Battery Metals Report 2021 - Everything you need to know about the battery metals lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper! - Swiss Resource Capital AG
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Battery Metals Report 2021
Everything you need to know about the battery metals
lithium, nickel, cobalt and copper!
Disclaimer
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Table of Contents Imprint
Editor
Swiss Resource Capital AG
Disclaimer 02 Poststr. 1
9100 Herisau, Schweiz
Table of Contents | Imprint 07 Tel : +41 71 354 8501
Fax : +41 71 560 4271
Preface09
Invest with the commodity professionals
info@resource-capital.ch
www.resource-capital.ch
Battery production is exploding! – And with it the prices for
battery metals! 10 Editorial staff
Jochen Staiger
Interview with Vincent Pedailles 28 Tim Rödel
EU Advisor on Future Security of Supply
Layout/Design
Interview with Gianni Kovacevic32 Frauke Deutsch
Copper expert and book author
All rights reserved. Reprinting
material by copying in electronic
Company Profiles form is not permitted.
You do not have to be a stock market professional SRC Mining & Special Situations Zertifikat
Alpha Lithium�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 34 Editorial Deadline 04/31/2021
to make wise investment decisions. ISIN: DE000LS9PQA9
Invest together with Swiss Resource Capital AG and WKN: LS9PQA Canada Nickel������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 38 Cover: shutterstock.com
Asset Management Switzerland AG in the mega- Currency: CHF/ Euro* Page 13: ©ser_igor/stock.adobe.com
Copperbank Resources������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 42 Page 14: markus-spiske, unsplash
trend commodities. Since 05.03.2020 the experts‘ Certificate fee: 0.95 % p.a. Page 22: A.Ocram (CC BY-SA 3.0)
specialist knowledge has been available as a Performance fee: 15 % p.a. Hannan Metals������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 Page 24: D-Vu©Pixabay
Wikifolio certificate: *Trading in Euro is possible at the Euwax in Stuttgart.
IonEnergy���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 50 Back:
# 1: ssarwas0, Pixabay
Currently the following titles are represented in the SRC Mining & Special Situations Certificate (5/2021): ENDEAVOUR SILVER CORP. | Kutcho Copper����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 54 # 2: TravelCoffeeBook, Pixabay
# 3: andreas160578, Pixabay
MAPLE GOLD MINES LTD | FREE MCMORAN COP | COPPER MOUNTAIN MINING CORP. | MAG SILVER CORP. | SKEENA RES LTD NEW | URANIUM
Millennial Lithium������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 58 # 4: Hookyung Lee, Pixabay
ENERGY CORP. | FRANCO NEVADA | SIBANYE STILLWATER LTD. | RIO TINTO | R.DUTCH SHELL B | AGNICO EAGLE | BHP BILLITON | ISOENER-
GY LTD. O.N. | FIORE GOLD LTD | ANGLO AMERICAN | VIZSLA SILVER CORP. | OSISKO GOLD ROYALT. | KARORA RES INC. | OCEANAGOLD CORP. Standard Lithium��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������62 All images and graphics are, unless
otherwise stated, by the companies.
| TOTAL FINA ELF SA B EO 10 | MILLENN.LITHIUM CORP. | KUYA SILVER CORP. | CHEVRON | TRILLIUM GOLD MINES INC. | CALEDONIA MINING
Surge Copper���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66
O.N. | ENWAVE | GOLDMINING INC. | CANADA NICKEL CO. INC. | FURY GOLD MINES LTD. | NEWMONT CORP. DL 1,60 | AURANIA RES CAD R.S. | Charts 05/18/2021
JS Charts by amCharts
KORE MINING LTD. | BLUESTONE RESOURCES | VICTORIA GOLD CORP. | GOLD TERRA RESOURCES |
HANNAN
6 METALS LTD | BARRICK GOLD CORP. | ADVENTUS MNG CORP. | MAWSON GOLD LTD | 7
OSISKO METALS INC. O.N.
Preface
The whole world of
commodities in one App:
Dear Readers,
Commodity-TV We are pleased to present the eleventh editi-
on of our Battery Metals Report.
hensively about various commodities and
mining companies.
