THE FIRST PD170 ENGINE DELIVERED TO TAI - TEI BECOMES THE MOST COLLABORATIVE SUPPLIER OF LEAP ENGINE PROJECT TJ90 TURBOJET ENGINE PERFORMED THE ...
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
ISSUE 2018 The periodical of TUSAS Engine Industries, Inc. (TEI) THE FIRST PD170 ENGINE DELIVERED TO TAI TEI BECOMES THE MOST COLLABORATIVE SUPPLIER OF LEAP ENGINE PROJECT TJ90 TURBOJET ENGINE PERFORMED THE FIRST FLIGHT SUCCESSFULLY
CONTENTS EDITORIAL 05 / MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO Dear TEI Post Readers, 06 / COVER STORY Here we are again, with the 133rd issue of TEI Post. THE FIRST PD170 ENGINE DELIVERED TO TAI “Cover Story” of this issue features Operative UAV Engine 10 / ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS Development Project and delivery of the first PD170 engine PART AND MODULE MANUFACTURING to TAI. PROJECTS Under “Activities & Projects”, we have shared HUMAN RESOURCES PROCESSES developments about several projects we have been 18 / NEWS ABOUT TEI implementing as we pursue to achieve our vision of becoming a leading global engine company. 38 / ACHIEVEMENT BOARD “TEI News” section covers Turkish Prime Minister Mr. Binali 39 / TECHNICAL ARTICLE Yildirim’s visit to TEI facilities as well as many other news 46 / NEWS ABOUT THE AVIATION INDUSTRY from our company. 52 / NEWS ABOUT OUR EMPLOYEES “Travel” section features two appealing destinations visited by TEI employees: the United Kingdom and Sivas. 55 / VISITORS 58 / EXHIBITIONS & ORGANIZATIONS See you in our 134th issue... 64 / ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY 66 / EVENTS 70 / SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY 74 / BY TEI EMPLOYEES For and On Behalf of TEI Head Office Address 81 / HOBBIES OF OUR EMPLOYEES Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit TUSAS Engine Industries, Inc. GOKTUG HORUZ - MUSIC: AN EXPRESSION OF LIFE Esentepe Mah. Cevreyolu Bulvari Managing Editor No: 356 26003 WITH NOTES Senay Dortkasli Tepebasi / Eskisehir - Turkey NECATI DURMAZ - A LIFESTYLE: TRIATHLON Editorial Board Tel: +90 (222) 211 21 00 86 / TRAVEL Doruk Kocer Fax: +90 (222) 211 21 01 Ezgi Cetin Dincer www.tei.com.tr FROM LONDON TO EDINBURGH: TRAVEL STEP-BY-STEP Erkan Balk ACROSS UK Publisher Denizgun Dag Dumat Ofset Matbaacilik BY MESUT GUZEL Editor Bahcekapi Mah. 2477 Sok. No: 6 A TOWN ON THE TRACK OF A BENT BRIDGE: SIVAS Umut Bavli Sasmaz / Ankara BY MEHMET DOGAN: Digital Art Director Tel: +90 (312) 278 82 00 93 / TEI ANNOUNCEMENTS Emre Ergul & Esra Sucu Bole Publication Type Regional Periodical Production 96 / PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT Published Date PRESCRIPTIONS FOR UNHAPPINESS BY ACAR BALTAS April 10, 2018 Edition Period January - June All rights are reserved on behalf of TUSAS Engine Industries, Inc. 04
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT & CEO ANKA PERFORMED ITS FIRST FLIGHT WITH TEI’S PD155 ENGINE I’m happy to meet you again in 133rd issue of TEI Post. 2017 YAKUT, a project launched in 2014 with the support of the marked many significant developments for our company. One Undersecretariat for Defense Industries, for the manufacture of the most important ones was initiation of mass production of functional parts for the additive manufacturing technology. activities for the PD155 engine, we have developed under the ANKA-S Engine Modification Project, and delivery of the initial Besides the significant achievements we saw in our core 9 engines to TAI. Our first engine with its aircraft integration businesses, we have also continued to engage in social activities completed successfully flied ANKA to the skies. responsibility activities during this period. We have completed Flight tests of the PD155 engine were conducted successfully our Vocational High School Coaching Program, which was at different altitudes and speeds upon verification and launched in 2015 and carried out in collaboration with Private ground & taxiing tests. The first flight of our new engine was Sector Volunteers Association, and graduated our students. performed without any flaw. Also, one of the early prototypes We have also organized a blood donation campaign across of PD170 engine, developed completely by TEI's engineers as the company under a protocol we signed with Blood Donation part of the Operative UAV Engine Development Project, was Center of Turkish Red Crescent in Eskisehir. delivered to TAI. The activities for integration of the PD170 engine to ANKA are ongoing. I would like to thank all my We organized Turboshaft Engine Subsystems Workshop in employees for their contributions in these projects. December upon participation of more than 230 organizations and 500 industrialists across Turkey as part of our national Another important development for our company was Turboshaft Engine Development Project under which we recognition of TEI as the “Best Collaborative Supplier” of develop the first helicopter engine of our country. During this LEAP engine program. As you know, we are the leading workshop, we had one-to-one interviews with more than 170 supplier of LEAP engine project, which represents the most companies in order to manufacture the subsystems of our preferred next generation commercial engine in the world; national engine domestically. We also organized more than and most recently we have been recognized as the best 200 interviews among the companies which are not self- collaborative suppliers of this program by SAFRAN Aircraft competent to enable them to unite their forces to develop a Engines, one of the two main manufacturers, along with GE product or a sub-system. Aviation, under CFM International, for our highly qualified workforce, comprehensive and advanced manufacturing As of the end of 2017, the number of our employees capabilities and our commitment to quality. We received our exceeded 2000, and the total amount of the orders, we award from the CEO of SAFRAN at a gorgeous ceremony received upon winning the contracts, hit more than 4.6 Billion held as part of Paris Air Show. We are very proud for winning US Dollars. I would like to thank our growing family for making this award. 2017 full of many achievements, and I sincerely believe that we will perform even better in 2018. As an another significant development in the previous period, Simsek- the high speed target drone by TAI which is Greetings and best regards, powered by the original TJ90 Turbojet Engine, designed and manufactured by us, successfully completed its inauguration Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit flight. In addition, we have successfully completed President & CEO, TEI 05
COVER STORY THE FIRST PD170 ENGINE DELIVERED TO TAI The works regarding the piston UAV engines were Although TEI was not familiar with and experienced in initiated at TEI in consequence of the risks arising from piston engines, it initiated this project, aiming to meet a the international supply of the engine needed by ANKA domestic need, in March 2010 integrated in employment unmanned aerial vehicle in 2009. TEI was commissioned of its own resources. Under this project conducted with by the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM) for the support of TUBITAK (The Scientific and Technological the project aiming to make comprehensive modifications Research Council of Turkey), it was aimed and achieved on the turbodiesel general aviation engine with a power of to generate the first functional prototype in just 18 155 hp, procured internationally, in line with the needs of months. It brought along development and integration ANKA. of high altitude power, high electrical power generation and propeller gearbox needed by ANKA. The prototype 06
