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THE LAW OF THE SEA
Tullio Treves and Laura Pineschi - 9789004481695
Downloaded from Brill.com12/25/2021 07:09:30PM
via free accessPublications on Ocean Development
Volume 28
A Series of Studies on
the International, Legal, Institutional and Policy Aspects
of Ocean Development
General Editor: Shigeru Oda
The titles published in this series are listed at the end of this volume.
Tullio Treves and Laura Pineschi - 9789004481695
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via free accessThe Law of the Sea
The European Union and its Member States
edited by
TULLIO TREVES
Professor of International Law,
Milan, Italy
and
LAURA PINESCHI
Assistant Editor
MARTINUS NIJHOFF PUBLISHERS
THE HAGUE I BOSTON I LONDON
Tullio Treves and Laura Pineschi - 9789004481695
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via free accessA C.I.P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
ISBN 90-411-0326-0
Published by Kluwer Law International,
P.O. Box 85889, 2508 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
Sold and distributed in the U.S.A. and Canada
by Kluwer Law International,
675 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, U.S.A.
In all other countries, sold and distributed
by Kluwer Law International,
P.O. Box 85889, 2508 CN The Hague, The Netherlands.
Printed on acid-free paper
All Rights Reserved
© 1997 Kluwer Law International
Kluwer Law International incorporates the publishing programmes of
Graham & Trotman Ltd, Kluwer Law and Taxation Publishers,
and Martin us Nijhoff Publishers.
No part of the material' protected by this copyright notice may be reproduced or
utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and
retrieval system, without written permission from the copyright owner.
Printed in the Netherlands
Tullio Treves and Laura Pineschi - 9789004481695
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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS xvn
ABBREVIATIONS XIX
INTRODUCTION - Tullio Treves
1. LA COMMUNAUTE EUROPEENNE DANS LE DOMAINE DU DROIT
GENERAL DE LA MER 7
Daniel Vignes
1. Introduction: le phenomene communautaire par rapport
au droit de la mer 7
2. La longue marche de la Communaute vers la Conference
et vers la Convention. Problemes de pecheries, notam-
ment 11
3. Autres preoccupations communautaires dans le domaine
marin. Protection contre la pollution, notamment 17
4. La clause permettant la signature de la Communaute,
son elaboration et ses effets 20
2. AUSTRIA AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 27
Gerhard Hafner
1. Introduction 27
2. Baselines and Internal Waters 31
3. Territorial Sea 31
4. Fisheries and Exclusive Economic Zone 31
5. Continental Shelf 32
6. High Seas 32
7. International Seabed Area 34
8. Marine Scientific Research 35
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3. BELGIUM AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 37
Erik Franckx
1. Introduction 37
2. Baselines 38
3. Territorial Sea 40
3.1 External Limit 40
3.2 Innocent Passage 44
4. Straits 49
5. Contiguous Zone, Archaeological Zone and Other
Functional Non-Resource Zones 50
6. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zone 50
7. Continental Shelf 57
7.1 External Limits 57
7.2 Regime 60
8. High Seas 63
8.1 . Registration and Flag Requirements 64
8.2 Right ofHot Pursuit 67
8.3 Unauthorized Broadcasting 68
9. The International Seabed Area 68
10. Delimitation of Maritime Zones with Other States 70
JO.I General Positions and Indications Contained in
National Legislation 70
10.2 Delimitation Agreements 72
10.3 Outstanding Issues 75
11. The Preservation and Protection of the Marine
Environment 76
11.1 General Attitude 77
11.2 National Legislation on Water Pollution 77
11.3 Participation to International Conventions and
Domestic Implementation thereof 78
11.4 Particular Episodes ofNational Practice 86
12. Marine Scientific Research 87
12.1 General Attitude 87
12.2 Domestic Legislation and Practice 88
12.3 Participation to Conventions or Co-operative
Arrangements 89
Bibliography 90
4. DENMARK AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 97
Kaare Bangert
1. Introduction 97
2. Territorial Sea 99
2.1 Limits 99
