of Iranian spelt.
E. Badaeva & A. Yankovskaya (VIGG, Russia) & N. Lysenko (VIR, Russia)
MARCH
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22 23 24 25 26 27 28
29 30 31
Phalaenopsis Fuchsia Princess ‘KHM648’
ORCHIDACEAE
▼ Fuchsia Princess (2n =38) is one of the most popular red-
flowered parents for the breeding of elite hybrids in Taiwan.
Understanding of meiotic recombination and chiasmata
formation may facilitate allele exchange and increase fertility,
hopefully leading to the breeding of new eye-catching hybrids.
10 µm
▲ DAPI staining of large interphase chromosomes may allow for the integration of immunostaining with markers for recombination nodules and cross-overs. Regulation of
cross-overs and chiasmata formation in Phalaenopsis as well as in most tropical orchids is not very well understood. Univalents are frequently observed during male meiosis
(arrows).
Pablo Bolaños-Villegas (University of Costa Rica) & Fure-Chyi Chen (National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Taiwan)
APRIL
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30
Macrozamia communis
ZAMIACEAE
▼ An ancient Australian Cycad discovered
1958 by L.A.S. Johnson. Many parts of the plant have
been utilised for food and material, most of which is toxic if
not processed correctly. Picture shows a 6-month-old
seedling.
◄ Anaphase chromosomes of M. communis after inverted
DAPI staining staining. Its large 25 Gb genome is packed into
10 µm 18 chromosomes per diploid nucleus. Estimated chromosome
size range between 10 - 20 µm. Note, sister chromatids are
about to separate.
Ales Kovarik (Institute of Biophysics, Brno., Czech Republic)MAY
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10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20 21 22 23
24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31Arabidopsis thaliana
BRASSICACEAE
▼ A. thaliana (2n = 10). Easy to grow and to
transform, a model organism for plant
research. We use a collection of fluorescent-
tagged lines to explore meiosis live with Light-
Sheet Fluorescence Microscopy.
▲ Dynamics of the meiotic protein ASY1 (fused to eYFP, green) during male meiosis inside of an Arabidopsis anther observed live over four hours. ASY1 decorates the meiotic
chromosome axes prior to synapsis, getting depleted afterwards, and re-appearing as bright foci towards the end of meiosis. Somatic nuclei expressing H2B-mRuby2 in magenta.
Maria Cuacos & Stefan Heckmann (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)JUNE
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
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7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27
28 29 30Hordeum vulgare L.
POACEAE
Unexpanded nucleus Expanded nucleus ▼ H. vulgare (barley, 2n=14)
belongs economically to the most
important cereal crops worldwide.
The large genome has a size of
~5.3 Gbp/1C.
~71 µm
~11 µm
~71 µm
▲ Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a method to magnify physically a specimen with preserved ultrastructure. It has the potential to explore structural features
beyond the diffraction limit of light (super-resolution). We expanded isolated barley nuclei ~4.2-times. Thus, already by conventual widefield microscopy the
chromatin ultrastructure labelled by DAPI becomes visible in the expanded nucleus.
Ivona Kubalová, Markéta Černohorská Schmidt, Martina Huranová, Klaus Weisshart, Andreas Houben, & Veit Schubert (IPK, Gatersleben,
Germany)JULY
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5 6 7 8 9 10 11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23 24 25
26 27 28 29 30 31Beta vulgaris
AMARANTHACEAE
▼ Beta vulgaris (sugar beet, 2n = 18) is one of the most
important crops of the moderate climate zones, contributing to
approximately 14 % of the world’s sugar production. Sugar beet
is also grown for vegetables, animal feed and bioethanol.
▲ Multicolour FISH of repetitive DNAs along mitotic metaphase chromosomes of B. vulgaris. The first two rows show hybridizations with the endogenous pararetrovirus
beetEPRV3, including the reverse transcriptase (RT; red) and the movement protein (MP; green). These were complemented by hybridizations with the centromeric satellite pBV
I (white), the intercalary satellite pEV I (blue), as well as the 18S-5.8S-25S (turquoise) and 5S rDNAs (magenta). Arrows highlight the strongest beetEPRV3 clusters on
chromosomes 3 and 5, while arrowheads show co-localization with the 18S-5.8S-25S rDNA.
Nicola Schmidt, Beatrice Weber, Kathrin Seibt, Thomas Schmidt, Tony Heitkam (TU Dresden, Germany)AUGUST
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1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15
16 17 18 19 20 21 22
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30 31Zea mays
POACEAE
▼ Corn is one of the most important crops in the world,
and it has served as a model for cytogenetics and
breeding throughout history. Tropical germplasms have
been used to produce isogenic inbred lines, varying only
for heterochromatic knob composition.
▲ Maize pachytene chromosomes hybridized with a subtelomeric
sequence (green) and the Cent4 repeat (magenta), which marks
specifically chromosome 4. Perfect meiotic pairing in hybrids between
tropical and temperate maize inbred lines.