TEI POST minimized the supply risks for ANKA, allowing formation the future needs of ANKA, TEI targeted at 170 hp, and of a specialized team and infrastructure in piston engines decided to shape the engine architecture in a manner to across TEI. Leveraging on these capabilities, TEI and support 210 hp power. The design - related works were SSM started negotiations for initiation of a project on facilitated upon the mutual agreement on the system development of an indigenous turbodiesel engine, which requirements, and TEI firstly focused on generation of would meet the needs for ANKA and the other similar disciplinary structures and organization as necessary UAVs, in 2012, resulting in execution of the Operative UAV to develop an engine with an airworthiness certificate. Engine Development Project by and between SSM and TEI Before initiation of this project; during the initial phases on December 27, 2012. During the System Requirements of Operative UAV Engine Development Project (OUEDP), Identification Phase, the first phase of the project, it was the most challenging issue for TEI, conducting the design decided to increase the engine power to 165 hp from 155 projects to develop some structural submodules of TP400 hp in consequence of the negotiations between SSM, TEI turboprop engine, was the lack of some engineering and TAI on the engine power, weight and fuel consumption disciplines TEI didn't need before and couldn't find any which are the basic parameters of the engine. Considering opportunity to develop as part of these projects. The 07
COVER STORY disciplinary structures such as Control, Electrical System Design, Electronics, Embedded Software, System Engineering, System Safety, Engine Calibration, ELD Technical Documentation, Airworthiness were developed as part of the OUEDP and improved with the ongoing processes and activities, resulting in formation of many teams that can be utilized in the other new projects of TEI. As of 2017, an engineering team of 80 persons were assigned in all piston UAV engine projects including OUEDP. EASA CS-E document, defining the civil certification requirements, was taken as the basis for the certification of OUEDP. 8 different panels were constituted under the SSM Certification Committee defined as the certification authority under the scope of the agreement, and approximately 100 workshops and meetings were organized under which the methods and documents to demonstrate the certifications proofs were determined. The project is now subject to establishment of the certification proofs and approval by the competent authority. Obtainment of airworthiness certificate by an engine is not only conditional upon satisfaction of the technical specifications identified in CS-E, and passing the certification tests successfully. Satisfaction of the sought design capabilities and organization of the entity which developed the engine should also be approved by the competent authorities. This certification process, led by SSM, is carried out with due regard to the principles under EASA Part 21. As part of the process referred to as the Design Organization Approval (DOA), TEI is inspected to find out if it is equipped with satisfactory workforce, sufficient infrastructure, identified processes and an optimizing the engine control parameters at high altitude. appropriate organizational structure to make an airworthy As part of the project, 7 different test rigs were installed design, or not. During this process, tens of new procedures additionally at TEI to perform the engine subsystems tests and processes have been developed, and the existing besides engine testing systems. procedures and processes have been improved in addition As one of the leading companies with machining to creation of the Design Manual. Providing a substantial capabilities across Turkey for the engine sub-systems contribution to TEI's capability to develop airworthy except for the engine testing systems, TEI has a products, this process is aimed to finalized in 2019, manufacturing infrastructure specialized in manufacturing paving the way for obtainment of the Design Organization of the gas turbine engine parts, as well as an extensive Approval. supplier network supporting this production operations. OUEDP contributed greatly also to building of the testing A turbodiesel UAV engine, having approximately 1000 infrastructure, an inevitable part of engine development different parts, is equipped with several parts produced capability. A highly important testing infrastructure was through different manufacturing methods other than built across TEI to allow for performance of development, machining. In order to meet the diversity lacking in the qualification and certifications tests for piston UAV existing manufacturing capabilities and supply network engines. This testing infrastructure, developed mainly by of TEI during the initial phases of the project, the design, means of TEI's own resources, consists of a total of 9 supply and quality teams worked intensely, and managed engine testing systems including 5 propeller - driven ones. to gain tens of new companies in the supply network of One of the testing dynamometers is able to simulate the TEI. High - level quality requirements must be satisfied high altitude conditions up to 30,000 ft to enable conduct in the manufacturing processes across the aviation of altitude performance tests that are highly critical for industry. Unavailability of companies which carries our UAV engine. The engine tests, conducted at low pressure production operations in strict adherence to all these and temperature conditions created in an enclosed quality requirements on domestic basis requires self - system, both allow for conduct of engine performance and improvement of the selected companies in order to be endurance tests at high altitude conditions, and enable able to manufacture in 100% compliance with control and that the engine to be more efficient than its competitors, traceability features. 08
TEI POST Best Engine in Class: PD170 engine will be the first and only turbodiesel UAV engine In 2013 when the project was initiated, TEI aimed to that can perform a mission at 40000 ft all around the develop an engine to meet the domestic needs to arise world. TEI designed the basic engine systems in a manner in 2020s, not just to meet the needs of the then period. to meet the 210 hp power considering the future needs. In all technical decisions, it was always aimed to develop Accordingly, these developments will boost the engine an engine with superior global features beyond the needs to 210 hp power. The meetings with the potential clients of the customers. All around the world, there are just 4 regarding this new and current project of TEI are expected different engines in this segment including 2 basic engines to accelerate in 2018. and 2 derivatives of these engines developed by different PD170 engine, developed as part of the Operative countries. PD170 engine is equipped with leading features UAV Engine Development Project, aims to remove the among these engines in several perspectives. Outstanding critical external dependency in UAV engines developed among its