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2.2 Regime 103
3. Straits 105
3.1 Legal Status 106
3.2 Passage 106
3.3 The 1857 Regime and the Two United Nations
Conventions on the Law ofthe Sea 107
4. Contiguous Zone, Archaeological Zone and Other
Functional Non-Resource Zones 108
4.1 The 24-Mile Archaeological Zone 108
4.2 The Danish Customs Territory 109
4.3 Buoyage Zone 110
4.4 Icebreaking Service Zone 113
5. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zone 114
5.1 Extension 114
5.2 Regime 115
6. Continental Shelf 117
6.1 Extension 117
6.2 Regime 118
7. Preservation and Protection of the Marine Environment 119
7.1 Vessel Pollution 120
7.2 Land-Based Pollution 121
7.3 Nature Protection 122
8. High Seas 122
8.1 Registration 123
8.2 Fishing and the Right ofHot Pursuit 125
9. Conclusion 126
5. FINLAND AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 127
Martti Koskenniemi and Marja Lehto
1. Introduction 127
2. Territorial Sea 128
2.1. Baselines 129
2.2 External Limit 129
2.3 Regime 130
3. Straits 132
4. Continental Shelf 133
4.1 Status 133
4.2 External Limits 133
5. Fisheries 136
5.1 The Finnish Fishe1y Zone and Its Delimitation 136
5.2 Reciprocal Fisheries Agreements 137
5.3 European Union Membership 139
6. High Seas 139
7. The International Seabed Area 140
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8. Protection of the Marine Environment 144
9. Marine Scientific Research 146
10. Special Questions 147
10.1 The Status ofthe Aland Islands 147
10.2 The Great Belt Case 149
Select Bibliography 149
6. LA FRANCE ET LE DROIT DE LA MER 151
Jean-Pierre Queneudec
1. Introduction 151
2. Lignes de base 153
3. Mer territoriale 154
3.1 Limite exterieure 154
3.2 Passage inoffensif 155
3.3 Suspension du droit de passage 159
4. Detro its 161
4.1 Detroit du Pas de Calais 162
4.2 Bouches de Bonifacio 165
5. Zone contigue 167
5.1 Zone contigue en matiere douaniere 167
5.2 Zone contigue en matiere archeologique 168
6. Plateau continental 169
7. Zone economique exclusive 172
8. Haute mer 175
8.1 Statut des navires 175
8.2 Securite de la navigation 177
8.3 Activites de police en haute mer 179
9. Zone intemationale des fonds marins 180
10. Delimitation 182
10.1 Accords de delimitation de la mer territoriale 183
10.2 Accords de delimitation des zones de juridiction
nationale 184
10.3 Reglement par voie arbitrate 187
10.4 Problemes en suspens 188
11. Preservation et protection du milieu marin 190
12. Recherche scientifique marine 193
13. Les actions de l 'Etat en mer 195
13.1 Coordination des actions en mer 195
13.2 Exercice des pouvoirs de controle en mer 197
Bibliographie generale 198
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7. GERMANY AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 199
Rudiger Wolfrum
1. Introduction 199
2. Territorial Sea 199
2.1. External Limits 201
2.2. Regime 213
3. Continental Shelf 216
3.1. External Limits 216
3.2. Regime 217
4. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zone 219
5. High Seas 222
5.1. Registration and Flag Requirements 222
5.2. Fishing 223
6. Deep Seabed Mining 223
8. GREECE AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 225
Emmanuel Roucounas
1. General Remarks 225
2. Some Ge.ographic Parameters 226
3. Territorial Sea 228
3.1 Limits 229
3.2 Transit Passage Regime 233
4. Preservation and Protection of the Marine Environment 243
4.1 Attitudes during UNCLOS III 243
4.2 Other International Instruments for the Protection
and Preservation ofthe Marine Environment 245
4.3 Competent Domestic Authority 246
4.4 Pollution from Off-Shore Activities 246
4.5 Land-Based Pollution 246
4.6 Marine Parks for the Protection ofSeals and Turtles 247
5. Continental Shelf 248
6. Marine Scientific Research 248
7. Submarine Antiquities 249
7.1 Protection by Domestic Law 249
7.2 Protection by International Law 250
8. Fisheries 252
9. Delimitation of Maritime Boundaries 254
9.1 At UNCLOS Ill 254
9.2 The Territorial Sea 254
9.3 The Exclusive Economic Zone and the Continental
Shelf: The Treaty of 19 77 with Italy 255
9.4 The Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case 256
10. The Exclusive Economic Zone and the Area 259
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9. IRELAND AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 261