On our website www.resource-capital.ch you
Our special report series started in the fall of will find more than 30 companies and a lot of
2016 with lithium, as we see this metal, as information and articles about commodities.
well as cobalt, nickel and copper, as one of
the major energy metals of the future and as a We would like to give you the necessary
great opportunity with a lot of potential. insights and inform you comprehensively
E-mobility is on the rise and for a good year through our special reports. In addition,
now, the eagerly awaited hybrid and all-elec- our two commodity IPTV channels www. Jochen Staiger is founder and CEO
tric models from many well-known manufac- Commodity-TV.net & www.Rohstoff-TV.net of Swiss Resource Capital AG,
turers have finally been coming onto the mar- are available to you free of charge at any time. located in Herisau, Switzerland. As
ket. What began with the founding of Tesla For on the go, we recommend our new Com- chief-editor and founder of the first
Motors 18 years ago is now unstoppable. modity TV App for iPhone and Android, which two resource IP-TV-channels
Volkswagen alone is planning around 70 new provides you with real-time charts, quotes Commodity-TV and its German
electric models by 2030, as are Mercedes, and also the latest videos. counterpart Rohstoff-TV, he reports
Audi and BMW. The electric car is well estab- about companies, experts, fund
lished and has won a place among consu- My team and I hope you enjoy reading the managers and various themes
mers, partly because politicians have recog- Battery Metals Special Report and we hope around the international mining
nized that a world that is as CO2-free as pos- to provide you with lots of new information, business and the correspondent
sible will only be possible with electric impressions and ideas. metals.
mobility and are promoting this accordingly
by means of start-up funding.
Yours, Jochen Staiger
Lithium, nickel and cobalt are the main com-
ponents of all batteries and accumulators
available in large series and thus the main link
in the electric vehicle dream. The movements
in Germany are interesting, where not only
Tesla is building a factory (Gigafactory), but
several well-known battery manufacturers
have now pitched their tents.
All these factories will be enormous drivers of
demand for lithium, cobalt and nickel, but
also for copper. Millions of tons of copper will
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Battery production is exploding! –
And with it the prices for battery metals!
How a fixed idea led to a world graphite. The good thing about this from the ready firmly planned a ban on the sale of in- Peugeot: 80% conversion to electric dri-
wide revolution ... point of view of raw material investors is that ternal combustion vehicles from 2030, such ve by 2023;
the quantities required for this cannot even be as Italy (2030), Spain (2040) and Germany Porsche: Conversion of 90% of the pro-
Although the electric motor was invented in provided with the current mines. There is a (2050). In the event of a Green government duct range to electric drives;
the mid-19th century, it was the South Afri- threat of supply bottlenecks, which will cause participation, the phasing out of the combus- Renault/Nissan: 1.5 million vehicles from
can Elon Musk who, at the beginning of the prices for most of these materials and metals tion era in Germany will certainly be brought 2021;
21st century, had the obsession of elec- to soar to previously unimagined heights. forward further. China officially wants 20% Tesla: 1 million vehicles as of now;
trifying locomotion on two or four wheels. Some of these prices have already risen, but electric vehicles sold by 2025 and an end to Toyota: 50% conversion to electric drive
When he founded Tesla Motors in 2003, he investors still have an excellent opportunity to the sale of internal combustion vehicles by and hybrid by 2030 ;
and his colleagues were probably not (yet) enter the world of battery metals, as we will 2050. VW Group: By 2025, 20 to 25% of all ve-
aware that it would take almost 20 years for explain in detail below. hicles produced are to be purely electric,
the entire world to be electrified by his idea. which means a total of around 2 to 3 milli-
Today, Tesla is a global brand and Musk is Car manufacturers plan to build on vehicles. By 2030, 300 electric models
one of the richest people on the planet. Ho- The „electric revolution“ is many millions of electric vehicles are to be launched on the market.
wever, this was certainly not the intention, catching on ...
