Future of Zoo and Aquarium Design - WAZA
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Future of
Zoo and
Aquarium
Design
..
17
Vol.
2016
II WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 1
© Julie Larsen Maher/WCS Susan A. Chin1 & Markus Gusset2
Contents Editorial
Editorial ................................................................. 1
Susan A. Chin & Markus Gusset
Zoo and Aquarium Design – Yesterday, We are pleased to bring you the first Design for zoos and aquariums How do we stay relevant? Under-
Today and (the Day after) Tomorrow .................... 3 WAZA Magazine dedicated to exhibit involves much more than “enclosure standing why we are or are not
Peter Rasbach design at zoos and aquariums. Why design”. In addition to animal exhibit relevant to different audiences can
would we focus on design when there spaces, it is vital to consider behind- help us design exhibits to reach a
Advocacy Through Thematic Design .....................8 are so many pressing issues facing the-scenes management and support broader audience. Increasing our visi-
L. Azeo Torre zoos and aquariums? Simply put, areas, associated public spaces and tors’ understanding of the important
design is a critical tool that can shape tactical approaches to story-telling, conservation and science work done
Showcasing Science and Research ...................... 12 our animals’ well-being and our visi- including high- or low-tech interpre- at zoos and aquariums can help cre-
Charles G. Mayes & Ed Mastro tors’ experiences. It determines how tive media. As we think about the ate relevant connections. Also, as
we tell our stories and creates the future of zoo and aquarium design, it zoos and aquariums are increasingly
Zoo and Aquarium Design – primary physical interface with our is important to consider the advances involved in local conservation pro-
The impact of Experience .................................... 16 visitors. It influences the efficiency of the past and to pose key questions jects, we are positioned as a source
Kieran Stanley and effectiveness of our facilities and about the directions in which our of environmental information and
significantly impacts animal care and institutions may evolve. opportunities for action.
Designing Zoos and Aquariums welfare. Zoo and aquarium design
as Conservation Organisations............................ 20 should not be simply about creat- What is our mission? Each zoo or How do we define and design our visi-
John Kemper ing novel ways to house and view aquarium will have a specific mission tor experience? Our unique and defin-
animals; it has to serve a greater pur- relevant to their organisation and ing element is living animals. How
Designing for Active Animals .............................. 24 pose, one that engages our visitors in cultural context, but today most are do we facilitate and interpret staring
Greg Dykstra our conservation and animal welfare (or will be) defining themselves in into the eyes of another species;
missions. the broader context of supporting contact with another sentient being?
Wellness-inspired Design for Elephants..............28 conservation. Holistic integration of How do we use this to best effect? In
Júlia Hanuliaková Over the past few decades, the com- our conservation mission from animal many places, zoos and aquariums are
plex and unique considerations that exhibits, to merchandise in the gift an antidote to urbanity; a place to
Land of Lions at ZSL London Zoo ....................... 32 go into designing zoos and aquariums shop, to marketing is essential. We connect with nature and escape daily
Ray Hole has led to the emergence of a highly need to be engines for conservation life. People have always come to zoos
skilled and motivated cadre of zoo- funding, innovators of research and and aquariums to make memories
Woodland Park Zoo’s Banyan Wilds: logical design specialists. The articles science that support conservation, and we facilitate this important social
Conservation and Connection with Asia’s that follow examine questions around stewards and propagators of insur- bonding experience.
Malayan Tigers and Sloth Bears .......................... 36 the future of zoo and aquarium de- ance populations and – perhaps
Becca Hanson & Monica Lake sign from the perspective of some of most critically – places that facilitate What are the most impactful and ap-
the leading practitioners in the field, conservation awareness and action propriate design strategies? Land-
Imprint A Playground in Nature: all of them members of or affiliated for our millions of visitors. scape immersion can be an effective
Longsha Zoological and Botanical Garden with WAZA. strategy in some situations, but it is
Editors: Markus Gusset & Susan A. Chin in China ................................................................ 40 Who are our audiences and what do not necessarily appropriate every-
WAZA Executive Office Patrick Janikowski, James Brighton, they want? This will differ depending where. How do we use all of the tools
IUCN Conservation Centre Joyce Lee & Terry O’Connor on location and history. Understand- in our toolkit to engage our visitors?
Rue Mauverney 28 ing not just sociological and demo- Graphics, interactives, technology,
CH-1196 Gland ZooLex by the Numbers ...................................... 45 graphic composition of our audiences, events, programmes, live interpreta-
Switzerland Monika Fiby but knowing more about visitors’ tion can all play an important role in
Phone: +41 22 999 07 90 expectations will give us a framework achieving our goals and they all have
Fax: +41 22 999 07 91 for designing meaningful and engag- design implications.
ing visitor experiences.
Layout and typesetting: michal@sky.cz How can we support our mission
Cover: Roy Lewis/Detroit Zoo & with design? Opportunities for new
Júlia Hanuliaková/Zoo Design Inc. revenue streams can be thematically
Print: Agentura NP, Staré Město, Czech Republic integrated into master plans and new
exhibits to support financial growth.
Edition: 600 copies | © WAZA 2016
This edition of WAZA Magazine is also available on
www.waza.org.