competitors thanks to its two - stage turbo domestically. PD170 engine not only served as a solution charger system, PD170 engine yields better results than for this need, but also drew the attention of the leading all its competitors in fuel consumption. PD170 engine foreign UAV producers. It is expected that the interest of achieved this thanks to its 200 bar PFP (Peak Firing foreign customers will increase further following the first Pressure) capability., high fuel pressure, low friction losses flight of the engine, turning into concrete projects. and thermodynamic gains brought along by the two - stage turbo charger. In respect of the power / weight ratio, another parameter showing the technology level of engine, PD170 engine is a way ahead of its competitors, and will be the leader upon introduction of its 210 - hp version. TEI delivered one of the first 5 prototypes of the PD170 engine to TAI on November 14, 2017 Ground tests, activities for integration to ANKA and the preparatory works for the first flight test with respect to PD170 engine are now ongoing. The integration works by TAI will be completed soon, and the first flight test will be performed in the first half of 2018. PD170 engine was developed considering the needs for ANKA. However; consideration of the needs of any other different platforms besides ANKA paved the way for new opportunities for the PD170 engine. PD170 engine will be used as a power system for the other new generation UAV projects which will be developed by TAI. Thanks to its special two - stage turbo charger system, PD170 09
ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS ACTIVITIES BETWEEN MAY - DECEMBER IN 2017 PART AND MODULE MANUFACTURING NEW PART INTRODUCTION (NPI) In 2017, 34 NPI projects were completed and delivered to our customers on time. 21 of these projects were for General Electric (GE), 5 of them were for SAFRAN Aircraft Engines, 6 of them were for Turkish Utility Helicopter Program, and 2 of them were for Rolls Royce. 18 of the NPI projects completed were for next generation commercial engine programs such as LEAP, GE9X, GEnx, Silvercrest, etc. With these new part introduction projects, TEI's product range has reached 859 for 40 engine assemblies. Achievement rate for delivery deadlines of NPI projects in accordance with the scheduled engine programs was 94% in average. It is expected to yield a sales revenue of approximately 62 million US Dollars through the completed projects in the next year. Breakdown of the completed NPIs by Engine Assembly 10
TEI POST LEAP PROJECTS NPI projects for LEAP engine assemblies were carried load of 2.5 billion US Dollars. In 2017; the NPI projects out through simultaneous engineering works by SAFRAN for outer baffle, inner baffle, forward outer seal, bell and GE. So far, 29 different NPIs and 49 different crank and new configuration projects for Stg2 HPT disk, configurations were completed for the LEAP engine LPC shaft, outer baffle were completed successfully. program. TEI is the leader part manufacturer of LEAP Additionally, NPI works for Stg1 HPT disk parts under the engines worldwide with 31 different parts and a work LEAP program were initiated in 2017. Parts Manufactured Parts in Manufacturing Process LEAP Engine Parts Manufactured by TEI TURBOSHAFT ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM New part introductions have been completed for all parts of the first prototype engine developed for TEI's Indigenous Turboshaft Engine. 185 new part introductions, including TEI Supplier 42 by suppliers, have been completed in a limited period of time. As part of the project; production of combustor through electron beam welding, and NGV blades through the newly - developed EDM techniques, as well as the first Impeller, NGV, HPT rotor blades and parts of ignition system through additive manufacturing method were accomplished for the first time at TEI. Along with this project, software for manufacturing project monitoring and management system dedicated to the Turboshaft Engine Development Project was also developed and commissioned. Some coatings have been selected and applied for the first time at TEI in Completed Turboshaft Engine Parts order to increase the endurance and life - cycles of the parts under service conditions. 11
ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS LEAP BLISK PROJECTS As part of LEAP Blisk Project, • As part of the lean production activities investment and engineering activities in LEAP blisk line, 5S (workplace for 5 stage blisk parts with 2 different productivity and workshop order) configurations are maintained in line principles were introduced, resulting in with the project schedule. employment of digital production and • Under LEAP 1A/C and 1B engine line control applications (PCC/CCC). programs, mass manufacturing • Digital error monitoring application started for all blisk stages (1., 2., 3-4. was developed and commissioned to and 5. stage) at B1000 building in increase the right product ratio and 2017. Approximately 250 sets of blisk operational efficiency at the first time. parts were manufactured for each Oil Flow Test Area blisk stage. • Negotiations started in September 2017 to increase the annual order volume, specified under the agreement executed with GE, by 25%. It was resolved during the meeting of the Board of Directors, held in November, that 800 sets of annual order amount per stage would be increased to 1000 sets. • 25% increase in the annual order volume for LEAP blisk parts, and achievement of the increase in production 1 year earlier than expected will boost the turnover of LEAP Blisk Project to 1.5 billion US Dollars. Prespin Machine • 22 work stations were completed and commissioned in blisk line at B1000 building in 2017 in line with the project investment plan. • Along with these new workstation commissioned in 2017, the total number of work stations commissioned as part of the investment plan for LEAP Blisk Project reached 42. UTILITY HELICOPTER PROGRAM • CSM (Curved Slot Milling) and PSM3 (Precision Step Milling) methods were started to be utilized for blade milling Part and module manufacturing, 4 shroud and nozzle shield, swirl processes of LEAP blisk parts, and a the first phase of Utility Helicopter plate have been completed so far permanent blisk blade manufacturing Program, is currently maintained in 2017. As part of T700 program; infrastructure of strategic importance with NPI projects covering also the NPI projects and manufacturing was built. Moreover; the innovative complex parts, which are excluded of corresponding to 50% of 236 and original "Multiblade PSM3” from the previous manufacturing T700 - TEI - 701D turboshaft method was developed across TEI portfolio of TEI. 14 NPI projects engines and more than 60 different to increase the productivity of blade including the ones for turbine case, parts including subparts, will be milling processes. diffuser case, exhaust frame, stage accomplished by TEI. 12
