In-Text Citations APA Citations & Reference List, 7th Edition, 2020 Update - Dutchess ...
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APA Citations & Reference List, 7th Edition, 2020 Update
In-Text Citations
At minimum, APA format requires that a student include the author's last
name and the year of publication for any source that is referenced in-text
If a student’s paper is referring to an idea from another work or the work as a
whole without directly quoting that work: only the author’s last name and year
of publication are required in the in-text reference. E.g. (Clark, 2016)
If a student is directly quoting material from the source: the in-text reference
should include a page number, if available, in addition to the author’s last
name and publication year. E.g. (Clark, 2016, p. 124)
All sources that are cited within a student’s paper must appear in the
reference list at the end of the paper as well
In-text citations for sources with a single author
A student may choose to introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that
includes the author's last name followed by the date of publication in
parentheses. The page number, if available, will be included inside parentheses
following the quotation:
o According to Janifer (2011), "APA style has an internal logic that is often
difficult for first-time users to recognize" (p. 303).
o Janifer (2011) claims that "APA style has an internal logic" (p. 303); but how
difficult is the style for students to understand and use effectively?
A student may also choose to leave the author’s last name out of the signal
phrase. In such a case, the student must then place the author's last name, the
year of publication, and the page number all in parentheses after the quotation:
o Prominent researchers in the field have argued that "APA style has an internal
logic that is often difficult for first-time users to recognize" (Janifer, 2011, p.
303).
In-text citation for summary or paraphrase
A student may choose to paraphrase an idea from another work or summarize the
general argument of an entire work. In such cases, the student only has to make
reference to the author and year of publication in their in-text citation:
o Janifer (2011) argues that individuals working in APA style for the first time find
difficulties understanding its quirks, despite whatever sense it makes to those who
have had extensive practice.In-text citations for a work by multiple authors
A Work by Two Authors: Name both authors in the signal phrase or in the
parentheses each time you cite the work. Use the word "and" between the
authors' names if written within the text and use the ampersand (“&”) within the
parentheses.
o Studies by Olsen and Tanner (1995) show...
o (Olsen & Tanner, 1995)
A Work by Three or More Authors: In the signal phrase or in the parentheses,
place the first author's last name followed by “et al.” (Latin for “and the rest”).
o Graeble et al. (2007) demonstrated...
o (Graeble et al., 2007)
However, if a student is working with separate sources that would be confused
with each other in this shortened form because they possess the same first
author AND year of publication, the citation can include a couple more author
names in order to clear up the ambiguity.
o (Graeble, Paley, Larkin, et al., 2007)
o (Graeble, Weston, Rawley, et al., 2007)
In-text citations for sources with no known author
If the work does not have a listed author, the student must cite the source by its
title in the signal phrase. If the title is long, place only the first few identifying
words within the parentheses. Titles of longer works like books and reports
should be italicized, while titles of shorter works like articles, chapters, and web
pages should be placed in quotation marks.
o One such study was conducted on students’ apprehension of APA style in
comparison to other styles like MLA and Chicago ("Evaluating APA," 2017).
In-text citations for sources with an organization as author
If the author is a group, organization, or a government agency, the student should
mention the organization in the signal phrase or in the parenthetical citation when
the source is cited.
o According to the American Psychological Association (2019), ...
If the organization has a well-known abbreviation, the student can include the
abbreviation in brackets the first time the source is cited and then use only the
abbreviation in later citations.
o First citation: (American Psychological Association [APA], 2019)
o Second citation: (APA, 2019)
In-text citations for two or more works by one author in same year
If a student wishes to reference two sources by the same author written in the
same year, place lower-case letters (a, b, c) next to the year to order the entries
in the reference list and in the in-text citation.
o Research by Williams (2010a) illustrated that...In-text citations for two or more works in the same parentheses
If a student wishes to cite two or more sources that reference the same
information, include the sources (author names and years of publication) in
alphabetical order, separated by semi-colons.
o (Boyle, 2009; Egan, 2007)
o (Abbas & Richter, 2014; Henley, 2012)
In-text citations for personal communication
For interviews, letters, e-mails, and other person-to-person communication,
students should cite the communicator's name, the fact that it was personal
communication, and the date of the communication. Personal communication is
not included in the reference list.
o (R. Schmidt, personal communication, January 16, 2020).
o R. Schmidt claimed that many students neglect to properly evaluate the accuracy
of the citations given to them by online citation generators (personal
communication, January 16, 2020).