M. Mondin, Pagliarini M. S. (in memorian) & Aguiar-Perecin (CYNGELA, Dept. Genetics, ESALQ, University of São Paulo, Brazil)SEPTEMBER
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6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30Hordeum vulgare
Telomeres Centromeres CENH3 Merged | DAPI POACEAE
Endosperm | 24 DAP | 3C
▼ Cereal grains comprise triploid
endosperm that is used for our nutrition.
The starchy endosperm contains large
endoreduplicated nuclei.
Endosperm | 24 DAP | 24C
▲ Immunostaining with CENH3 antibody combined with FISH for centromeric (Cereba) and telomeric repeats shows Rabl organization in 3C endosperm nucleus.
Endoreduplicated endosperm nuclei lose heterochromatin compaction, CenH3 and Rabl organization in an age and ploidy dependent manner.
A. Nowicka, L. Ferkova, M. Kovacik, M. Said & A. Pecinka (UEB, Olomouc, Czech Republic)OCTOBER
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25 26 27 28 29 30 31Secale cereale
POACEAE
▼Secale cereale (Rye, 2n=2x=14) is an important
cereal crop. Additional chromosomes- B chromosomes
- occur in almost all wild or semi-wild populations,
which have been removed in modern cultivars owing to
selection for high fertility. In rye population carrying B
chromosomes their number varies between individuals
ranging from 0 to 6. High numbers of B chromosomes
have a severe effect on vigor and fertility. Photo by Neil
Jones (Wales University Aberystwyth, UK).
10 µm
▲ Rye pachytene with two paired B chromosomes after FISH with repetitive sequences D1100
(green) and E3900 (red) which are highly amplified in the terminal part of these chromosomes.
The D1100/E3900-enriched region is highly extended while the D1100 predominant domains are
more condensed.
H. Sofia Pereira, Margarida Delgado, Wanda Viegas, João M. Rato, Augusta Barão & Ana D. Caperta (Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Lisboa, Portugal)NOVEMBER
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29 30Urochloa brizantha
POACEAE
▼ Zebu cows grazing hybrid Urochloa
(Brachiaria) grasses with various ploidies in a
sustainable tropical forage system incorporating
the legume Canavalia in Columbia, South
America.
▲ In situ hybridization with genomic DNA extracted from two diploid Urochloa (formerly Brachiaria) species helps identify and distinguish the genomes present in a hexaploid U.
brizantha (2n=6x=54). Genomic DNA probe from U. ruziziensis (2n=2x=18) gave stronger and weaker signals (green) in centromeric-pericentromeric regions of all 54
chromosomes from multiple diploid species, while a probe from U. brizantha (2n=2x=18) shows 6 rDNA signals (red).
Paulina Tomaszewska, Trude Schwarzacher & Pat Heslop-Harrison (University of Leicester, UK)DECEMBER
Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday Sunday
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13 14 15 16 17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26
27 28 29 30 31Frullania dilatata (L.) Dum.
FRULLANIACEAE, liverworts
▼ F. dilatata is a haploid-dominant plant that grows
on tree trunks. The species is dioicous, and the
germination of spores thus results in male or female
gametophytes. F. dilatata is unusual in having a
single male (V) and two female (U) sex
chromosomes. During meiosis, the two Us pair with
opposite ends of the V chromosome.
◄ Chromosomes of female and male gametophyte cells of
F. dilatata imaged by spatial structured illumination microscopy
.
The sex chromosomes can be easily recognized by their large
sizes.
A. Sousa and S.S. Renner (University of Munich) & V. Schubert (IPK, Germany)2022
J ANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH APRIL
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
1 1 2 6 1 2 3 4 5 6 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 14 1 2 3
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 7 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 11 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
3 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 12 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 16 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
4 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 9 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 13 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
5 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 10 28 14 28 29 30 31 18 25 26 27 28 29 30
6 31
MAY JUNE JULY AUGUST
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
18 1 23 1 2 3 4 5 27 1 2 3 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
19 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 24 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 28 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 33 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
20 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 25 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 29 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 34 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
21 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 26 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 30 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 35 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 27 27 28 29 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 36 29 30 31
30
23 30 31
SEPTEMBER OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Wk Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su
36 1 2 3 4 40 1 2 45 1 2 3 4 5 6 49 1 2 3 4
37 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 41 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 46 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 50 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
38 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 42 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 47 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 51 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
39 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 43 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 48 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 52 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
40 26 27 28 29 30 44 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 49 28 29 30 53 26 27 28 29 30 31
45 31Cover picture
Mitotic anaphase chromosomes of Scadoxus multiflorus after FISH using a human-typ telomere probe (in red).
C. Wäsch and A. Houben (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
Acknowledgement
The print was supported by the IPK Gatersleben. Most of all, I would like to thank all colleagues who provided the
beautiful contributions. Andreas Houben (IPK, Gatersleben, Germany)
http://www.ipk-gatersleben.de/en/breeding-
research/chromosome-structure-and-function/ https://www.facebook.com/CSF1Houben/You can also read