TEI POST INVESTMENTS Initiatives for commissioning the below-given investments were completed in 2017. As part of LEAP Blisk Project: As part of LEAP LPC Shaft Project: • 5 ea blisk blade processing machines • 2 ea horizontal multitasking machines • 6 ea vertical turning machines • 1 ea gear measuring machine • 1 ea 5-axis milling machine • 1 ea CSM (Curved Slot Milling) As part of the other projects and machine processes: • 2 ea robotic deburring machines • 3 ea horizontal turning machines • 2 ea shot peening machines • 1 ea stabber processor • 1 ea thermal spray coating machine • Oil flow testing device • 1 ea ultra polish machine for blade • 1 ea rapid drilling machine surface enhancement • 1 ea robotic anti-corrosion coating • 1 ea automatic part washing line application system • 1 ea automatic blue acid etching • 1 ea robotic sandblasting machine anodizing line • 1 ea flush clean machine • 1 ea semi-automatic FPI line • 1 ea CMM • 1 ea alcohol washing counter • 1 ea CMM update • 1 ea CMM • 1 ea gear measuring machine • 2 ea vertical storage units As part of LEAP HPT Disk Project: • 2 ea tracer measuring device updates • 1 ea pre-spin machine • 2 ea horizontal multitasking machines At tool moulding / grinding shop: • 1 ea milling and cornering machine • 1 ea CNC tool grinding machine • 1 ea AFM (Abrasive Flow) machine • 1 ea CNC moulding machine • 1 ea shot peening machines • 1 ea manual turning. • 1 ea indexer NEW TECHNOLOGIES AND AUTOMATION APPLICATIONS New production capabilities gained through development activities works and investments accomplished in 2017: • Pre-spin process development • Rapid drilling capability has been • Straight-headed holder with collet activities have been completed, acquired through new investments. system has been designed and bringing the respective capability. • Blade surface quality improvement manufactured in order to be used • Stabber process capability has been process capability has been acquired. at the locations with limited access acquired through new investments. under EDM process. This brand-new • Flame brazing process development method, designed recently, will allow • Oil flow test capability has been activities have been completed in order TEI to make patent application. acquired through new investments. to be used for the parts under Utility Helicopter Project. • Diameter measurements have been • Production of the first combustor performed by means of a thickness through electron beam welding has • Robotic anti-corrosion coating gauge integrated into the coating been achieved. application system for FOS and HPT machine robot control, while it was • A manufacturing project monitoring disk parts of LEAP engine has been previously performed manually, for and management system specific commissioned, and the process LEAP blisk parts coated through to Turboshaft engine program has development activities are at the final scoot method, improving the been put into use, together with the stage. part manufacturing process and respective software. • Passivation process necessary for efficiency. • Gear measuring capability has been MTU parts has been commissioned. • A test system enabling automatic acquired through new investments. • Flush clean machine designed by TEI control capability in blue etching • 3D laser measuring capability has been has been commissioned upon having anodizing inspection has been acquired through new investments. been manufactured by the suppliers. commissioned. 13
ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS PROJECTS TJ90 TURBOJET ENGINE PERFORMS FIRST FLIGHT WITH TAI’S HIGH SPEED TARGET DRONE SIMSEK TJ90, the national turbojet engine designed and manufactured by TEI has been integrated into Simsek, TAI’s first high speed target drone powered by turbojet engine. Capable of generating 400 N thrust (under sea level conditions), TJ90 features electrical startup, endurance to catapult load, engine controller with data connection to ground station. The determined flight profile was performed smoothly at approximately 10,000 ft. altitude (relative to sea level) and 200-knot speed at Sivrihisar Military Base. PD155 ENGINE DELIVERED TO TAI ANKA-S Engine Modification Project, which aims to provide solutions to engine requirements of ANKA until PD170 engine, currently under development as part of Operative UAV Engine Development Project, is put into service, was launched with an agreement executed by and between TAI and TEI on October 31, 2014. As part of the project, the civil aviation engine selected by TEI, was modified in line with the requirements of ANKA into an UAV vehicle. A thorough testing and verification process was carried out following the design and prototype production activities under the project. 9 engines were delivered to TAI on December 7, 2017 upon completion of mass production process. PROJECT YAKUT COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY TEI has successfully completed YAKUT, a functional part manufacturing project, launched with the support of the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM), for additive manufacturing technology which is considered the manufacturing technology of the future. As part of the project, all geometrical, surface, mechanical and metallurgical requirement have been met for the project acceptance after which the combustion chamber manufactured using additive manufacturing technology has successfully passed all tests with performed with TJ90, an indigenous engine designed by TEI. 14
We Are Building Future with Additive Manufacturing
ACTIVITIES AND PROJECTS HUMAN RESOURCES PROCESSES EMPLOYMENT PROCESS FOR TURKEY’S FIRST NATIONAL TURBOSHAFT ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Successfully fulfilling its undertakings in relation to the and Istanbul in May, getting together with nearly 200 engine design and manufacture process for Multirole students from 10 universities. Helicopter Program, TEI continues to recruit people to contribute to the success of this project. TEI’s CEO and President Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit also attended the events in Ankara and Istanbul during which To that end, with an increased focus on meeting with the Turboshaft Engine Development Project was introduced university students, TEI held dinner organizations in Ankara to senior and highest ranking university students. TURKISH EMPLOYMENT AGENCY'S (ISKUR) ON-THE-JOB TRAINING PROGRAM COMPLETED 2 different On-the-Job Training Program of the Turkish Employment Agency (ISKUR) was held jointly with ISKUR in order to meet the needs of the blue-collar employees in 2017. 71 of the 87 trainees, who received trainings during these training programs, were employed. 39 new trainees still undergo the new program initiated in November. 16
TEI POST TEI LEADERS JOIN OUTDOOR TRAINING As in previous years, title-based Outdoor Training was organized in 2017. “We Are the Winning Team” training, which was organized last year with the attendance of Top Management in Abant, was repeated this year. 49 employees were accommodated in Abant in two different groups on November 18-19 and 25-26; where they were involved in challenging activities at the settings built in outdoor area of the hotel. The program consisted of several modules including getting out of comfort zone, learning about win/win approach, appreciating the importance of trust and support, seeing components of effective team play and practice; which the big picture, achieving a common goal together, were addressed in a fun setting with 4 different activities understanding the importance of communication and during 1.5 days. We are planning to continue outdoor empathy within a team and between teams; developing training across other position levels in the upcoming problem-solving techniques as a team, being proactive, years. 2000TH STAFF MEMBER STARTS SERVICE METU CAREER DAYS TEI sustained its accelerated growth in 2017 and our total TEI attended the Career Days at the Middle East workforce exceeded 2000 people. Cagdas Tinmaz started Technical University on November 2-3 and answered the to work at Manufacturing Engineering Management as our students' questions. 2000th member. 17