Clive R. Symmons
1. Introduction 261
2. Baselines 267
3. Territorial Sea 271
3.1 External Limits 271
3.2 Innocent Passage 274
4. Straits 277
5. Contiguous Zone, Archaeological Zone and Other Non-
Resource Zones 278
6. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zone 278
6.1 External Limits 278
6.2 Regime 281
7. Continental Shelf 286
7.1 External Limits 286
7.2 Regime 291
8. High Seas 292
8.1 General Attitude to the High Seas Freedoms 292
8.2 Requirements for Flying the Flag 294
8.3 Right ofHot Pursuit 295
8.4 Fishing on the High Seas 295
8.5 Driftnet Fishing 297
8.6 Unauthorized Broadcasting 298
8.7 Piracy and Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 298
9. The International Seabed Area 298
9.1 Attitude towards Part XI ofthe 1982 Law ofthe Sea
Convention 298
9.2 National Legislation 300
9.3 Attitude at PrepCom 300
10. Delimitation of Maritime Zones with Other States 300
JO.I General Positions and Indications Contained in
National Legislation 300
10.2 Delimitation Agreements 303
10.3 Outstanding Issues 305
11. The Preservation and Protection of the Marine
Environment 307
I I.I General Attitude 307
11.2 National Legislation on Marine Pollution.
Participation in International Conventions and
Implementation thereof 309
11.3 Particular Episodes ofNational Practice 312
12. Marine Scientific Research 313
12.1 General Attitude 313
12.2 Domestic Legislation and Practice. Participation in
Conventions or Co-operative Arrangements 314
Bibliography 316
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10. ITALY AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 327
Tullio Treves
1. Introduction 327
2. Baselines 328
3. Ports 329
4. Territorial Sea 330
4.1 Limits 330
4.2 Regime 331
5. Straits 334
6. Contiguous Zone 337
7. Continental Shelf 339
7.1 Limits 339
7.2 Regime 340
8. Exclusive Economic Zone 341
9. High Seas 343
9.1 The Right to Fly the Italian Flag 343
9.2 International Conventions on Navigation 344
9.3 The Legal Regime ofthe High Seas 344
9.4 Fishing on the High Seas 346
10. The International Seabed Area 348
11. Delimitation of Maritime Areas 352
11.1 General Attitude 352
11.2 Territorial Sea 352
11.3 Continental Shelf 354
12. Marine Scientific Research 358
13. Preservation and Protection of the Marine Environment 359
Bibliography 362
11. THE NETHERLANDS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 365
Harm M. Dotinga and Alfred H.A. Soans
1. Introduction 365
2. Baselines 367
2.1 Netherlands Baselines 367
2.2 Archipelagic Baselines and Waters 368
3. Territorial Sea 369
3.1 External Limits 369
3.2 The Right ofInnocent Passage 371
3.3 Regulation ofMaritime Traffic in and near the
Netherlands Territorial Sea 372
4. Straits 374
5. Contiguous Zone 375
6. Fishery Zone and Exclusive Economic Zone 376
6.1 External Limits ofthe Fishery Zone 376
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6.2 Fisheries Regime 378
6.3 Establishment ofan Exclusive Economic Zone 380
7. Continental Shelf 382
7.1 External Limits 382
7.2 Regime 383
8. High Seas 386
8.1 Legal Status ofthe High Seas 386
8.2 Requirements for Flying the Netherlands Flag 387
8.3 Safety Standards for Ships 390
8.4 Jurisdiction on the High Seas 391
8.5 High Seas Fishing 394
9. The International Seabed Area 395
9.1 Attitude towards Part XI ofthe 1982 Law ofthe Sea
Convention 395
9.2 National Legislation 397
9.3 Attitude at Prepcom and in relation with Other
States Involved in Seabed Mining 397
9.4 Informal Consultations and the 1994
Implementation Agreement 398
10. Delimitation of Maritime Zones with Other States 399
10.1 General Positions and Indications in National
Legislation 399
10.2 Delimitation Agreements 400
10.3 Outstanding Issues 403
11. The Preservation and Protection of the Marine
Environment 404
11.1 Genera/Attitude 404
11.2 Environmental Legislation and Policy in the
Netherlands 405
11.3 National Legislation and Participation to
Conventions on Marine Pollution 407
11.4 National Legislation and Participation to
Conventions on Nature Protection 414
12. Marine Scientific Research 417
12.1 General Attitude 417
12.2 National Legislation and Practice 419
12.3 Participation to Conventions and Co-operative
Agreements 420
Annex I 421
Annex II 422