which is why Musk took on a lot of risk and, In the EU in particular, many internal combus-
in the meantime, a lot of ridicule as well as Electric locomotion is only one of several as- tion engines are likely to be phased out very The lithium-ion battery will be the
headwind from all kinds of opponents of pects of the electric revolution. The leap from quickly and the corresponding car manufac- non-plus-ultra for many years ...…
electric mobility. For him, as a visionary, it the age of fossil combustion and the most turers will have to switch to electric vehicles
was more about creating something new, immediate possible consumption to the at an accelerated pace in order to comply In addition to the engine, the heart of every
away from old ways of thinking and towards decentralization of energy generation, the with the strict environmental requirements of electric vehicle is the energy storage unit,
a cleaner and smarter world. corresponding need for on-site storage of the EU. The following plans should only be i.e., a rechargeable battery. In order to be
electrical energy and, ultimately, to a true re- seen as a basis, which will be increased year operated economically in the long term, elec-
volution in mobility has begun, but the electric by year: tric vehicles, but also increasingly emerging
... and now also electrifying the boom will really take off from now on, and not decentralized storage systems – for photo-
commodity markets only in automotive engineering. BMW: By 2025, 15 to 25% of all vehicles voltaic or wind power plants, for example –
produced are to be purely electric, which require ever more powerful rechargeable bat-
Almost 20 years later, well over 100 electric means a total of around 300,000 to teries. The lithium-ion battery has now emer-
car models are already on the market world- ... and above all, electromobility is 600,000 vehicles; ged as the clear favorite. One of the reasons
wide. By 2022, there will be 500. In 2015, the picking up speed! The Chinese automakers, which now for this is that within a lithium-ion battery, the
number of new electric vehicles registered number more than 170, plan to put at voltage is achieved by exchanging lithium
each year was just 450,000 worldwide. In least 4.5 million electric vehicles on the ions. Because of their high energy density,
2020, the figure was 1.7 million. According to However, the automotive industry is clearly road starting this year; lithium-ion batteries deliver constant power
estimates by Bloomberg experts, there will playing a pioneering role here, as many coun- Daimler: Ten new electric models by over the entire discharge period and do not
be 8.5 million in 2025, 26 million in 2030 and tries have jumped on the electromobility 2022. 15 to 25% of all vehicles produced exhibit any so-called memory effect, i.e.,
54 million in 2040. Mind you, per year, not in bandwagon and introduced measures to ac- are to be purely electric by 2025, which successive loss of capacity over many years
total. Taken together, there were about 8.5 celerate the move away from the internal means a total of around 300,000 to of use or frequent partial discharge. The
million electric vehicles on the roads world- combustion engine and towards the electric 600,000 vehicles; name „lithium-ion battery“ is only the generic
wide in 2020. In 2030, there will be about 120 motor at the same time, particularly in order Ford: By 2022, at least 13 models are to term for a whole range of possible chemical
million. to achieve the climate targets they have set be electrically powered, which is about 10 structures, such as the lithium-cobalt (dioxi-
This requires vast quantities of materials and themselves. Many cities, regions, and coun- to 25% of the complete model range; de) battery, the lithium-manganese (dioxide)
metals that are or were only used in small tries around the world have already made a General Motors: 20 new electric models battery, the lithium-iron phosphate battery
quantities or not at all in conventional vehicles concrete commitment to the end of the inter- by 2023 and complete conversion to elec- and – less commonly – the lithium-titanate
with internal combustion engines. First and nal combustion engine. For example, most tric mobility – timeframe still open; battery and the tin-sulfur lithium-ion battery.
foremost, these include materials that are U.S. states have set an end to the sale of in- Honda: In 2030, two-thirds of all models The most common battery is currently the lit-
necessary for the battery and for the connec- ternal combustion vehicles for the years bet- are to run on electric motors – around 3.3 hium-nickel-manganese-cobalt (abbreviated
tions between individual components. These ween 2030 and 2050. The EU officially wants million as things stand today; NMC) battery.
are primarily the battery metals lithium, nickel, only 30% sales of electric vehicles by 2030, Hyundai: At least 10% electric vehicle
manganese and cobalt, as well as copper and although many member states have also al- share by 2025 – 800,000 vehicles;
10 11
... but the development continues Asians dominate the battery
steadily – away from cobalt, sector Composition and operating principle of a lithium-ion accumulator
towards nickel!
Today, China alone provides a large share of
Although not much has changed in the basic the total demand for lithium-ion batteries.