1 WCS Vice President of Planning & Design
Printed on FSC paper. and Chief Architect
2 WAZA Chief Conservation Officer
ISSN: 2074-4528
2 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 3
Peter Rasbach1,*
Zoo and Aquarium Design –
Yesterday, Today and (the Day after)
Tomorrow
Summary Which task must zoo design perform Immersing Exhibits
in this area of conflict? The large
This article provides numerous city zoos that were created after the With their master plan for Woodland
examples of exhibits throughout the French Revolution in Vienna, Paris, Park Zoo, Jones & Jones sustainably
recent history of zoo design. These London and other locations, show influence the zoo architecture in 1978.
examples range from the invention of exotic animals in ethnographically In a landscaped zoo, animals and
immersing exhibits and their global orientated, stylised structures with visitors are integrated into recre-
spread, to exemplary exhibits where small iron cages and generously ated biotope or ecosystem scenarios
size matters, to important design sized visitor areas. In addition to resembling the wild, based on the
considerations. The development of purely satisfying curiosity, with the immersion principle.
zoos and zoo design runs in parallel establishment of zoological societies
with one another. in London, Frankfurt and New York, Facilities attempt to simulate a
the seeds are sown for interest in the nature scenario as precisely as pos-
“Zoos and Aquariums Are morphology of animals and initial sible, by showing animals as living,
not for Animals, They Are serious research in the mid-19th interactive parts of the landscape
for People” century. Botanical and zoological in their natural communities and to
© Julie Larsen Maher/WCS gardens evolve in parallel, with few integrate the viewer by using the
Good zoo and aquarium design engages our visitors in our conservation and animal welfare missions. This criticism, which is often raised by exceptions. same type of characteristic design
zoo opponents, is increasingly also elements (plants, rocks, soils, etc.).
being shared by zoo experts. Never- In 1907, in his zoo in Hamburg-Stel- Boundaries are hidden or, if they
theless, or specifically as a confirma- lingen, Carl Hagenbeck presents the are obviously identifiable as being
What are the elements of design that How do we use design to support The projects featured in this edition tion of this, over 700 million people a innovation of animals in open enclo- artificial, they are allocated to the
facilitate the best in animal care and sustainable populations? As we design of the WAZA Magazine illustrate year visit one of the more than 1,000 sures, in spacious, replica panoramas, viewer; steel nets or glass fit better
welfare? Designers focus on the master plans and individual exhib- a variety of responses to some of organised zoos worldwide, with the thereby sustainably revolutionising to an observation hut than into a wild
public experience, but without good its, we need to consider space for these questions. In a time when the trend rising in line with a growing zoo architecture. In spite of these be- environment. A maximum experi-
support spaces and infrastructure, propagation and science. Partner- role of our institutions is increasingly human population and the associated ginnings, after the end of World War ence value is achieved for people
zoos and aquariums cannot function. ships with other zoos and aquariums subjected to scrutiny and criticism, alienation from nature. With this, a II, a long period begins during which and animals, where facilities can be
Animal holding spaces, life support can provide shared resources of and yet the need for what we offer continuing negative process from the animal enclosures are planned and wandered through and unexpected
systems, propagation spaces are just space, scientific expertise or funding is growing, the importance of good, 1980s and 1990s is being reversed, built according to hygiene considera- and exciting encounters occur, with
a few of the necessary programmatic and including these programmatic holistic design is more important in which the question regarding the tions and with the aim of breeding the aim of stimulating all senses. This
needs. Best practices in husbandry elements in design can support col- than ever. purpose of such facilities is concern- successes being as comprehensive new design language quickly spreads
and animal welfare reveal changing lective efforts for conservation and ing the public with unprecedented as possible. Concrete, tiles, glass and in the Anglo-American region, where
physical and psychological needs, sustainable populations. clarity and radicalism. Permanently stainless steel, all products of the hu- zoos such as in San Diego, Cincin-
which can be facilitated by good and increasingly in recent times, man environment, widely determine nati and New York still have a model
design. society is dealing with the contro- the zoo structures of those times. character today.
versial question of the right to keep
“exotic animals” in “captivity” and The collections of zoos continue to
“exhibit” them. In addition to the basic be supplemented from the wild. In
question of ethics, size, safety and spite of increasing knowledge about
particularly design are being critically the medical and behavioural require-
questioned. ments of the animals, these circum-
stances continue into the 1980s. Dur-
ing that time, local authorities and
sponsoring organisations support and
promote zoos as culturally important
1 Rasbach Architekten, facilities. However, zoos were and
Oberhausen, Germany are always essentially an emotional
* E-mail for correspondence: matter.
info@rasbacharchitekten.de
4 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 5
© Rasbach Architekten
Kilimanjaro Safari at Disney’s Animal Kingdom.
© Rasbach Architekten
30,000 m2 of indoor and outdoor enclosures for primates at Leipzig Zoo’s Pongoland.