NEWS ABOUT TEI PRIME MINISTER BINALI YILDIRIM VISITS TEI FACILITIES Prime Minister Binali Yildirim and Minister of Science, Industry and Technology Faruk Ozlu visited TEI campus in Eskisehir with an accompanying delegation on October 3, 2017. Prime Minister Yildirim first visited the testing site of PD170 engine, the first national turbodiesel Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) of Turkey, receiving information on the status of the project. Then, they proceeded to the Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Building for an onsite observation of the latest developments achieved with Turkey’s first national turboshaft engine which is being developed by TEI for the T625 Multirole Helicopter as well as TJ90 engine which performed its first flight on TAI’s Simsek Platform. 18
TEI POST TEI BECOMES THE MOST COLLABORATIVE SUPPLIER OF LEAP ENGINE PROJECT TEI was recognized as the “Most Collaborative Supplier” by SAFRAN Aircraft Engines for its contribution to LEAP Engine Program, at Paris Air Show, one of the most important organizations in aviation industry. TEI is the leading supplier of LEAP engine program, “Our greatest asset is our human resources” which represents the most preferred next generation The well-qualified and experienced human resources we commercial engine in the world; and most recently it has have at TEI played a major role in TEI’s winning this award” been recognized as the most collaborative supplier of this Aksit emphasized and went on, “Our success also builds program by SAFRAN Aircraft Engines, one of the two main on many factors such as well-trained and experienced manufacturers of LEAP Engine, along with GE Aviation, human resource, comprehensive and highly advanced under CFM International, for its highly qualified workforce, manufacturing infrastructure, solid quality culture, comprehensive and advanced manufacturing capabilities seamless planning and execution of ramp up capacity and commitment to quality. An award ceremony was held investments, and continuous management push for on June 23, where Murat Karamahmutoglu, Manufacturing better. TEI NPI team is well aware that LEAP engine is our Director at TEI, received the award from SAFRAN’s CEO common future. Starting from bidding process, we spent Dominique Depuy, on behalf of TEI. TEI’s President and very big effort to be a part of this engine as much as we CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit thanked all TEI employees can. Today, through our continuous efforts, we have the for their contributions to the project as well as SAFRAN largest footprint on this engine, and it is growing. As the Aircraft Engines for crowning TEI’s contribution to the largest supplier of the LEAP engine, we know that if we fail program with an award and shared how proud he felt the LEAP program fails. Therefore, we allocated significant for TEI’s being recognized with this award. “This award and highly qualified workforce to support the program. TEI is a solid proof that TEI is confidently moving forward to has a strong NPI team. Our team of over 100 engineers achieve its vision of becoming a leading manufacturer with with core competencies are working on the LEAP program. globally competitive original power systems” Aksit stated. We target to do all processes in house and on our own 19
NEWS ABOUT TEI I think that is one of the key factors that we are selected for this award. We see our share is increasing from initial quantities. That is a good indication that we supported well so far.” “Our collaboration with SAFRAN will increasingly continue” Aksit emphasized that this program is unique in a sense that it requires the fastest ramp up ever in this industry. There were lots of machines to invest and install. “Maintaining a financial health during this large investment was challenging” he underlined and added: “These investments need to be operational very fast which were in a scale never seen in our history. To deliver the large parts volume in the future, we needed to make equipment investments a couple of years ahead. Similarly, we had to find, hire, and train the personnel to use these machines with utmost attention to details. We also have one of the properly to deliver the quality needed. It required careful most comprehensive special process capabilities in the planning and seamless execution to succeed. Time and world. Therefore, we provided cycle time advantages cost have always been a big challenge. With the LEAP, the to LEAP by manufacturing the parts in a single shop. In challenge is even bigger. I am glad to say that our teams addition, during the first article development phase, our worked together precisely and efficiently in order to meet engineers can develop the processes without asking the deadlines and aggressive cost targets. help from OEMs. We owe this to our solid knowhow, and I am sure TEI and SAFRAN will extend business relations extensive background of NPI, which we made around a for many years to come. Our current long term agreements thousand so far. extend until 2027 on LEAP engine program and on some other legacy programs. We are sure that we will be signing “Our quality culture is also one of our competencies new contracts when the current agreements come to that keeps us ahead” an end. We value our partnership, and always aim for Underlining the importance of TEI’s culture of quality as bigger share in all SAFRAN programs. In fact, we want one of the major capabilities that moves the company SAFRAN to take advantage of our skilled engineering forward, Aksit stated “In LEAP program, one of the most team for a collaborative concurrent engineering work. We important success criteria is not to create any quality want to be a very strong partner to SAFRAN not just for issues. Considering the fast LEAP ramp up and part manufacturing but also during the design phase working quantities in many thousands, a single quality issue may in collaboration for the development of new engine parts. repeat in many parts that can ruin all the efforts.” He went Our general strategy is when our customers win, we also on to say “Another fact is the cost pressure, and we know win. In the future, there may be many new opportunities it will always be. As the biggest supplier to LEAP, we are for our companies to collaborate. trying to create cost advantages in earlier lifecycle of the engine. If LEAP program can sell more engines as a result of our reduced cost, we know it will be for our benefit as well. We performed well, on cost activities so far both for SAFRAN and GE. With our strong engineering and manufacturing team, we continuously worked on process improvements and cycle time reduction to decrease overall cost. Once we improved our processes, we offered better pricing without waiting the contract periods to end. As a result, we extend our partnership for longer terms. Now, we have orders for some parts till 2027, even for some parts through 2035. And finally, during the rapid ramp up of the LEAP production, it is a challenge to keep up with the contracted deliverable volume. However, we went beyond keeping our promises, and offered extra help to OEMs to support production gaps from other struggling suppliers. Often, we worked overtime to deliver critical and urgent parts that are beyond our deliverable scope to help GE and SAFRAN to avoid costly engine delays. 20