Bibliography 423
12. LE PORTUGAL ET LE DROIT DE LA MER 427
Maria Eduarda Gonfalves
1. Introduction 427
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2. Le cadre constitutionnel 429
3. La mer territoriale et la zone contigue 429
4. La zone economique exclusive 430
4.1 L'acceptation du concept 430
4.2 La nature de la zone economique exclusive 431
4.3 Competences et pouvoirs de l'Etat portugais et des
autres Etats dans la zone economique exclusive 432
4.4 Droits et devoirs concernant !es ressources vivantes 433
4.5 Impacts economiques du regime de la zone econo-
mique exclusive et de la politique de la peche de la
Communaute Europeenne 436
5. Le plateau continental 438
6. Preservation et protection du milieu marin 439
6.1 Une preoccupation recente 439
6.2 Le droit interne 440
6.3 Les cadres communautaire et international 441
7. La recherche scientifique marine 443
7.1 Fondements de la politique en la matiere 443
7.2 Le droit interne 444
8. Conclusion 446
13. LESPAGNE ET LE DROIT DE LA MER 449
Valentin Bou and Romualdo Bermejo
1. Introduction 449
2. Lignes de base 451
2.1 Le systeme espagnol des lignes de base 451
2.2 Navigation dans les eaux interieures 452
3. Mer territoriale 454
3.1 Limites exterieures 454
3.2 Passage inoffensif 454
4. Detro its 458
5. Zone contigue, zone archeologique, autres zones fonc-
tionnelles ne portant pas sur les ressources economiques 461
6. Pecheries et zone economique exclusive 462
6.1 Limites exterieures 462
6.2 Regime 463
6.3 Navigation dans la zone economique exclusive 467
7. Plateau continental 469
8. La haute mer 470
8.1 Conditions requises pour battre pavillon 470
8.2 · Peche en haute mer 471
8.3 La peche aux filets derivants 474
8.4 Extraterritorialite de la loi interne espagnole 475
8.5 Navigation en haute mer 478
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9. Zone internationale des fonds marins 478
10. Delimitation des zones maritimes avec d'autres Etats 480
10.1 Attitude generale 480
10.2 Accords de delimitation 481
11. Preservation et protection de l' environnement marin 483
11.1 Attitude generale 483
11.2 Pollution provenant des navires 484
11.3 Immersion des dechets en mer 488
11.4 Pollution tellurique 489
12. Recherche scientifique marine 490
Bibliographie 491
14. SWEDEN AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 495
Marie Jacobsson
1. Introduction 495
2. Baselines 498
3. Territorial Sea 499
4. Straits 500
5. Functional Zones 502
6. Exclusive Economic Zone 502
7. Continental Shelf 506
8. High Seas 506
9. The International Seabed Area 507
10. Delimitation of Maritime Zones with Other States 508
11. The Preservation and Protection of the Marine
Environment 511
12. Marine Scientific Research 513
13. National Security Aspects 513
14. The Soviet Submarine U 137 516
15. The MIS Estonia Catastrophe 519
16. The Swedish Maritime Code 1994 520
15. THE UNITED KINGDOM AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 521
vaughan Lowe
1. Introduction 521
2. Baselines and Internal Waters 522
2.1 Baselines 522
2.2 Internal Waters 524
3. Territorial Sea 524
3.1 External Limits 524
3.2 Innocent Passage 526
4. Straits 530
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5. Contiguous Zone, Archaeological Zone, Other
Functional Non-Resource Zones 532
6. Fishery and Exclusive Economic Zones 533
6.1 External Limits 533
6.2 Regime 535
7. Continental Shelf 538
7.1 External Limits 538
7.2 Regime 540
8. High Seas 541
8.1 Requirements for Flying the Flag 541
8.2 Safety ofNavigation 542
8.3 Fishing on the High Seas 544
8.4 Right ofHot Pursuit 544
8.5 Unauthorised Broadcasting 545
8.6 Piracy and Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs 545
9. The International Seabed Area 546
9.1 Attitude towards Part XI ofthe 1982 Law ofthe
Sea Convention 546
9.2 National Legislation 547
9.3 Attitude at PrepCom 548
10. Delimitation of Maritime Zones with Other States 548
11. The Preservation and Protection of the Marine
Environment 550
12. Marine Scientific Research 552
APPENDIX Declarations Made by the European Community
and the Member States concerning the Law of the
Sea Convention 555
TABLE OF PRINCIPAL MULTILATERAL CONVENTIONS 571
INDEX 579
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