principle of the lithium-ion battery over time, China is expected to continue to see the Composition of a lithium-ion accumulator
development continues all the time. The main strongest annual increase in lithium and co-
focus is on efficiency and charging capacity balt demand of all major market players over Essentially a lithium-ion accumulator consists of the following components and materials:
(in the case of electric vehicles, this is often the next 5 to 10 years, largely due to an ex-
referred to as range), but also on the use of pected multiplication in the number of units of
metals and elements. In this respect, a trans- rechargeable batteries. Other key suppliers of Positive electrode (cathode):
formation is currently taking place away from lithium-ion batteries, including South Korea Lithium-Cobalt(III)-oxide LITHIUM-ION BATTERY
high proportions of cobalt (NMC 111, where and Japan, are also expected to guarantee Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt-Oxide CHARGE
the numbers indicate the ratio of nickel, man- robust growth in lithium and cobalt demand. Oxygen ELECTROLYTE
SEPARATOR
ganese and cobalt) to a higher proportion of Foremost among these are electronics giants Aluminum as conductor material ANODE (-)
nickel (NMC 811), although development is Panasonic, Samsung, LG Chem, BYD, Bos- COPPER
CATHODE (+)
currently still at corresponding intermediate ton Power, Lishen, CATL, Dynavolt and Great Negative electrode (anode): ALUMINIUM
stages (NMC 622 / NMC 532). NMC 111 is Wall. Experts estimate that by the end of Graphite or related carbon materials
considered the simplest battery version, ba- 2021, 77% of global lithium-ion production Silicon
sed on an equal amount of the atoms of the capacity will be located in China. Based on Tin dioxide
three elements, NMC 532/622 have a higher current plans in the pipeline, China will still Copper as conductor material
energy density and a lower price than NMC account for 67% of global lithium-ion battery
111 due to a lower cobalt content, and NMC capacity in 2030. Electrolyte (solution)
811 is the latest and most advanced battery CARBON
version with the highest theoretical lithium Polymer membrane separator (GRAPHITE)
and cobalt performance. It was precisely The EU is now really stepping on LITHIUMION
because of this trend toward higher nickel the gas! OXYGEN + METAL
content that Tesla CEO Elon Musk literally ELECTRON COBALT/NICKEL/MANGANESE
begged relevant mining companies to de- The EU, which seemed to sleep through the
velop new nickel mines in 2020. development of battery production for years,
has been able to catch up powerfully with
China thanks to many governmental and also Functionality of a lithium-ion battery
Manufacturing facilities (gigafac- private support programs and not least
tories) for rechargeable batteries thanks to its strong industrial base. In simple terms a lithium-ion accumula- largely electrically neutral. The negative
and corresponding materials are tor generates an electromotive force by electrode is a so-called graphite inter-
springing up like mushrooms Tesla‘s Gigafactory near Berlin and North- the movement of lithium-ions. During calation compound where lithium exists
volt‘s Gigafactory in Skellefteå in northern charging the positive lithium-ions migra- as cation. During discharge the intercala-
While European and North American manu- Sweden are just a taste of what is to come in te through the electrolyte and the sepa- tion compound emits electrons which
facturing pipelines have increased signifi- the next 10 years. By 2030 alone, more than rator from the positive to the negative flow back to the positive electrode viathe
cantly over the past 12 months, China re- 25 corresponding production sites for batte- electrode. In the process the lithium-ions extern circuit. Simultaneously many
mains by far the most aggressive country in ries and/or cathode materials are planned. can move freely between the two elec- Li+ ions migrate from the intercalation
building lithium-ion cell manufacturing capa- Currently, the planned battery capacity is at trodes through the electrolyte within the compound through the electrolyte also
city to support its electric vehicle and energy least 800 GWh by 2030. (see graphic p. 30) accumulator. Unlike the lithium-ions the to the positive electrode. At the positive
storage industries. Currently, 148 of the wor- transition metal and graphite structures electrode the lithium-ions do not receive
ld‘s approximately 200 manufacturing facili- of the electrodes are stationary and pro- the electrons of the external circuit but
ties, or „gigafactories,“ are in the pipeline in North America is Tesla country tected by a separator from a direct con- the present structures of the transition
China, while Europe and North America have tact. The mobility of the lithium-ions is metal compounds. Depending on the
only 21 and 11 gigafactories in the pipeline, In North America, Tesla holds the dominant necessary for the compensation of the type of accumulator these are cobalt, ni-
respectively. 122 gigafactories are already in position in lithium-ion battery production. The external current during recharging and ckel, manganese or iron ions that change
operation, with many of them currently ram- company has been operating the so-called discharging so that the electrodes stay their charge.
ping up production. „Gigafactory 1“ in Nevada since 2016. Lithi-
um-ion batteries, battery packs, electric mo-
12 13
Lithium
The element lithium
Lithium is a light metal from the group of alka-
[HE] 2s1 3
li metals. It has the lowest density of all known
Li
solid elements. It is only about half as heavy
as water, naturally silvery white and relatively
soft. Lithium is highly reactive, which is why it
basically always occurs as a lithium com-
pound in the wild. It tarnishes rapidly in air, Melting Point 180,54° C
due to the formation of lithium oxide and lithi- Boiling Point 1330°C
um nitride. In pure oxygen, it burns with a LITHIUM
bright red flame at 180°C to form lithium oxi-
de. Lithium reacts very strongly with water to
form lithium hydroxide.