TEI POST TEI BECOMES THE FIRST LOCAL COMPANY IN TURKEY AND ONE OF FIRST COMPANIES AROUND THE WORLD TO INTRODUCE THE NEW REVISION FOR AS/EN9100 VE AS/EN9110 QUALITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS TEI identifies its needs carefully since its foundation and accordingly implements and updates its Quality Management System with the most modern approaches. Accordingly; TEI maintains its business operations in accordance with: • AS/EN9100 - Quality Management System for Aerospace and Defense Industry for all its business processes since 2004, • AS/EN9110 - Quality Management System for Aviation Maintenance Organizations for maintenance and repair processes since 2015. AS/EN9100 and AS/EN9110 standard were revised in the last quarter of 2016 and audits for transition to next revisions were successfully completed in July, resulting in grant of renewed documentation. With this development, TEI has become the first company in Turkey and one of the first ones among thousands of organizations around the world to put in place the new revisions for AS/EN9100 and AS/EN9110 standards. FAMILIARIZATION TRAINING FOR AS9100 NEW REVISION AS9100, AS9110 and AS9120 standards, the Quality Management Systems for the Aerospace Industry, were revised in 2016. Industry, were revised in 2016. TEI devised a roadmap to ensure adaptation to the revised standards, preparing a training plan to guide managers in determination and management of their responsibilities in relation to the requirements of AS9100 standards. A familiarization training was delivered to directors and managers by an expert organization on May 25, 2017 with a focus on the following topics: • Leadership and commitment • Scope of organization, stakeholders and stakeholder expectations, strategies • Configuration management • Quality policy of the organization and strategic compliance • Product safety of its targets The same organization also delivered a two-day training • Risk and opportunity management, risk-based mindset for all quality leaders and managers employed across • Change management different directorates of TEI, on May 25-26, 2017, • Information management sharing the requirements of AS9100 standards. 21
NEWS ABOUT TEI TURBOSHAFT ENGINE SUBSYSTEMS WORKSHOP ORGANIZED IN ESKISEHIR As part of the “Indigenous Light More than 500 participants attended the Utility Helicopter Program” carried workshop including public institutions, out by Undersecretariat for Defense universities and private sector Industries (SSM) in order to satisfy organizations. The workshop began with the need of Turkish Land Forces the keynote speech of TEI's President Command, “Turboshaft Engine and CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit, Development Project” was initiated which was followed by the speeches by TEI as the main contractor with the of Mustafa Murat Seker, Deputy aim of meeting the engine need of the Undersecretary for Defense Industries helicopter with domestic means. On (SSM); Ata Senlikci, Head of Department December 18-19, 2017, “Turboshaft of Engine and Power Transmission Engine Subsystems Workshop” was Systems and Ozden Apaydin, SSM organized at Anemon Hotel in Eskisehir Electronic Subsystems Project Manager. with the supports provided by Erciyes The first day of the workshop ended with Teknopark, Teknopark Istanbul, the informative presentations delivered Eskisehir Chamber of Commerce and by TEI and SSM. Eskisehir Chamber of Industry. The On the second day of the workshop, the event was hosted by TEI under the TEI's President and CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit participant companies had 120 one-to- supervision of the Undersecretariat for one meetings with TEI representatives Defense Industries (SSM) with an aim to ensure that system and each other under 6 main topics. Assoc. Prof. Temel and sub-system requirements of the project are satisfied by Kotil, Chairman of TEI and President and CEO of TAI also got the domestic subcontractors, and to maximize utilization of together with the participants during the event. domestic facilities and capabilities. 22
TEI POST Mustafa Murat Seker - Deputy Undersecretary for Defense Industries (SSM) Ata Senlikci - Head of Department of Engine and Power Transmission Systems Associate Professor Temel Kotil, Chairman of TEI and President and CEO of TAI Ozden Apaydin - SSM Electronic Subsystems Project Manager 23
NEWS ABOUT TEI 1ST STAGE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN AGREEMENT EXECUTED FOR INSTALLATION OF TEDP COMPONENT TEST SYSTEMS Installation work for infrastructure of component rig testing, conceptual design of test systems at the first stage in line an significant investment item for Turboshaft Engine with the requirements of TEI and the project; and detailed Development Project (TEDP), is in progress. Besides the design and assembly at the second stage. In August, a Turboshaft Engine Development Project, the planned 1st Stage Agreement was executed with MDS for the first infrastructure may be used for compressor, turbine and stage of the works, required to be completed in 3 years as combustion chamber tests in existing and future gas turbine per the Turboshaft Engine Development Project. We aim to engine development projects and technology development complete the first-stage in the first quarter of 2018 and the projects carried out by TEI. Accordingly, we aim to complete contract for the second stage in the second quarter of 2018. PROJECT MANAGEMENT REVIEW MEETINGS COMPLETED FOR TURBOSHAFT ENGINE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT The first and the second Project Management Review Meeting was held on July 19, 2017 and November 27, 2017, respectively, as part of Turboshaft Engine Development Project. These meetings were attended by the officials from the Undersecretariat for Defense Industries (SSM), Turkish Land Forces Command, Army Air Command and the 5 th Major Maintenance Facility Management. Progresses made and activities performed in the project were discussed during the meetings. Furthermore, the details regarding the activities, planned to be carried out in the next period, have been shared with the participants. 24
TEI POST CERTIFICATE OF APPRECIATION GRANTED TO THE PERSONNEL OF THE 1ST AIR MAINTENANCE FACILITY MANAGEMENT TEI’s President and CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit presented certificates of achievement to the staff of Air Maintenance Facility Management for their outstanding efforts in Turkey’s first national Turboshaft Engine Development Project, which enabled completion of design phase of fuel and lubrication systems as well as design and manufacture of engine test cell in only 4 months. 1ST HALF YEAR CORPORATE PERFORMANCE ASSESSMENT WORKSHOP At TEI, we defined our strategies, objectives and manage our corporate performance to deliver results that will make a difference. An important component of our corporate performance management strategy is review of our performance regularly. To that end, we organized our first Half Year Corporate Performance Review Workshop on July 15, 2007, with the attendance of TEI’s President and CEO as well as TEI managers, during which our managers who actively implement our performance management strategy in every function of the company, discussed our objectives for 2017. 25
