Presentation of Laboratory of Physics VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences Belgrade, Serbia - Dr Srdjan Petrović

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

Presentation of Laboratory of Physics
 VINČA Institute of Nuclear Sciences
          Belgrade, Serbia

              Dr Srdjan Petrović

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

   Laboratory of Physics, Vinča Institute of Nuclear
       Sciences, University of Belgrade, Serbia

• Science with Accelerators group – 22 employees (5 engineers and 6

   technicians)

• Advanced materials group – 16 employees

• Physics and Detector Research and Development in High Energy Physics
  Experiments group – 5 employees

• High Energy Physics with the CMS Detector group – 5 employees

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                  International collaboration
• CERIC – Central European Research Infrastructure Consortium
• Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JINR), Dubna, Russia
• European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva,
  Switzerland
• Two HORIZONT 2020 projects
• Several coordination actions (COSTS) funded by the European
  Commission, bilateral and national projects funded by the Serbian
  MESTD
• Coordinators in collaboration agreements between the Vinča Institute
  and Institute of High Energy Physics of the Chinese Academy of Science,
  Institute of Nuclear Physics, NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens, and National
  Technical University of Athens, Greece

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                         Historical introduction
The TESLA Accelerator Installation, in the Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, is a
facility for use of ion beams in science and medicine. Its construction began in
December 1989, on the basis of a special decision of the Government of Serbia.

However, the endeavor was going on with frequent and long delays, due to the
irregular and insufficient financing, caused dominantly by the severe political and
economic crisis in Serbia. In November 2007, the Government of Serbia decided to
stop the financing of construction of TESLA from the budget of Serbia and to continue
it on the basis of the clearing debt of Russia to Serbia.

The question was: to continue the construction of TESLA or to surrender and stop it?
Our choice was to continue.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

In accordance with that decision of the Government of Serbia, we decided to
divide TESLA in three parts – the low, medium and high energy parts. The
reason was our conviction that it would be easier to fight for the completion
of construction of these parts separately than for TESLA as a whole. The parts
of TESLA and the programs of their use are:
   The low energy part, which was named FAMA – facility for modification and
   analysis of materials with ion beams, is a user facility for research in the
   field of modification and analysis of materials with ion beams.
   The medium energy part, which was named the H4 Facility, should be used
   for industrial production of radiopharmaceuticals with a cyclotron giving
   proton beams of the energies between 13 and 19 MeV, primarily for
   positron emission tomography.
   The high energy part comprises the VINCY Cyclotron, designed to give
   proton beams of the energies between 30 and 75 MeV, and its experimental
   channels should be used for routine proton therapy of eye tumors, radiation
   research, modification and analysis of materials, and physics of thin crystals.

 We have also decided to use the clearing debt of Russia to Serbia to upgrade
 FAMA.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                         Structure of FAMA

    FAMA comprises two parts:
1) Experimental set-up for modification of materials with ion beams
   (IBMM), consisting of:
    M1 – ECR ion source - multiply charged heavy ions,
    M2 – multicusp ion source - singly charged positive and negative
    light ions,
    C1 – channel for irradiation of monocrystalline targets,
    C2 – channel for irradiation of materials.
2) Experimental set-up for analysis of materials with ion beams (IBA),
   consisting of:
    M3 – proton cyclotron complex,
    C5 – channel for IBA in vacuum,
    C6 – channel for IBA in air.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

 A three-dimensional view of the experimental set-up for modification
                     of materials with ion beams

In the future, two additional experimental channels, C3 and C4 should be
included.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                              M1 – ECR ion source

Commissioned in May 1998. Constructed by the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,
Dubna, Russia, in close collaboration with the Vinča Institute. Refurbished in 2014.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

            Some of the ion beams produced with the extraction
                      voltages between 15 and 20 kV

                  Energy     Current
Ion species
                   (keV)      (eµA)                        Energy   Current
   4Hе+                                    Ion species
                    15        760                           (keV)    (eµA)
  4He2+             30        410             56Fe7+        105       79
   11B3+            45        305            64-68Zn7+      105       77
   12C2+            30        230           64-68Zn10+      150       32
   12C4+            60        128             84Kr12+       180      135
   14N5+           100        733             84Kr14+       210       60
   14N6+           120        205            136Xe23+       460       62
   16O5+            75        660            136Xe26+       520       23
   16O7+           105         37           176-180Hf12+    180       43
  20Ne5+            75        560            207Pb21+       420       42
  20Ne8+           120         48            207Pb26+       520       9
  40Ar8+           160        720
  40Ar12+          240         68

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                     M2 – multicusp volume ion source
It was commissioned in July 1997, as the light ion source of the VINCY Cyclotron. It
was constructed by AEA Technology, Abingdon, Great Britain. From January 1998,
the machine has been being used for surface modification of materials with light
ion beams.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

Some of the ion beams produced with the M2 machine
  with the extraction voltages between 16 and 30 kV

                       Ion energy       Ion current
      Ion species         (keV)            (eµA)

          H               30              1,480

         H2+               20               600

         H3+               20               960

          D               18               420

         4He+              16               320

 It can also produce H+, D+, D2+ and D3+ ion beams.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

   C1 channel: Manufactured by Efremov Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia – presently
   in the phase of commissioning. To be used for irradiation of monocrystalline
   targets.

