Italy Country Fact Sheet - Government at a Glance 2017 - OECD
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Government at a Glance 2017
www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htm
Country Fact Sheet
Italy
Fiscal balances have improved, yet government debt levels remain high
Fiscal consolidation brought the deficit down from 5.3% of GDP in 2009 to 2.7% of GDP in 2015, close to
the OECD average of 2.8%. However, the effects of the double-dip recessions in 2009 and 2012 have been
reflected in government gross debt levels, which remain persistently high in Italy, reaching 157.5% of GDP
in 2015 according to the System of National Accounts definition – the third largest gross debt level among
OECD countries- as compared to an average of 112% of GDP across the OECD countries.
Chapter 2. Public finance and economics
General government fiscal balance as a percentage of GDP
General government debt as a percentage of GDP
Italy has carried out several comprehensive spending reviews
to help prioritize public expenditures
In order to make sure that government expenditure is allocated to the priorities of the country in the face
of fiscal consolidation, Italy has carried out six comprehensive spending reviews between 2008 and 2016,
which has helped the government navigate through fiscal tightening with better evidence at its disposal.
Chapter 5. Budgeting practices and procedures
Frequency and scope of spending reviews
Italy has the highest proportion of central government employees aged 55 or older
The share of Italy’s central government workforce aged over 55 years is close to 45%, compared to the 24%
average across the OECD countries. Italy also has the lowest share of young people working for the central
government, where only 2% workers are between 18 and 34 years old. This calls for careful workforce plan-
ning that will ensure that the mass retirement of employees will not result in loss of institutional memory and
will not affect the quality of public services.
Chapter 3. Public employment and pay
Percentage of central government employees aged 55 years or older
Share of people employed in the central government by age group
How to read the figures:
Range of OECD country Values have been rounded.
Country value in blue Average of OECD countries
values in grey n.a. refers to
(not represented if not available) in red
Italy data not available
Public Finance and Economics
Fiscal balance* Government expenditures Government investment Government gross debt*
(2015, 2016) (2015, 2016) (2015, 2016) (2015, 2016)
% of GDP % of GDP % of GDP % of GDP
156.4% 100% 157.5%
2016 2015
-2.4% Italy Italy Italy
-2.7% 0%
49.6% 2.1%
2016 Italy 2015 2016 2016
40.9% 3.2%
100% 112%
50.5% 2.3% 2015
-2.8%
2015 2015 0%
2015 2015 2015
-10% -5% 0% +5% +10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 0% 50% 100% 150% 200% 250%
Source: OECD Source: OECD
* See Notes National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts Source: OECD National Accounts * SNA definition, see Notes National Accounts
Public Employment
General government employment Women in the civil service ... Percentage of central government
as % of total employment (2015) employees aged 55 years or older
52.4% 53.0%
Italy (2015)
13.6%
Italy
Italy
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
... and in senior positions (2015)
33.4% 32.4% 45.4% 24.9%
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
G@G /data Italy
10% 20% 30% 40% 50%
18.1% 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Source: OECD (2016) Survey on the Composition of the workforce in Source: OECD (2016) Survey on the Composition of the workforce in
Source: OECD National Accounts
Central/federal Governments Central/federal Governments
Public Sector Compensation
Annual compensation across central government positions* (2015)
Secretarial Senior Middle Managers Senior Managers
Positions Professionals (D3 positions) (D1 positions)
2015
USD PPP
Italy 395,400
450,000
300,000
231,500
172,500 134,500 26
150,000
67,900 88,700
55,600 52,700
* The level of compensation for senior managers is maximized by law and as a result, their compensation has been reduced substantially compared to 2011. Source: OECD (2016) Survey on the compensation of employees in central / federal governmentsHuman Resource Management
Composite indicators on HRM practices in central government (2016)
Extent of the use Use of separate
Extent of delegation of performance Extent of the use HRM practices Collection
of HRM practices assessments of performance for senior of administrative
in line ministries in HR decisions related pay civil servants data
Composite index 1
from 0 lowest to 1 highest
0.77 0.78 0.77
0.70 0.68
0.75 0.66
0.64 0.64
0.58
0.55
Italy
0.50
0.25
0
Source: OECD (2016) Strategic Human Resources Management Survey
Budgeting Regulatory governance
Performance budgeting Composite indices on regulatory governance for primary laws*