NEWS ABOUT TEI OVERVIEW OF TEI NADCAP ACREDITATIONS An audit for Conventional Machining process was conducted in the second quarter of 2017 which resulted in zero finding. The 18-month certification term has been extended to 24-month merit status in consequence of the audit. During the audit, milling process was also audited by PRI for the first time and it has been included in the scope of Nadcap accreditation. Audits for Measurement and Inspection and Non-Destructive Testing Methods were also completed successfully during the third quarter of 2017. We have been awarded accreditation for Measurement and Our representatives attended Nonconventional Machining, Inspection for the first time and ensured continuation of Measurement and Inspection, Heat Treatment, Chemical Nondestructive Testing accreditation with 24-months merit Processes, Coating, Nondestructive Testing Methods, status. Buket Topel, NDT and Special Processes Quality Surface Enhancement, Conventional Machining workshops Manager, and Yasemin Ozkan, Engineer, MSc., from NDT during the meetings, finding the opportunity to meet in and Special Processes Quality Management as well as person with various experts from leading manufacturers in Mesut Guzel, Engineer, and Aylin Enginsoy, Engineer, from aviation industry. Also, Quality and Certification Engineer Quality and Certification Leadership attended the Nadcap Mesut Guzel has become an approved member of the meeting held in Berlin, Germany between June 5-8, 2017. Heat Treatment Process Task Force. TEI BECOMES GLOBAL LEADER IN NADCAP ACCREDITATIONS With the acquisition of Measurement and Inspection accreditation in August 2017, currently TEI shares the first rank with 4 other companies based in China, Spain and Taiwan, with 10 different special process group This certificate is granted and awarded by the authority of the Nadcap Management Council to: accreditations among more than 3900 companies holding TEI-TUSAS ENGINE IND. INC. Nadcap accreditations around the world. Other Nadcap Cevre Yolu Bulvari No 356 Tepebasi Eskisehir, 26003 accreditations currently held by TEI include Material Testing, Turkey Chemical Processes, Nondestructive Testing Methods, This certificate demonstrates conformance and recognition of accreditation for specific services, as listed in www.eAuditNet.com on the Qualified Manufacturers List (QML), to the revision in effect at the Heat Treatment, Surface Enhancement, Non-conventional time of the audit for: Machining, Coating, Welding, Conventional Machining as Measurement and Inspection well as Measurement and Inspection. These accreditations cover move than 35 approved special processes. Certificate Number: 5257169378 Expiration Date: 31 October 2018 Joseph G. Pinto Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Performance Review Institute (PRI) | 161 Thorn Hill Road | Warrendale, PA 15086-7527 “Conformity to Nadcap accreditations is a milestone in demonstration of manufacturing excellence” states Joe Pinto, Chief Operations Officer of Performance Review Institution (PRI), emphasizing the importance of conformity to accreditation “With Nadcap certifications in ten different areas (NDT, CP, CT, CMSP, HT, NM, SE, WLD, MTL, M&I), TEI proves its commitment to quality and air safety.” 26
TEI POST CURRENT NEWS ABOUT NADCAP PROGRAM Use of UV-A Led Light for Nondestructive Testing Florescent penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing • UV-A LED lamps heat up approximately 50% less are frequently used methods in non-destructive testing compared to traditional mercury-vapor lamps, which disciplines. With the advancement of technology, as in all enables the operator work much easily. testing methods, equipment used for florescent penetrant • UV-A LED lamps enables testing more areas at once and magnetic particle testing evolve to offer user more thanks to their higher light intensity. reliable, effective and faster testing facilities with less cost • Energy consumption of UV-A Led lamps is quite low, with and lower energy consumption. One of the equipment used 82% and 45% less power consumption compared to for these testing methods is ultraviolet light sources. As part halogen lamps and mercury vapor lamps, respectively. of this evolution, UVA-A LED lamps are expected to replace • UV-A LED lamps have a longer lifetime compared to the use of traditional mercury-vapor ultraviolet lamps. In line traditional halogen and mercury-vapor lamps. with this trend, industrial standards to meet requirements of • UV-A LED lamps are more resistant to dirt, dust and water respective testing, compliance with which is also required and their use and maintenance is easier compared to by customers (such as ASTM E3022) are being developed. traditional halogen and mercury vapor lamps. In general, advantages of UV-A lamps over traditional • UV-A LED lamps are eco-friendly as they do not contain mercury-vapor lamps are as follows: With mercury-vapor mercury or other hazardous substances. lamps, you need to wait for a while to start testing while with UV-A LED lamps you can start testing immediately after you turn the lamp on. TEI Joins PRI Mentorship Program The aim of the mentorship program carried out by Nadcap program, information security is also taken into account, Supplier Support Committee is to provide new suppliers and technical details are not exchanged between the with information about Nadcap program and accreditation mentor and the mentee. Accordingly, Mesut Guzel, Quality process. In this supplier-oriented program, mentors share and Certification Engineer, has been admitted to Nadcap their value-adding experiences with the companies they Mentorship Program. Based on its vast experience on assigned to in order to provide a better understanding and Nadcap, TEI will provide guidance to suppliers especially in execution of Nadcap process. As part of the mentorship Europe through the accreditation process. OBJECTIVE COMMUNICATION WORKSHOPS FOR EMPLOYEES Strategy and Quality Systems Management organized a series of workshops through the end of May in order to share our corporate goals with employees and promote our target setting approach. During the workshops, employees of varying titles and experience levels created their individual target cards by using a method based on reaching a mutual agreement between the employee and his or her line manager. Leaders also attended the workshops to create target cards for managers and leaders and gained experience in target setting process to guide their teams. We are planning to organize similar workshops in the next periods to offer practical learning opportunities for employees. 27