Through adapted projects, the design These habitats take place in extensive Size Matters
principle enters into Europe, first with mixed-species exhibits (e.g. Kiwara-
Burgers’ Zoo (eco-displays) and Rot- Savanne at Leipzig Zoo or Savanna at Even if it does not generally apply
terdam Zoo in the Netherlands, and Borås Zoo); diverse, thematically laid that size alone is not decisive, but the
with Basel and Zurich zoos in Switzer- out enclosure sequences (e.g. Tiger quality of an animal friendly habitat
land, to then set new benchmarks in River at San Diego Zoo, Jungle Trails scenario is determined by numer-
Germany in 1996 with the Gorillaberg at Cincinnati Zoo & Botanical Garden ous species-specific factors, the
at Hanover Adventure Zoo. Since or Congo Gorilla Forest at Bronx Zoo); realisation is also manifesting itself
then, comparable projects have fol- or climate shells with controllable in professional circles that for several
lowed in many zoos around the world. conditions (e.g. Jungle World at Bronx species, such as elephants and bears,
These projects have in common that Zoo, Lied Jungle at Omaha’s Henry but even for the socialisation of herd
in addition to the optimum keeping Doorly Zoo & Aquarium or Burgers’ animals, or species that tend to en-
and presentation of the animals, the Bush). This still trend-setting design counter one another rarely in nature,
methods of leisure parks are be- approach is characterised by a high large, well-structured enclosures are
ing used to a varying extent, in an degree of perfection in front of and a compulsory prerequisite.
attempt to integrate humans and ani- behind the scenes. One of the imple-
mals into a common scenario, which mentations of this philosophy, and
is intended to convey sympathy and still the most consistent, is Disney’s
understanding, practical knowledge Animal Kingdom that opened in 1998
and the incentive to deal with the and only shows animals in two geo-
animal and its habitat. graphical zones.
© Rasbach Architekten
Mixed-species exhibit with black rhinos, cheetahs and patas monkeys at Leipzig Zoo’s Kiwara-Kopje.
6 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 7
© Rasbach Architekten
Open ocean pool behind the world’s second-largest
underwater viewing panel at S.E.A. Aquarium.
Zoos, Aquariums
and Their Design –
Quo Vadis?
The development of zoos and zoo
design runs in parallel with one
another and so rapidly that it is barely
possible to obtain an overview. New
ideas that come up again and again
to reinvent the zoos of the 21st
century – entirely as intend by animal
rights activists – as substitute “elec-
tronic zoos” will remain on the fringes,
because nothing can truly replace
the experience of coming eye-to-eye
with a living being, to hear, smell,
observe and maybe even touch it.
Also, spectacular design approaches –
such as the 2014 master plan for
Givskud Zoo as a cage-less zootopia
park without enclosures, in which the
visitor is intended to be a guest with
the animals – must still be put to the
test, with respect to their potential
to be realised. Visitor participation
will increase, following the example
of Bronx Zoo’s Congo Gorilla Forest,
where at the end of their visit, visitors
can individually decide on touch-
screen monitors which in situ projects
the (separately charged) admission
fee should be used for.
The most recent developments are sibilities, in order to facilitate previ- Design Matters Although many years of experi- With the integration of appropri- However, in order to obtain the moral
creating habitats in mega-halls (e.g. ously unknown animal encounters ence have shown that the natural ate elements of environmental and legitimacy at all, those zoo represent-
Gondwanaland at Leipzig Zoo or and increase the experience character Some current zoo design trends requirements of zoo animals can behavioural enrichment and the atives of their conspecifics in nature
Jungola at Wildlands Adventure Zoo and authenticity for animals and visi- show irritating solutions. Financial also be comprehensively satisfied facilitation of interaction between must find a habitat that is – uncom-
Emmen); are attempting unusual tors alike. Even though large invest- constraints, regulation frenzy for with artificial materials, comparative the animals with one another (social promisingly – designed according to
and exciting socialisation in exten- ments will always be criticised by zoo awarding contracts and the wish scientific studies have shown that the groups), with visitors and keepers the latest knowledge of zoo biology
sive enclosures (e.g. Kiwara-Kopje at opponents, a larger target group will for individuality and originality, in stress hormone level of marmosets, (e.g. commented feedings) and other and is continuously adapted and de-
Leipzig Zoo or Giants of the Savanna be reached through the increased particular, have led to architectural for example, is significantly lower in animal species (e.g. through socialisa- veloped, as manifested by WAZA in
at Dallas Zoo); or are forming un- attractiveness and therefore also the recourse to eras that were consid- naturalistic enclosures (research by tion and visual or olfactory stimula- Caring for Wildlife: The World Zoo and
derwater worlds in new dimensions chance for a deeper understanding ered long overcome in recent years, Udo Ganslosser and Annika Schim- tion), zoo design approaches one of Aquarium Animal Welfare Strategy.
(e.g. Chimelong Ocean Kingdom or and awareness. through the associated competition melpfennig). With high probability, the remaining problems, too. Rota-
S.E.A. Aquarium). Here, zoo design procedures. Museum-like architec- it can be assumed that this result is tion enclosures and trails across visi- The zoo of the future must continu-
is gauging the limits of technical pos- tures with pieces of artificial rockwork applicable at least to other highly tor walkways for species of all types ously be aware that to fulfil its undis-
as wallpaper are “sold” as natural developed animal species. Therefore, and sizes represent current trends. puted scientific, ecological and social
habitats; barriers between animals the partially complex, naturalistic functions, the acceptance and ap-
and visitors are accepted or even em- design of a facility is not only of proval of the visitors are essential and
phasised; and exposed concrete and significant importance for the human for this, it must use a contemporary
stainless steel have returned. viewer, as is so often pointed out by presentation, naturally, in addition to
zoo opponents, but also for the well- optimum animal keeping.
being of its inhabitants.
