Life Cycle Analysis for Green Investment Data quality, key impacts & benchmarking - LCA Forum
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Life Cycle Analysis for Green Investment
Data quality, key impacts &
benchmarking
Damien Friot (damien.friot@epfl.ch), Josef Kaenzig, Myriam Saade,
Manuele Margni, Olivier Jolliet
EPFL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
Environmental science and technology institute
Industrial Ecology - Life Cycle Systems
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Outline
From a quantitative perspective:
1. What can be the use of & how to check Environmental Reports ?
2. How to assess the environmental impacts of companies ?
3. How to benchmark corporate environmental performances ?
With examples from automotive & pharmaceuticals industries
(collaboration with Centre-Info)
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05“Mainstream” assessment: qualitative
1. Company’s environmental characteristics
– Large panel of heteroclite issues
– Partial view
– Focus on the company
company external
0% 100 %
2. Selection procedure
– Based on exclusions & common sense
3. Ranking
– Among companies of the same “investment sector”
– Preferences rather than true performance
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05A life cycle perspective: key issues
Supply chain Production Use Disposal
=> a chain of actors/activities to deliver a service
• Holistic: direct + indirect (up & downstream)
• Function: equivalent services (vs same sector)
• Aggregation: impact assessment: reduction of indicators
• Model + data: bottom-up & top-down approaches + use of
engineering & technical data
=> On the hedge of maturity: Increasing standardisation &
development of databases
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.051. Quality of environmental reporting
Coverage of Environmental Reporting (ER)
Environmental indicators in the automotive industry Frequency (12)
Energy (GWh) & Water (m3 ) consumption, Industrial waste (tons) 10-12
GHG & VOC emissions (tons), Common waste (tons), Discharges 8–5
to water (m3)
Environmental expenditures (Euro), NOx, C, PM (tons) 4–1
• Geography (1 site/area), Turnover (geog.), Life Cycle (on-site)
• Energy: Final vs grey (+30% per MJ)
– Non renewable primary energy (hydro vs fossils fuels)
• Green House Gases: CO2 or CO2 equivalent?
• Meta-data: Units, structural issues
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Validation techniques
First attempts
• Evolution over time: structural changes (M&A) ?
• Comparisons within the same inv. sector: diversified activities?
– Median value (1st est.)
– Example: BMW 80% auto, 17% finance, 3% motorbike
LCA intelligence
• References values per sector
– Data transformation
– Basis for comparison (value-added, turnover, EBIT,
employee, units produced)
• Ratios: [CO2/non renewable primary energy]
– Internal coherence
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Basis for comparison (energy cons.)
Automotive industry
Per turnover Per added value
1200000 1600000
Energy consumption [MJ/million $]
Energy consumption [MJ/ million $ of value
2002 2001 2000 2002 2001 2000
1400000
1000000
1200000
800000
1000000
added]
600000 800000
600000
400000
400000
200000
200000
0.23 330 0.8 8200
0 0
BMW Daimler Fiat Ford Generalmotors Mitsubishi PSA Peugeot Volkswagen BMW Daimler Fiat Ford Generalmotors Mitsubishi PSA Peugeot Volkswagen
Chrysler Citroën Chrysler Citroën
Per unit produced (car)
40000
Energy consumption [MJ/car]
2002 2001 2000
30000
20000
10000
0.014 23
0
BMW Daimler Fiat Ford Generalmotors Mitsubishi PSA Peugeot Volkswagen
Chrysler Citroën Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Ratio [CO2 /non ren. primary energy]
250
(analysis based on ecoinvent 1.1, 2004)
Cement
Ratio [gCO2 / MJ non renewable primary energy]
200
Electricity
150 mix
Nuclear
power
100
50
Pesticides
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500
About 2500 products and services (use stage and disposal not
taken into account) Number of product or service
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Ratio [CO2 (eq.) / final energy]
Banks Ratio: GHG / final Automotive companies Ratio: GHG / final
energy energy
[gCO2 / MJ] [gCO2 / MJ]
ABN AMRO 56 BMW 89
Banca Monte Paschi Siena 141 Daimler Chrysler 108
Citigroup 115 Ford 97212
Credit suisse group 141 Generalmotors 79
HBOS 111241 PSA Peugeot Citroën 35
KBC 48
Royal Bank of Scotland 87
San Paolo IMI 117
UBS 106
Westpac Banking 345
Expected values: 30 – 150 gCO2 (eq.) /MJ final energy
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.052. Identification of key impacts
1 2 3
Industry chain Relevant Company
Profile Indicator Model
-Hybrid Screening - Function oriented - Reconstruction
- Process LCA - processes
- Input-Output - Upstream: suppliers - activities
- Prod: on-site - products
- Reference - Use: products
- Processes - Disp: products -Selection /Aggreg.