NEWS ABOUT TEI TEI PARTICIPATES IN T700 - 701 C/D TURBOSHAFT ENGINE TRAINING a supervisor team consisting of specialists from Undersecretariat for Defense Industries and TAI, received a 10-day training course from CTEC Instructor Jeb Meade, consisting a 5-day theoretical training and 5-day practical training on engines. The T700 - 701C/D Minor Refurbishment training delivered to TEI staff has a customized content designed based on training needs, capabilities and requirements of TEI staff, covering ATA 104 Level III T700 Line Maintenance Training (engine familiarization and essentials of maintenance), ATA 104 Level III T700 Borescope Inspection Training and ATA 104 Level IV T700 Intermediate Training (module removal and installation). As the next level of this basic training organized in the USA, TEI staff will As part of Utility Helicopter Program, between June 5 and 16, 2017 and also receive an additional training Engine Assembly, Inspection completed the training successfully from expect engine assembly and and Testing (AIT) and Programs with 100% attendance rate, becoming testing teams of GE on TEI’s own T700 Management staff from TEI, a entitled to receive their attendance training engine in Eskisehir during subcontractor of TAI for engine certificates. At the first level of the the first quarter of 2018 following manufacturing, attended beginner training, which was organized as completion of procurement of engine level “Minor Refurbishment” training part of the technical support services assembly tools for T700 engines for T700-701C/D engines organized provided by GE to TEI, a team of 7 and they will have become capable by General Electric (GE) at its people from TEI who are assigned to of performing engine assembly, Customer Training and Education work on engine assembly, inspection inspection and testing operations for Center (CTEC) in Cincinnati - Ohio and testing operations, accompanied T700-TEI-701D engines. OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH AND SAFETY TRAINING FOR MANAGEMENT TEAM Upon promulgation of the Law Nr. 6331 on Occupational Health and Safety, rights and liabilities of employers and employees have been amended. An “Occupational Health and Safety Training for Employers and Their Agents” was delivered by Prof. Ufuk Aydin, Head of Law School, Anadolu University on May 31, 2017 in order to inform TEI managers of their rights and responsibilities as set out by this law. 28
TEI POST INTERNAL CONTROLLER TRAINING FOR ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS Internal control mechanism plays an important role to ensure sustainability of OHSAS 18001 Occupational Health and Safety and ISO 14001 Environmental Management Systems. Trainings were organized in August to increase the number of internal controllers who take role in this process. We will continue to review our compliance with OHSAS 18001 and ISO 14001 standards by internal controls conducted by our qualified employees and an expanding pool of controllers who are duly certified with internal control trainings. 29
NEWS ABOUT TEI 6 SIGMA TRAINING PROGRAM COMPLETED Industrial Engineers Fulya Balci and Gozde Dilekler presented their process enhancement-based project to TEI project team on August 23, 2017. The project was developed by using the project methods and techniques on which they were trained as part of the 6 Sigma program organized by TEI and Turkish Quality Assocation (KalDer) Eskisehir Office. EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS DRILLS Emergency drills were organized in September and October in 2017 across all working environments and shifts. Drills on different topics including fire, evacuation, search and rescue, first aid, spillage and leakage and radiation exposure were held to prepare our employees for emergency situations and increase their awareness. We aim to reduce evacuation times and increase diversity and frequency of drills for continuous development. PR TRAINING FOR SUBCONTRACTORS COMPLETED Training certificates were presented to the representatives of subcontractors, who are entitled to receive certification as a result of the theoretical and practical exams conducted as part of Preliminary Review (PR) trainings organized with the aim of increasing capabilities of TEI’s subcontractors with a ceremony held at TEI on June 15, 2017. 30
TEI POST POLICE WEEK VISIT As part of the “Police Week” during which the establishment of Turkish Police Organization is celebrated with various events across the country, TEI's President and CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit and TEI's HR Director K. Levent Tufekci, serving at TEI between 2013 - 2018, visited Ergin Dinc, Provincial Police Chief of Eskisehir, in his office. IGDAS VISIT TEI's HR Director K. Levent Tufekci, serving at TEI between 2013 - 2018, visited Mehmet Cevik, Director General of IGDAS, on May 3, 2017 in his office. SAKARYA UNIVERSITY VISIT TEI's HR Director K. Levent Tufekci, serving at TEI between 2013 - 2018, visited Prof. Muzaffer Elmas, Rector of Sakarya University on July 19, to thank him for the support provided by their university to Design and R&D activities carried out at TEI Design Engineering Directorate as part of the university-industry collaboration program. Prof. Orhan Torkul, Dean of Engineering Faculty, Prof. Imdat Taymaz, Head of Mechanical Engineering Department and Prof. Ali Osman Ayhan, Faculty Member, who worked as TEI Design Engineering Director between 2016 - 2017, also attended the visit. 31
NEWS ABOUT TEI TEI ATTENDS AT LEAN SUMMIT & CONFERENCE Internal Controllers Murat Ozcan and Yakup Duran from Internal Control and Assessment Board, attended at the 8th Lean Summit Conference held in Istanbul between December 4-5, 2017. TEI VISITS ISPARK TEI's President and CEO Prof. Mahmut F. Aksit and TEI's HR Director K. Levent Tufekci, serving at TEI between 2013 - 2018, visited Nurettin Korkut, Director General of ISPARK, on May 3, 2017 in his office. NEW PRE-SPIN MACHINE INTRODUCED Jet engines involve a number of the most commonly used ones are manner in order to achieve expansion fast-spinning parts such as power those intended for R&D and design of radial flow. In pre-spin operation, turbines, and compressor parts. verification. High-speed certification respective parts are rotated at a Those components undergo highly testing, low-cycle fatigue testing, higher speed than their regular elaborate engineering and testing high temperature and thermal speed in the engine to go beyond procedures to ensure that they offer gradient testing and high-cycle the elastic deformation region. As optimum reliability, endurance and fatigue testing are used for R&D and they go into plastic behavior region, quality. For instance, for jet engines, design verification. And those used the part undergoes less dimensional the forces arising from high speed for manufacturing involve pre-spin modifications while operating under of the disc part cause rupture of the tests and high-speed spin tests. high temperature and tension part inside the engine, which may High-speed spin testing is used to conditions (Figure 2). lead to a disaster due to release spin parts such as turbo compressor of the kinetic energy (Figure 1). propellers and turbines after final Spin test is developed to prevent machining at a given speed to this incident and assess structural determine their high-speed balance integrity and endurance of fast- and part integrity endurances. spinning parts. The data collected during this test enables engineers Pre-spinning is a process in which to gain a better understanding of raw materials and semi-finished the behavior of respective parts and products manufactured by using modify their design in line with the powder metallurgy technology is requirements. Although there are rotated at high speeds and excess many different types of spin test, tensions are eliminated in a controlled Figure 2. Stress - Deformation Diagram This enables a better representation of the actual condition by the analyses performed in models used at design process. Figure 1. Burst Test: Stages of disc from cracks to bursts 32
You can also read