8 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 9
L. Azeo Torre1,*
Advocacy Through Thematic Design
Summary Introduction
Designing zoo exhibits is one of the We must be story-tellers, creating an By making our exhibits complete in
most exciting and rewarding facets emotional bond between our guests, the in situ concept, we surround the
of the design profession. By its own wildlife and wild lands. In many ways, visitors with all issues, immersing
nature, exhibit design is a compre- our efforts to create this emotional them in the earth’s ongoing chronol-
hensive wedding of the professions bond to wildlife and environmental ogy, geology, geography, art, culture,
of architecture, landscape architec- issues follow the same formula as in history, sociobiology and connected-
ture and interpretive/graphic design. creating a great movie. We introduce ness to all living things. This total
“Painless learning” must be achieved a concept, develop the story and offer immersive story-telling concept
with exhibits telling complete stories closure at the end of the experience brings the world to many who will
delineating the interconnectedness to create an emotional bond with never have the chance to see all of
of everything, through longer, more animals and environmental issues. these wonderful things. Parents will
complete immersive experiences Movies accomplish the bond with its see their children engaged in eye-
allowing saturation of substance, of- actors and stories in less than two opening activities and events. Zoos © Torre Design Consortium
fering hope and prospect: how can I hours, engaging our emotions with know no boundaries when it comes Northwest Passage exhibit for polar bears at Memphis Zoo.
help? the storyline. We have the same op- to educating and entertaining all
portunity to create the same kind of ages, economic levels and physical
in-depth experience through multi- challenges. We simply must do more Memphis Zoo
ple hours and visits to our facilities for global issues in more ways by
annually. Like a good movie, we engaging our visitors with these total Memphis Zoo in the mid-1980s had The Giant Panda exhibit (the last hoods. It is this “transporting the
must place our visitors into a truly immersion experiences that create never been able to exceed its annual in the USA) tells the story of China visitor to the believable in situ experi-
in situ experience, surrounded not the emotional bond necessary for 400,000 visitor attendance ceiling itself, its art and architecture, culture ence” that helps to build the emo-
only by nature but also the ongoing compassion and mindfulness and the and was operationally subsidised and history, and introduces the giant tional bond through connectedness
chronology of humankind, engaging desire to create change. 75% by the City of Memphis. After an pandas in an elegant and meaningful to the experience to underpin the
the visitor in a total experience and ambitious master plan that promised way. The Northwest Passage exhibit commitment to conservation of these
the opportunity of true immersion What are some facilities that have ac- to unite modern Memphis with its presents the journey of the First Na- wonderful wild things and places.
to experience life on earth by being complished this goal of E = HC2? Here namesake, Memphis of the Antiqui- tions Peoples across the land bridge
totally transported to those places – are a few examples that I have had ties, a series of dramatic exhibits of Beringia 10,000 years ago, featur- Today, Memphis Zoo receives 1.1 mil-
creating advocacy for conservation. the pleasure of working with. evolved. Starting at its entry where ing polar bears, sea lions and a host of lion visitors annually and is 97%
Albert Einstein’s famous E = MC2 is our visitors could move through the animals as discovered by the Tlingit, self-sufficient. Much of this success
inspiration to create our own formula ancient portals of the Temple of Haida, Tsimshian, Kwakiutl and other comes from non-traditional revenues
for creating dedicated environmen- Memphis to the hypostyle court Nile tribes. Their art and architecture were and after-hour events and parties
talists to advocate for conservation: exhibit, Orientation Plaza and Cat displayed in equal measure, mak- that some zoos have dabbled with;
House Café, the 5,000-year link be- ing the exhibit a unique experience however, underestimating (mon-
tween modern and ancient Memphis in both daytime use and after-hour etarily and emotionally) the value of
was established, giving excitement events. such activities. To book a wedding
to all that came to visit. The exciting at the iconic Teton Trek Old Faithful
columns and detailing were not as The final piece of the puzzle was the Lodge, one must be prepared to wait
Emotional Humankind’s Humankind’s grand as found in stone at the original creation of the Teton Trek exhibit, a 18 months for that reservation! It is
Bond Connectedness Commitment temples, but for the average person grand but simple exhibit featuring hard to believe that kind of attraction
who may never see these temples grizzly bears, wolves and elk. The value in a zoo. With all of these visi-
and hieroglyphs as they are in Egypt, centrepiece, Old Faithful Lodge, tors using the facilities and learning
the experience at Memphis Zoo’s created with heavy timber detailing, more about the facilities’ mission
entry complex took them to faraway broad porches and rocking chairs, and vision, the more opportunity to
lands that they might never have the allows the visitor to sit and enjoy the develop more advocates. As a result
experience of seeing first-hand in animals for hours, effectively creating of this success, Memphis Zoo annu-
their lifetime. Well received by every- a totally immersive experience that ally contributes over US$ 1 million to
one, the success led to a series of new would otherwise require a 1,500-mile conservation.
exhibits, with half of the construction journey instead of a 15-minute drive
1 Torre Design Consortium Ltd, costs coming from philanthropic gifts. for some from nearby neighbour-
New Orleans, LA, USA We had created something of value,
* E-mail for correspondence: which was recognised by daily visitors
a.torre@t-dcl.com as well as potential philanthropists.