practices at the central level (2014)
of government (2016)
Stakeholder Regulatory Impact
1 engagement in Assessment for Ex post evaluation
developing regulations developing regulations of regulations
0.27 0.8
Composite index
from 0 lowest to 4 highest
1
Italy
0.75
0.6
Composite index Italy 2.09 2.05
from 0 lowest to 1 highest
1.69
0.4 0.50
1.54
Women in Government
1.43 1.45
0.2 0.25
0.41
0 0
Source: OECD (2016) Survey of Performance Budgeting * See Notes Source: OECD Indicators of Regulatory Policy and Governance (iREG)
Public Procurement
General government Strategic public procurement - Objectives
procurement expenditures G@G /data
(2016)
(2015)
% of government expenditures
Support for green Support for Support for innovative
public procurement SMEs goods and services
Italy
Italy
20.5% 29.1% 11 25 1 0 8 24 0 1 9 19 0 6
Some procuring entities have developed an internal strategy/policy
A strategy/policy has been developed at a central level
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% A strategy/policy has been rescinded
There has never been a strategy/policy in place
Source: OECD National Accounts G@G /data Source: OECD (2016) Survey on Public ProcurementOpen Data Digital Government
OURdata Index: Individuals using the Internet for sending filled
Open, Useful, Reusable Government Data forms via public authorities websites
(2017) in the past 12 months (2016)
Composite index: from 0 lowest to 1 highest
Italy
Italy
1.0 1.0
Government
0.52 0.55 support
0.8 0.8 to re-use
0.6 0.6
Data 12.0% 35.6%
accessibility
0.4 0.4 Data
availability
0.2 0.2
0% 20% 40% 60% 80%
0.0 0.0
Source: OECD (2017) Survey on Open Government Data Source: OECD, ICT database; and Eurostat, Information Society database
Core Government Results
Satisfaction and confidence across public services Differences in income inequality pre and post-tax
(2016) and government transfers (2013)
% of citizens expressing confidence/satisfaction 0.6 0.6
Higher Higher
National government
inequality
0.5 0.52 0.5
inequality
d tr
ans
fer
s
0.47
24% 42% 0.4 ta xes
an
nsf
ers 0.4
100
tra
Italy sa nd
axe
80
Italy 0.3 0.33 t
0.32 0.3
60
Lower Lower
Police 40
Health care inequality 0.2 0.2 inequality
74% 77% 20
49% 70% Before After Before After
Source: OECD Income Distribution Database
Average
Limited government powers (2016)
Range
Judicial system Education system 0.70 0.75
24% 55% 55% 67% Italy
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1
Source: Gallup World Poll Source: The World Justice Project
Notes
Fiscal balance as reported in the System of National Accounts (SNA) framework, also referred to as net lending (+) or net borrowing (-) of government, is calculated as total government revenues minus total government expenditures.
Regulatory governance indicators: The results for stakeholder engagement and Regulatory Impact Assessment apply exclusively to processes for developing primary laws initiated by the executive. Data is not applicable to the
United States, where all primary laws are initiated by Congress. In the majority of countries, most primary laws are initiated by the executive, except for Mexico and Korea, where a higher share of primary laws are initiated by parliament/
congress (respectively 90.6% and 84%).
Government gross debt is reported according to the SNA definition, which differs from the definition applied under the Maastricht Treaty. It is defined as all liabilities that require payment or payments of interest or principal by the
debtor to the creditor at a date or dates in the future. All debt instruments are liabilities, but some liabilities such as shares, equity and financial derivatives are not debt.
Government at a Glance 2017
Government at a Glance provides readers with a dashboard of key indicators assembled with the goal of contributing to the analysis and international
comparison of public sector productivity and performance. Indicators on government revenues, expenditures, and employment are presented,
alongside key output and outcome data for education, health and justice. Information on key enablers to increase productivity including on digital
government, budget procedures, strategic human resource management, open government data and innovative practices are also included. In
a context of tight budget constraints in many member countries, good indicators are needed more than ever, in order to help governments make
informed decisions regarding resource allocation and to help restore confidence in government institutions.
The Excel spreadsheets used to create the tables and figures in Government at a Glance 2017 are available
via the StatLinks provided throughout the publication:
http://dx.doi.org/10.1787/gov_glance-2017-en
For more information on the data (including full methodology and figure notes)
and to consult all other Country Fact Sheets: www.oecd.org/gov/govataglance.htmYou can also read