In-text citations for indirect sources
If a student uses a source that was cited in another source, name the original
source in your signal phrase. List the secondary source in your reference list and
include the secondary source in the parentheses.
o Novak argued that... (as cited in Cleary, 2018, p. 87).
Note: Rather that citing indirectly, students should strive to locate the original
material and cite the original source, if possible.
In-text citations for electronic sources
Students should strive to cite an electronic document the same as any other
document by including both author and year of publication in the signal phrase or
parentheses.
o Jones (2017) explained...
When quoting from an electronic source that lacks page numbers, students
should try to include information to help readers find the passage being cited.
Use heading or section name, an abbreviated heading or section name, a
paragraph number (para. 1), or a combination of these to guide your reader.
o As suggested by Tennant (2006), ... (Guidelines section, para. 3).
Note: Never include the page numbers of Web pages you print out
in your citation. Different computers print Web pages with different
pagination, making these numbers unhelpful.APA Reference List: Guidelines & Format
GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK WITH ONE AUTHOR
Place the author’s last name first, followed by their initials.
Brandt, J. E. (2018). Accounting for personality differences in the workplace. Studies in
Business and Psychology, 11(1), 42-54. https://doi.org/10.0000/9dv5f-211
______________________________________________________________________________
GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
Two Authors
List authors by their last names and initials. Use the ampersand (“&”) instead of "and."
Sturm, V. G., & Drang, R. M. (2019). Managing stress in the 21st century urban center:
The new practical approach. Journal of Mental Health, 78(2), 98-113.
https://doi.org/10.0000/sw99x-234
Three to Twenty Authors
List by last names and initials; commas separate author names, while the last author
name is preceded again by ampersand.
Ainsley, F., Reeditz, D. S., Claus, M. S., Cuperbole, A., Pisario, K., & Blankenship, J. C.
(2012). Through the woods: Studying the psychological effects of fairy tales on
young readers. Journal of Childhood Psychology, 45(4), 345-366.
https://doi.org/10.0000/4qu7x-588
More Than Twenty Authors
List authors by last names and initials in the order credited on the text, with commas
separating author names. After the nineteenth author's name, use an ellipses in place of
the all remaining author names except the final one listed; this final author name should
be included after the ellipses. Regardless of the number of authors credited on your
source, no more than twenty names should appear in your Reference entry.
Brown, F. H., White, M. J., Red, L. L., Green, A. A., Yellow, J. A., Blue, S. T., Orange,
J. M., Violet, C. B., Black, R. H., Silver, R. S., Pink, Y. T., Purple, U. V.,
Burgundy, P. Q., Opal, D. C., Magenta, F. P., Gold, Q. E., Mauve, H. H.,
Aquamarine, L. J., Grey, B. M., . . . Rainbow, L. H. (2019). A study of the visible
color spectrum. Light Refraction Quarterly, 32(1), 108-125.
https://doi.org/10.0000/3mp7y-537
______________________________________________________________________________GENERAL FORMAT: A WORK BY ORGANIZATION OR UNKNOWN AUTHOR
Organization as Author:
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Unknown Author:
Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary (11th ed.). (2019). Merriam-Webster.
______________________________________________________________________________
A BOOK
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
Publisher.
Calfee, R. C., & Valencia, R. R. (2010). APA guide to preparing manuscripts for journal
publication. American Psychological Association.
______________________________________________________________________________
EDITED BOOK, NO AUTHOR
Editor, E. E. (Ed.). (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for
subtitle. Publisher.
EDITED BOOK WITH AN AUTHOR OR AUTHORS
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
E. E. Editor (Ed.). Publisher.
______________________________________________________________________________
AN EDITION OF A BOOK OTHER THAN THE FIRST
Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle.