10 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 11
Tampa’s Lowry Park Zoo
One of the first manatee complexes
to be built in the USA, the Florida
Biome exhibit at Lowry Park Zoo is
both an ecological and chronological
transect. Starting over 200 years ago
in Florida’s development, the visitors
move from the north to the south,
from “cracker shack” to oak ham-
mock to cypress dome, eventually
submerging into the estuaries and
rivers where they come face-to-face
with manatees and an abundance of
fishes, reptiles and amphibians. The
story of humankind is presented in
the sequence, juxtaposing adaptation
and ongoing evolution that is bal-
anced by humankind’s urbanisation of
this 1,000-mile peninsula transect.
The manatee is clearly the motiva-
tor for conservation here, as one has
the opportunity to see the affec-
tion and elegance of the mammal
that humankind challenges. To offer
closure (and prospect) at the comple-
tion of this experience, the Manatee
Hospital was created. Over 300
injured manatees have been healed
here, their challenges brought to the
eye of exhibit visitors and they are
triumphantly released back into the © Torre Design Consortium
wild – the inspirational message: we Great Maya Reef at Audubon Aquarium of the Americas.
can make things better. After a red
tide bloom killed a record number © Torre Design Consortium
of manatees in 2013 by releasing Teton Trek exhibit for grizzly bears, with Old Faithful Lodge, at Memphis Zoo.
toxins that paralysed and drowned Audubon Aquarium
the manatees, the Manatee Hospital of the Americas Conclusion
discovered that manatees could be
saved with life jackets and even pool New Orleans’ Aquarium of the Ameri- enframed by a crumbling Mayan tem- These exhibits follow the conceptual
noodles. Now researchers worldwide cas has been a successful aquarium ple complex. As we descend, school- script of a movie, with a portal con-
can implement similar solutions dis- for decades. Like many other “mod- ing tanks lead the visitors through the cept, immersive storylines, plenty of
covered at Lowry Park Zoo, showing, ern” aquariums, it is a building filled submerged temple chambers with art hands-on experiences and closure at
again, the value of zoos in creating with beautiful individual exhibits; and artefacts, iconography, thematic the experience’s conclusion delineat-
commitment to environmental issues however, linked by “battleship grey” lighting and several new tanks being ing how we can help, with the goal of
and promoting solutions. interior spaces with exposed duct- added to the coral tunnel. creating the emotional bond to foster
work and wire raceways. Our most advocacy for positive change through
Lowry Park Zoo has been operation- recently completed exhibit, the The result of this renovation in- connectedness and commitment to
ally self-sufficient for decades, with Great Maya Reef, had high impact creased attendance by 20% and global environmental issues.
an attendance of over one million for relatively low cost. This exhibit’s created something new and exciting,
visitors per year. As a result of the concept was to simply accomplish in clearly breaking away from the “bat-
zoo’s financial success, it contributes the aquatic business what we have tleship grey” interior and transport-
over US$ 1 million annually to conser- been doing for decades in the zoo ing the visitors 600 miles south and
vation. © Torre Design Consortium business – create an immersive and 1,000 years back in earth’s chronol-
Florida Biome exhibit for manatees at Tampa’s Lowry Park Zoo. engaging experience that would be- ogy. Once immersed, the stories pro-
lievably make the visitor in situ in the ceed into environmental conservation
sunken Mayan city in the Yucatan, the issues and offer prospect on how you
second largest reef in the world. The can help.
portal to the exhibit links to the lobby,
12 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 13
Charles G. Mayes1,* & Ed Mastro2
Showcasing Science and Research
Summary Introduction Chicago’s Lincoln Park Zoo –
Regenstein Macaque Forest
The best zoos today are becoming Zoos began as menageries where ani-
places that care for animals with a mals were viewed in “pits” or “grot- Trend: Integrating and presenting
focus on their long-term wellness tos” and they have been influenced animal care, science and research.
through research, breeding and field by game farms where deer and other
conservation programmes. One of animals were raised and sold. Early Programme statement: Lincoln Park
the main trends emerging in zoo game farm operations consisted of Zoo is actively researching the learn-
exhibit design and explored in this herds gathered in fenced enclosures, ing and cognition of animal species,
article is the accommodation and which sometimes grew to become especially primates. A new Japanese
presentation of research, animal care more like zoos than farms. It is still macaque exhibit required special
and breeding programmes being common for zoos to display herd consideration to avoid the transmis-
conducted onsite at the institution. animals in simple fenced enclosures, sion of Herpesvirus simiae (B virus)
This article highlights three examples and zoos still have elements that hark between macaques and humans. Ad-
where staff research and animal care back to the menagerie or grotto era. ditionally, the new exhibit gives the
activities have been brought out zoo’s researchers spaces in which to
from behind-the-scenes to become Engaging the visiting public with ani- study and interact with the macaques,
popular and informative venues for mal and habitat exhibits is most suc- either in or out of the visiting public’s
the visiting public to observe, interact cessful when these close encounters view, depending on the situation.