Lithium extraction is either lengthy There are two types of lithium
or expensive deposits
The world lithium production is divided into Lithium is generally obtained from two diffe-
several different branches, which produces rent sources.
the following types of lithium compounds:
(Source: markus-spiske, unsplash) 1. So-called „brine“, i.e. (salt) sheet or brine
1. Lithium carbonate, deposits: Mainly in salt lakes, lithium car-
2. Lithium hydroxide, bonate is extracted from lithium-cont-
tors and drive units for up to 500,000 electric Lithium-ion batteries are the 3. Lithium chloride, aining salt solutions by evaporation of the
vehicles per year are built there. „Gigafactory current state of the art and market 4. Butyllithium and water and addition of sodium carbonate.
2“ is a photovoltaic factory and is located in leader 5. Lithium metal. To extract metallic lithium, the lithium car-
Buffalo, New York. „Gigafactory 3“ was com- bonate is first reacted with hydrochloric
pleted in record time in China, near Shanghai, In addition to the already mentioned raw ma- Metallic lithium is usually produced from lithi- acid. This produces carbon dioxide, which
and is expected to produce the same number terials lithium, cobalt, nickel and manganese, um carbonate in a multi-stage process and is escapes as a gas, and dissolved lithium
of vehicles as the Nevada plant. a lithium-ion battery essentially also consists usually traded with a purity of 99.5%. This chloride. This solution is concentrated in a
of aluminum, copper, graphite, zinc, tin, silver metallic lithium is used as a catalyst in the vacuum evaporator until the chloride
and steel. The majority of (lithium-ion) batte- chemical and pharmaceutical industries and crystallizes out.
More gigafactories are emerging ries currently on the market are lithium-cobalt for the production of aluminum-lithium alloys. 2. So-called „hard rock spodumene“, i.e.,
in North America (dioxide) batteries, which is why this report hard rock pegmatite deposits: Here, lithi-
deals primarily with the battery metals lithium, The industry essentially distinguishes bet- um compounds are not extracted from the
Tesla is far from the only lithium and cobalt nickel and cobalt. We will also take a look at ween three types or qualities of lithium com- salt of lakes, but from spodumene, a lithi-
consumer planning major lithium-ion battery copper, which is becoming increasingly im- pounds: um-bearing aluminum silicate mineral.
production. LG Chem already started pro- portant. Mined by conventional mining technology,
duction for Chevy in Michigan in October 1. „Industrial Grade“, with purity over 96%, the concentrate obtained is often conver-
2015. Foxconn, BYD (the world‘s largest pro- mainly for glass, casting powder and lu- ted to lithium carbonate with a purity of
ducer of rechargeable batteries, especially bricant, more than 99.5%. The intensive thermal
for cell phones), Lishen, CATL and Boston 2. „Technical Grade“, with a purity of about and hydrometallurgical process required
Power are also working on the construction 99.5%, mainly for ceramics, lubricants for this is considered to be very costly.
of their own gigafactories, including for and batteries, and Such deposits are currently exploited al-
so-called power banks, i.e., decentralized 3. „Battery Grade“, with purity above 99.5%, most exclusively in Australia, with further
electricity storage. mainly for high-end cathode materials in processing largely taking place in Chinese
batteries and rechargeable batteries. facilities.
14 15
Advantages and disadvantages of hours instead of using natural evaporation. entire lithium market is very opaque, which is accumulator and battery production. Lithium
the different funding sources The processes of Tenova Bateman and IBC why the large battery and accumulator manu- carbonate – crystalline, granulated or in pow-
Advanced Technologies are worth mentioning facturers, such as Panasonic, have recently der form – is used, for example, in the elect-
The two sources (brine deposits/hard rock in this context. relied primarily on long-term supply contracts rolytic production of aluminum, in the cera-
deposits) each have opposite advantages In addition, several lithium development com- with relatively small development companies, mics and pharmaceutical industries, and in
and disadvantages with regard to the extrac- panies have identified a third lithium source. some of which will not produce before 2023. alloying technology. Special purity grades of
tion of lithium. While the extraction of one ton There is the possibility to extract lithium from As a consequence of this supply oligopoly, lithium carbonate in the form of very fine pow-
of lithium hydroxide from brine deposits re- old, exploited oil reservoirs. The lithium is ex- lithium is currently not traded on the stock der (battery grade powder) are suitable as a
quires about 469 cubic meters of water, one tracted from the wastewater remaining in the exchange, the actual trading prices are strict- raw material for the production of lithium-ion
ton of lithium hydroxide from hard rock depo- reservoirs. It has already been proven several ly confidential. batteries. The extraction and processing of
sits requires only about 170 cubic meters of times that this process works. In addition, this One reason for this, which the few suppliers (especially high-grade) lithium is considered
water. The opposite is true for the CO2 balan- unusual lithium extraction process also appe- always like to give, is that the available and very costly.