- Sectors of indicators
- Product
- Company
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Synthesis: Life Cycle & impacts
Pharmaceuticals
Key impacts Life cycle Key indicators
Im p a c ts c lé s P o in t s c lé s p o u r l'im p a c t e n v ir o n n e m e n t a l
T ra n s p o rt d e s
re p ré s e n ta n ts P a c k a g in g R e j e t d e m é d ic a m e n t s I n d ic a t e u r s c lé s
Masse de l'emballage
Toxicité et écotoxicité
+ : I n f lu e n c e f a ib le
Type de transport
+ + : I n f lu e n c e m o y e n
l'environnement
Composition de
du médicament
relarguée dans
médicaments
+ + + : I n f lu e n c e im p o r t a n t
Quantité de
l'emballage
Distance
P h a s e d a n s le c y c le d e v ie
Ressources C o n s o m m a ti
on de
m a t iè r e s
E x t r a c t io n d e s m a t iè r e s
C h a î n e d e s f o u r n is s e u r s
P r o d u c t io n
+
+
+
k g s u b s t a n c e e x t r a it e / e m b a lla g e
k g d 'e m b a lla g e / k g s u b s t a n c e a c t iv e
p r e m iè r e s U t ilis a t io n
F in d e v ie +
Global Warming
E ffe t d e E x t r a c t io n d e s m a t iè r e s + T a u x d e r e c y c la g e
s e rre K m p a rc o u ru s
C h a î n e d e s f o u r n is s e u r s ++ ++ + M J é n e r g ie p r im a ir e n o n - r e n o u v e la b le o u / e t
é m is s io n s d e C O 2 / 1 0 0 k m
P r o d u c t io n +
U t ilis a t io n
F in d e v ie +
Human health S a n té
h u m a in e
E x t r a c t io n d e s m a t iè r e s
C h a î n e d e s f o u r n is s e u r s
P r o d u c t io n
U t ilis a t io n ++
1
k g s u b s t a n c e r e la r g u é e / k g p r o d u it
F in d e v ie +++ +++
E C 5 0 s u b s ta n c e
Ecosystems Q u a lit é d e s
é c o s y s tè m e
s
E x t r a c t io n d e s m a t iè r e s
C h a î n e d e s f o u r n is s e u r s
P r o d u c t io n
quality
U t ilis a t io n
1
k g s u b s t a n c e r e la r g u é e / k g p r o d u it
F in d e v ie +++ +++
E C 5 0 s u b s ta n c e
I n d ic a t e u r s c lé s
¾ Main impacts: Human health & ecosystem quality
¾ Travel of sales people is dominant
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Env. impacts from economic data
Econ. & technical data LCA data
Purchases, on-site, sales, products + LCI DB, LCIA methods
Pharmaceuticals: Energy balance & costs (Green-e)
100%
R&D (énergie)
Sales representants
80% Transport of produits
Transport of raw materials
Business travel
60%
Employees commuting
Waste treatement
40% Buildings
Packaging
20% Heating
Raw materials
Electricity
0%
Primary CO2 Costs
Energy Emissions Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Data comparison: automotive ind.