and gain an understanding of the foster an understanding of, interest in
science and professional animal care and commitment to the conservation Four broad research categories: Cogni-
that is part of the mission of modern of species and wild places. The new- tion (thinking and perceiving); learn-
zoos. est, leading-edge exhibits incorpo- ing (use of tools, etc.); behavioural
rate complex programmatic elements economics (social, emotional and
that are not only beautiful and popu- cognitive factors influencing decision
lar with visitors, but also address and making); and social behaviour (use © The Portico Group
present the zoo staff’s active research of space and food resources). Sup-
Illustration of “hobbit hole”
and animal care. Modern exhibits porting these research categories, facility at Lincoln Park Zoo.
immerse visitors in authentic-looking exhibit enrichment elements and
natural environments that minimise interchangeable cognitive research
the perception of barriers separating panels are designed to fit in a stand-
animals from the public (and each ard bracket at the research stations.
other) and visitors from staff. The Researchers then develop the panels
following recent projects provide to meet the needs of each particular
examples highlighting these trends in study. Solution and implementation: Two Research station: With no contact ing of the activity, as well as audio
zoo exhibits that we are experiencing. areas in the macaque exhibit were with animals, cleaning access is access to an explanation from the
designed specifically as research sta- provided from the exhibit side, and researcher. (2) “Hobbit hole” facility:
tions and demonstrate the strategies changing of the cognitive research This earth-sheltered room, acces-
essential for enriching the experi- window from the researcher side. sible from the holding building via an
ences of the animals, researchers and underground tunnel, is configured to
visitors. Visitor considerations: All viewing ar- make primates visible to the public
eas for visitors are through full-height while interacting with hidden keepers
Controlled access: Fully separated glass panels to eliminate any contact, and researchers. Consideration was
“clean” and “dirty” work spaces but preserve views of the activity. Ex- given to viewing angles, elevations
include critically located spaces for terior mesh enclosure is a minimum of the primates in relation to the re-
Research pod at Lincoln Park Zoo. transition, Tyvek suit disinfection and of about 3 m away from any visitor- searchers and visitors, and allowance
© Lincoln Park Zoo keeper shower. The defined waste accessible areas. for flexible and changeable research
disposal route includes a waste bag programmes.
disinfection station. Animal manage- Research and training: (1) “On view”
ment areas are visible from the clean approach research station: Smart
1 The Portico Group, Seattle, WA, USA keeper work areas for observation, glass dividers allow the researcher to
2 Cabrillo Marine Aquarium, which reduces smell, sound, contami- vary research conditions by adjusting
San Pedro, CA, USA nants and animal stress. participating primates’ views of each
* E-mail for correspondence: other. Speakers and video monitors
cmayes@porticogroup.com allow visitors full and detailed view-
14 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 15
© Jamie Pham
Glass wall at Los Angeles Zoo’s LAIR.
Los Angeles Zoo – LAIR Cabrillo Marine Aquarium –
Aquatic Nursery
Trend: Integrating and presenting
animal care, science and research. Trend: Connecting guests and the tal impacts on southern California
public with actual research science. marine life. During their projects, © Cabrillo Marine Aquarium
Programme statement: One goal students work during the school year
Aquatic Nursery at
for the design of Los Angeles Zoo’s Programme statement: The Aquatic to explore the scientific process and Cabrillo Marine Aquarium.
new reptile, amphibian and inverte- Nursery is a public exhibit gallery de- develop real research programmes at
brate centre (LAIR) was to provide a signed as a functional research labo- the aquarium. Every spring Cabrillo The Continued Evolution of
view for visitors into an active work ratory where Cabrillo Marine Aquari- Marine Aquarium hosts a Young Sci- Zoo and Aquarium Design
area where animal caregivers work um aspires to “grow both young sea entist Symposium where students
throughout the day in their normal animals and young scientists”. present their findings to each other, The Aquatic Nursery programme is Today’s zoos are helping to shape search and daily animal care activities
activities. parents and other onsite guests. open to all interested students in the public understanding of ecosystems, of zoo staff helps to inspire future sci-
Solution and implementation: The region. The facility and programme communicate science and conserva- entists and animal care professionals
Solution and implementation: The Aquatic Nursery is designed as a large During public hours, aquarium visi- have enjoyed significant success with tion messages, and help maintain by presenting concrete and authentic
design for LAIR includes a large keeper open space with a series of aquariums tors have access to the Aquatic Nurs- its young scientists. Participants have a connection between people and examples of the professional and
and care space divided from the visi- sitting on water-tables located in the ery to view active scientific research been recognised by numerous awards nature in a rapidly developing and scientific activities that are part of
tor gallery by a floor-to-ceiling glass centre of the room arranged in dif- and these scientists-in-training. All and scholarship programmes, includ- urbanising world. Exhibits, as the modern zoos.