ce. While the extraction of one ton of lithium ars to be economically feasible. Thus, bri- required lithium qualities are too different for a
hydroxide from brine deposits produces only ne-bearing (former) oil fields are also beco- standardized exchange trading place.
about 5 tons of CO2, one ton of lithium hydro- ming a focus of the lithium industry. The production of lithium-ion
xide from hard rock deposits produces about batteries requires a large amount
15 tons CO2. Main applications are alloys, of lithium
The question is: What weighs more with the Major lithium deposits are con- lubricants and accumulators
battery and car manufacturers? And CO2 centrated in a few regions A large amount of lithium is required for the
neutrality seems to have the edge here. By Its above-mentioned special and versatile production and operation of lithium-ion batte-
the way, currently about 60% of all lithium hy- Lithium accounts for about 0.006% of the properties make lithium a sought-after mate- ries. Each smartphone contains between 5
droxide mined worldwide is extracted from earth‘s crust, making it slightly less abundant rial in very many different areas of application. and 7 grams of lithium carbonate equivalent
hard rock deposits and only 40% from brine than zinc, copper, and tungsten, and slightly It should therefore come as no surprise that (LCE). For a notebook or tablet, the figure is
deposits. more abundant than cobalt, tin, and lead. Esti- the main area of application for lithium has 20 to 45 grams. Power tools such as cordless
mates from the U.S. Geological Survey suggest changed constantly in the past. Initially used screwdrivers or electric saws require about
that about 21 million metric tons of lithium are mainly in medicine, the element began its tri- 40 to 60 grams for their batteries. A 10 KWh
recoverable as reserves and 86 million tons are umphant advance in the 1950s as a compo- storage unit for household use requires about
recoverable as resources worldwide. About nent of alloys. Its low weight, but also its po- 23 kilograms of LCE, while batteries for elec-
53% of the reserves in the South American sitive properties in terms of tensile strength, tric cars need between 40 and 80 kilograms.
countries of Chile and Argentina alone. The lar- hardness and elasticity, made it an integral An energy storage system with 650 MWh ca-
gest lithium carbonate production currently oc- part of aerospace technology in particular. In pacity needs about 1.5 tons of LCE.
curs in the Salar de Atacama, a salt lake in the the past 20 years, this picture has changed
northern Chilean province of Antofagasta. Ho- once again. As the electric revolution got un-
wever, about 49 percent of global lithium pro- derway, it was quickly recognized that its low Lithium production will (and must)
duction of about 82,000 metric tons in 2020 normal potential made it almost perfect for increase sharply
came from Australia, but at a much higher cost use as an anode in batteries. Lithium batte-
than in South America. In addition, significant ries are characterized by a very high energy In 2020, global lithium production was around
(Source: Vulcan Energy) lithium deposits are found mainly in North Ame- density and can generate particularly high 430,000 tons LCE. Projections assume that
rica and China. voltages. However, lithium batteries are not this figure could rise to a maximum of about
rechargeable. Lithium-ion batteries, on the 580,000 tons LCE with today‘s mining activi-
other hand, have this property, with lithium ty, whereby only very few efforts for concrete
New processing and lithium Lithium production is currently metal oxides such as lithium cobalt oxide mine expansions or new mines have been
sources could revolutionize pro- concentrated mainly in four coun- connected as the cathode. However, as a raw made so far, so that lithium is practically likely
duction tries and a few companies material for the production of accumulators to run into a huge supply deficit. In addition,
and batteries, purity levels higher than 99.5% recent reports about several postponed mine
Recently, more and more exploration and de- Australia, Chile, China and Argentina current- are required. Lithium hydroxide in the „Indus- starts caused additional uncertainty on the
velopment companies are focusing on new ly account for around 95 percent of the wor- trial“ grade is used, among other things, as a supply side.
technologies that will help to extract lithium ld‘s total lithium production, which is shared raw material for lubricants and coolants; with
from brine deposits within days and even among only a few companies. As a result, the the higher „Technical“ grade, it is also used in
16 17
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