Energy consumption due to 1 million $ output of the automotive industry
Process-LCA: Schweimer et al., 2000
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2003
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2004
Process-LCA: ecoinvent 1.01, 2003
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2004
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2002
Env. reports: Median
Env. reports: Average
Env. reports: max (Ford 2000)
Env. reports: min (BMW 2002)
Env. reports: General Motors, 2002 On-site and energy supply
Supply chain
0
Services (excluded in process LCA)
Env. reports: PSA Peugeot Citroen, 2002
Use stage
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2004 Road infrastructure
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2002 Disposal
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000
Non renewable primary energy [GJ /million $]
Hypothesis: 1.59 passenger/vehicle, 150000 km/vehicle, ~21’000 $/vehicle
Energy efficiency: USA / Average of industrial countries = 360/238 = 1.5
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Data comparison: automotive ind.
Energy consumption due to 1 million $ output of the automotive industry
Process-LCA: Schweimer et al., 2000
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2003
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2004
Process-LCA: ecoinvent 1.01, 2003
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2004
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2002
Env. reports: Median
Env. reports: Average
Env. reports: max (Ford 2000)
Covered by environmental reports
Env. reports: min (BMW 2002)
Env. reports: General Motors, 2002 On-site and energy supply
Supply chain
0
Services (excluded in process LCA)
Env. reports: PSA Peugeot Citroen, 2002
Use stage
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2004 Road infrastructure
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2002 Disposal
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000
Non renewable primary energy [GJ /million $]
Hypothesis: 1.59 passenger/vehicle, 150000 km/vehicle, ~21’000 $/vehicle
Energy efficiency: USA / Average of industrial countries = 360/238 = 1.5
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Data comparison: automotive ind.
Energy consumption due to 1 million $ output of the automotive industry
Process-LCA: Schweimer et al., 2000 Use phase
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2003
Process-LCA: Humbert et al., 2004
Process-LCA: ecoinvent 1.01, 2003
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2004
I/O-LCA 1997: Vehicles & car bodies, 2002
Env. reports: Median
Env. reports: Average
Env. reports: max (Ford 2000)
Env. reports: min (BMW 2002)
Env. reports: General Motors, 2002 On-site and energy supply
Supply chain
0
Services (excluded in process LCA)
Env. reports: PSA Peugeot Citroen, 2002
Use stage
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2004 Road infrastructure
I/O-LCA 1997: 4 sectors, 2002 Disposal
0 4000 8000 12000 16000 20000 24000 28000 32000 36000 40000
Non renewable primary energy [GJ /million $]
Hypothesis: 1.59 passenger/vehicle, 150000 km/vehicle, ~21’000 $/vehicle
Energy efficiency: USA / Average of industrial countries = 360/238 = 1.5
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.053. Benchmarking for the use phase
Automotive industry
“Average emissions of a generic car
per company [gCO2/km]”
Technology Eff. vs Marketing Strategy
Required data: 1. CO2 emissions per vehicle
2. Composition of the car fleet of each
company
3. Sales per vehicle
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Partial results: different rankings
gCO2/km % Etiqu. A&B
Energy-Label Ranking based DonnéesSam
Ranking CI
(class A, B, …) on env. reports and WRI
FIAT 160 2 5 ?
VW 176 1 2 6
TOYOTA 179 4 3 1
DC 209 3 4 5
BMW 212 5 1 8
Life cycle stage: Use Use Production Use
¾ The ranking based on the use phase: opposite to the ranking
established with data from environmental reports
¾ Evaluations with high quality expectations are time intensive
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05Conclusion
• Low reliability of current corporate environmental data
– Incomplete coverage
– No focus on key impacts & key phase
=> Monitoring of companies effort/compliance
=> Low comparability: No benchmarking
• Life-cycle data for Identification of key impacts & aggregation
– Multiple approaches are required
• Benchmarking: complement a qualitative approach
– Open questions:
• Relative vs absolute
• Sum of activities or average/optimal profile
Green Investment forum -EPFL, 07.06.05You can also read