partition. A two-way voice intercom ferent “wall-less cubicles”. The space activities are conducted in full public ing one student who won the Intel focal point of the zoo experience, are
was provided to allow for conversation is designed to be completely flex- view. Interpretation is achieved by International Science and Engineer- a keystone for the long-term success
through the glass wall and most of ible where aquariums can be easily public engagement by the students ing Fair, another won a scholarship of zoos. Incorporating presentations
the furnishings and equipment in the installed or removed within minutes and mentors discussing and explain- in the Gates Millennium Scholars and displays of the active scientific re-
room were planned to be on casters to depending on project needs. Working ing their projects directly with guests. Program and a third was awarded an
allow for flexibility of activities, as well closely with college-aged mentors, Hand-written “keeper notes” com- internship at the California Institute
as ease of presentation of interesting students (age 12–18) are encouraged bined with formal graphics explain of Technology. Many others have won
animals or staff activities right next to to complete individual and/or group the research process, animal care and their local, county or state science
the glass wall. Rolling racks support research projects in the Aquatic Nurs- research findings. Trained volunteers fairs.
terrariums and small displays of new ery and Cabrillo Marine Aquarium are also used during slow periods of
arrivals, freshly hatched animals or encourages a special emphasis on research.
animals that are being treated for ill- projects that focus on husbandry
ness or disease. This glass wall view to requirements of and/or environmen-
back-of-house has consistently been
a top attraction for visitors to LAIR in
the three years since its opening.
16 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 17
Kieran Stanley1,2,*
Zoo and Aquarium Design –
The impact of Experience
Summary Introduction The Zoo and Aquarium of
the Future
When I first encountered zoo archi- In my view, the purpose of zoo
tecture some 20 years ago, I quickly design – meaning architecture and I find Jon Coe’s predictions reason-
realised that it was not primarily landscape architecture – is to meet able. He is going on the assumption
about architecture, but about knowl- the needs of the animals, visitors that zoos will follow existing trends
edge of the zoo, understanding its and commercial operations and to in the next 25 years. Such trends,
cultural and historical background as contribute to four main objectives however, are subject to a range of
well as developing its zoological, edu- (as already stated by Heini Hediger): changes, including cultural ones.
cational and operational objectives. education, conservation, research
This insight has shaped my approach and leisure. Zoo design should facili- For Coe, immersion design repre-
to designing zoo projects and, as a tate the work of the zoo and acquaint sents the status quo. Even if it has a
result, I see myself not only as an ar- visitors with its themes, objectives global reputation, immersion design
chitect but also as a strategic partner and responsibilities in order to gener- is not yet standard practice outside
who works integratively and holisti- ate interest in nature and species of Anglo-Saxon countries. I think that
cally to create a sense of relevance for conservation. immersion design, in terms of its
each project. original intention, is quite suited for
Zoos will be confronted with an even the future. Since story-building – that
greater number of challenges in the is, developing a thematic narra-
future. If they want to survive, they tive – is a proven means for drawing
will have to go beyond zoological in visitors emotionally and guiding © Monterey Bay Aquarium
requirements and also deal with them through specific themes. I do Jellyfish encounter at Monterey Bay Aquarium.
the pressures of attracting visitors, not mean developing thematic narra-
increasing operational efficiency and tives only in a cultural sense, but also What Characterises Good
addressing their critics as well as in terms of the natural habitat of the Zoo and Aquarium Design?
using their uniqueness to retain their animals.
position in the zoological and leisure At this juncture, Monterey Bay Aquar- Good zoo design begins with under- Chester Zoo is a good example here
markets. Now more than ever it is im- It is clear that zoos have a future. I am ium is worth mentioning. Located on standing. Whether it is during the of the potential that can be un-
portant that zoos develop a sustain- convinced that zoos will adapt and the California coast, it has made the strategic development planning, the leashed when a zoo develops its own
able vision. Not only in terms of their diversify and continue to exist – and protection of oceans its mission. It conceptualisation of an immersive identity. This zoo has managed to
commitment but also in terms of also foresee the development of zoos integrates its location on the Pa- environment, a showcase building define its values, position and voice,
being an institution with relevancy – with a strong focus on one subject. cific Ocean both architecturally and or an outdoor enclosure, getting to to create a mission focus and also
one with the expertise to positively They remain relevant as places of conceptually in an exemplary way, know the needs of the zoo and the to effectively communicate these
influence their region’s development. recreation and education when, for granting visitors impressive views users and seeing things from their both internally and externally. What
example, their in situ and ex situ pro- of underwater worlds – from the point of view are, for me, essential the zoo seeks to communicate has
We zoo architects will also have to jects succeed in making visitors aware adjoining sea to an underwater forest. aspects. The main protagonists – the been brought alive; it understands its
find answers to environmental and of and bringing alive the concept of With its research priorities, chang- animals and their welfare – are the visitors and is easily accessible. The
economic challenges. This means biodiversity – locally and/or glob- ing, curated exhibitions, a variety of top priority. But zoologists, curators zoo has developed its own character,
that designing buildings and land- ally – and generating enthusiasm for tours, its local work and its ambitious and keepers, zoo educators and op- which is also expressed in its archi-
scapes to communicate a zoo’s vision wildlife conservation. volunteer programme, the aquarium erational technicians, from marketing tectural and landscape design. This
will only be one of many responsibili- truly fulfils its conservation and scien- to catering, are also important; each uniqueness needs to be developed
ties in the future. tific demands. By speaking to visitors, employee has different job require- or visualised during the planning
creating individual encounters with ments. The third group, of course, are process.