(#st/nd/rd/th ed.). Publisher..
______________________________________________________________________________
AN ARTICLE OR CHAPTER IN AN EDITED BOOK
Author, A. A., & Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In E. E.
Editor & E. E. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. pages of chapter). Publisher.
O’Blivion, B., & Cronenberg, D. (1983). Radical television in the 1980s. In W. R. Harry
(Ed.), Social issues in modern Canada (pp. 101-116). Springer.
______________________________________________________________________________
AN ARTICLE IN A NEWSPAPER (ELECTRONIC)
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Newspaper title. URL
______________________________________________________________________________AN ARTICLE IN A SCHOLARLY JOURNAL (ELECTRONIC)
Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of
Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. DOI (or stable URL, if DOI
unavailable)
Kerchev, R., & Hitten, P. Q. (2019). Work and automation: The utility of UBI. The
Journal of Modern Labor, 8(2), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.5703/194837258999
Harlow, R., Scoop, J. P., & Schuster, W. (2017). The road less traveled: Innovations in
community college curricula, College Composition Theory, 3(1), 9-18.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/83858738
______________________________________________________________________________
REPORT OR DOCUMENT FROM ORGANIZATION
Organization Name. (Year). Title of report or document. Publisher.
______________________________________________________________________________
WEBPAGE ARTICLES OR DOCUMENTS (NON-PERIODICAL)
With author listed:
Author, A. A. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name. URL
Mikkelson, D. (2014, March 31). Bigfoot killed in San Antonio? Snopes. https://www.
snopes.com/fact-check/bigfoot-killed-in-san-antonio/
With group/organization as author:
Group/Organization Name. (Year, Month Day). Title of page. Site name (omit if
same as group/organization name). URL
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 23). CDC in action:
Preparing communities for potential spread of COVID-19. https://www.cdc.
gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/preparing-communities.html
With no author listed:
Title of page. (Year, Month Day). Site name. URL
How do I cite a source with no author in APA? (n.d.). Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com
/frequently-asked-questions/apa-citation-no-author/
*For the above electronic sources: if no date is listed on the source, type (n.d.) in its place.Sample Reference List
A Reference page should be separate from the body of your essay. Thus (unlike
the example on this sheet), it should begin at the top line of a brand new page.
Title is References, not ‘Bibliography’ or ‘Works Cited’. Center title on page. No
bold, italics, or underline.
Title and entries are the same font size (12 point).
Double spaced throughout.
Alphabetize entries.
Indent every line after the first in each individual entry. (Place cursor at end of
first line, press ‘Enter/Return’ on keyboard, then press ‘tab’. If entry extends
beyond second line, place cursor at the beginning of every following line and
press ‘tab’.)
References
American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American
Psychological Association (7th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1037/0000165-000
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2020, February 23). CDC in action:
Preparing communities for potential spread of COVID-19. https://www.cdc.
gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/php/preparing-communities.html
Harlow, R., Scoop, J. P., & Schuster, W. (2017). The road less traveled: Innovations in
community college curricula, College Composition Theory, 3(1), 9-18.
https://www.jstor.org/stable/83858738
How do I cite a source with no author in APA? (n.d.). Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com
/frequently-asked-questions/apa-citation-no-author/
Kerchev, R., & Hitten, P. Q. (2019). Work and automation: The utility of UBI. The
Journal of Modern Labor, 8(2), 110–126. https://doi.org/10.5703/194837258999
Mikkelson, D. (2014, March 31). Bigfoot killed in San Antonio? Snopes. https://www.
snopes.com/fact-check/bigfoot-killed-in-san-antonio1
Full Title of Paper
Author Name(s)
Institution/College Name of Author
Course Instructor’s Name and Title
Assignment’s Due Date
(The above is a visual example of an APA title page. Listed is the information
recommend by the APA, though requirements may vary by instructor. As of the 7th
edition of APA, running heads are no longer required for student papers. Page numbers
are retained.)You can also read