The monocrystalline target holder assembly consists of a six-axis goniometer with the options of cooling (liquid
nitrogen) and heating (electron gun) up 1 000 C0.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

C2 channel: constructed by Danfysik, Jyllinge, Denmark. Used for modification
of materials with ions from M2 machine - various metal, semiconductor,
carbon, polymer and ceramic targets.

                                                   The interaction chamber of the C2 channel
                                                   also includes the equipment for applying
                                                   the technique of ion beam assisted
                                                   deposition (IBAD), which can be combined
                                                   with the technique of ion bombardment.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece
        Cyclotron complex for Ion Beam Analysis of Materials

C5 channel in vacuum: Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), proton
induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy and proton induced gamma-ray
emission (PIGE) spectroscopy.
C6 channel in air: PIXE and PIGE spectroscopies.
Characteristics of the produced proton beam
•Energy – between 1 and 3 MeV
•Energy precision – below 1 keV
•Energy spread – below 0.1 %
•Current – between 10 and 100 nA

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

In the C5 channel, one will be able to analyse various materials in vacuum by Rutherford
backscattering spectrometry (RBS), proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy and proton
induced gamma-ray emission (PIGE) spectroscopy.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

In the C6 channel, one will be able to analyze various materials in air by PIXE and PIGE
spectroscopies.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                       Program of use of FAMA

 FAMA represents the largest part of the research infrastructure and the
  only user facility in Serbia. The program of its use is focused on new
  materials and directed to nanotechnologies. So far, 13 user groups from
  Serbia, two groups from Russia one from South Africa and one group from
  Greece have participated in its realization.

 The realization of the program of use of FAMA is controlled by the FAMA
  Advisory Committee – an expert body formed by the Ministry of
  Education, Science and Technological Development of Serbia in April 2014.
  The members of the Committee are: Prof. Hans Hofsäss, from the
  University of Göttingen, Germany, Prof. Roger Webb, from the University
  of Surrey, Guildford, Great Britain, and Prof. Mark Breese, from the
  University of Singapore.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

 FAMA has potential for being a unique and valued facility in the
  region. The low energy cyclotron design is unique for this kind
  of work and the high beam currents of low mass ions could
  provide a capability rarely available elsewhere. Despite the
  funding difficulties, there is still quite an extensive user
  program that is managing to continue at FAMA.

 The nearest facilities with similar equipment are in Ljubljana
  and Zagreb. Both of these user facilities are compatible with
  FAMA, having in mind its ion implantation capability.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                CERIC-ERIC comprises the following user facilities:

1. The synchrotron light source ELETTRA, in Trieste
2. The synchrotron light source SOLARIS, in Krakow
3. The nuclear reactor in the Budapest Neutron Center
4. The accelerator facility in the Rudjer Boskovic Institute, in Zagreb
5. The instruments for light scattering in the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the
   Technical University of Graz
6. The instruments in the Surface Physics Laboratory of the Charles University, in
   Prague
7. The instruments for electron paramagnetic resonance and electron microscopy in
   the National Institute for Materials Physics, in Bucharest
8. The instruments for nuclear magnetic resonance in the National Institute of
   Chemistry, in Ljubljana

FAMA is open to the users from all these institutions, and all these facilities will become
open to the users of FAMA. “One shot proposal“.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

        Axial ion crystal channeling effect

The scheme of axial ion channeling and dechanneling in a
                     crystal channel.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                 Ion crystal channeling implantation

Ion crystal channeling implantation is characterized by:

A.   Greater implantation depth, in comparison with the random ion
     implantation, and asymmetry in the ion concentration depth
     profile.

B.   Minimization of the induced crystal lattice damage.

C.   Sensitivity of choice of the interatomic potential, providing an
     excellent tool for studying the basic properties of the ion–solid
     interaction.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

M. Erić, S. Petrović, M. Kokkoris, A. Lagoyannis, V. Paneta, S. Harrisopulos and I. Telečki, Depth
profiling of high energy nitrogen ions implanted in the ,  and randomly oriented silicon
crystals, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 274, 87–92 (2012).

V. Paneta, M. Erich, S. Fazinić, M. Kokkoris, I. Kopsalis, S. Petrović and T. Tadić, Investigation of deep
implanted carbon and oxygen channeling profiles in [110] silicon, using d-NRA and SEM, Nuclear
Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B 320, 6–11 (2014).

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

            Future experiments using FAMA C1 channel

Concentration depth profile of 100 keV     Concentration depth profile of 100 keV
carbon ions along  Si crystal         carbon ions in the random orientation in
channels, calculated by using the          Si crystal, calculated by using the
MARLOWE code.                              MARLOWE code.

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

                 Superfocusing effect of channeled ions

N. Nešković, S. Petrović, and D. Borkа, Superfocusing of channeled protons and crystal
rainbows, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B 267, 2616-2620 (2009).

S. Petrović, N. Nešković, V. Berec, and M. Ćosić, Superfocusing of channeled protons and
subatomic measurement resolution, Physical Review A 85, 032901/1–032901/9 (2012).

2nd Workshop of ENSAF, Oct. 3-4, Athens, Greece

Thank you for your attention