animals and communicating interest- the visitors. We as architects have to
ing content, it generates sustained juggle the very different needs and In my view, good zoo design address-
curiosity and enthusiasm. Having a requirements of those three groups es the complexity of everyday zoo life
personal encounter with a jellyfish, and integrate them into one clear and creates the spatial conditions for
1 dan pearlman Experience Architecture, made possible via the spontaneous concept. daily zoo work, often in limited areas,
Berlin, Germany actions of one of the volunteers, is visualising and bringing these alive,
2 assisted by Elisabeth Wirth something my daughters will likely where required, ensuring a smooth,
* E-mail for correspondence: never forget. safe and sustainable operation.
k.stanley@danpearlman.com18 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 19
This idea was our motivation in
developing Islands, the immersive
environment at Chester Zoo. The zoo
is one of the most respected zoos in
the world and works globally for spe-
cies conservation. This commitment –
Chester Zoo operates 10 of its own
programmes for protecting endan-
gered wild animals and supports 60
other projects – became the central
focus of our design. We developed
a storyline that directly ties into the
zoo’s conservation programmes, and
an overarching concept for all areas
of the zoo (including catering and
communication). Islands is modelled
after six Southeast Asian islands,
bringing the work of conservation-
© dan pearlman ists alive and communicating the
Polar bear enclosure at Hanover Adventure Zoo. uniqueness and fragility of the flora
and fauna. Through visitor pathways
The Wow Factor and sightlines, various building styles
and Learning and plant species, through the use of
With the animals as the focus, design diverse materials and authentic de-
work can no longer be restricted to For a long time, zoos were primarily a tailing, we created a lasting, holistic
creating sufficient enclosure sizes. My recreational space for visitors, where experience. In short, we build stories.
perspective is similar to David Han- they could watch the animals. Since
cock’s: today, it is about creating an they are increasingly understood Even smaller zoos can succeed in
adequate living space that replicates as educational institutions and are satisfying the four major areas of
the natural habitat of the animals committed to the communication of responsibility. Brevard Zoo in Florida, © Chester Zoo
as much as possible, and which is important information, the question for example, the result of a citizen Special encounter at Chester Zoo’s Islands.
equipped with natural materials, arises, how can all visitors be reached initiative, focuses on education
guaranteeing the animal freedom of and exposed to issues such as species through participation. The small zoo
movement, areas for seclusion and and nature conservation? “Involve me involves the community through its
independence, providing variety and and I will understand”. This age-old, volunteer programme and its visitors
security – and then physically take basic premise has been shared by a via diverse interactions that focus
the visitor there, where the animals number of philosophers and educa- attention on nature and the playful
are; into their domain. tors, and is confirmed by neuro- communication of its subject matter.
sciences: we learn best what moves Its conservation projects focus on
At Hanover Adventure Zoo, the polar and inspires us emotionally. For many local issues and the zoo also operates
bear enclosure demonstrates just educational institutions this insight its Sea Turtle Healing Center.
how well immersive environments is not entirely new, but it often lacks
and animal welfare can go together. lively and convincing concepts. Conclusion
Despite limited spatial possibilities,
the design took into account the I believe that zoo design is capable I do not think that every zoo has to
needs of the animals and behavioural of doing more than simply creating showcase the top-10 species to be
enrichment played a significant role unique insights into the habitats of relevant. Rather, zoos are relevant
in its design. The new system has animals. It has the potential to deliver not only by focussing on their four
proven itself in only a few years of op- valuable information. Zoo design can main objectives, but also by develop-
eration. Today, polar bears from other create an experience – from a special ing their own signature and derive
zoos showing signs of stereotypy are kind of encounter with an animal to their own uniqueness from within.
trained at the Yukon Bay immersive immersing visitors into new environ- Many zoos have already made pro-
environment. The animals are posi- ments – that makes the successful gress in this regard. Fate led me to
tively affected by the optimal alloca- communication of important mes- zoo architecture and as an architect
tion of space, saltwater pool wave saging highly probable. Only some- it is enriching to be involved in the de-
system, diversity of materials used in one who feels personally involved will velopment of these socially important
the landscaped areas and variety of get excited about animal and nature institutions and to work together to
activities and feeding options, which conservation and hopefully become secure their relevancy in the future.
can be used for training purposes. an advocate for the conservation of
their natural habitats. If knowledge is
a bank, and imagination the currency,
the ultimate future investment is © Brevard Zoo
experience. Kayaking at Brevard Zoo.20 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 21
John Kemper1,*
Designing Zoos and Aquariums as
Conservation Organisations
Summary Zoos and Aquariums Need
to Explain What They Do
Zoo exhibits of the future will demon-
strate to the public how zoos partici- While conservation of wildlife is the The industry knows that zoos are
pate in and drive conservation of spe- core purpose of today’s zoos, I believe uniquely suited to own conservation
cies and habitats. Exhibits will evolve that the general public does not un- on a global scale. That same industry
to be bigger in size, contain multiple derstand this. Without a doubt, zoos must educate the public on conserva-
species and offer more choices to of the future will become focused tion efforts, or the public will drive
the collection. Education opportuni- on telling the conservation story; so zoos out of business by focusing on a
ties will permeate the experience much so, that the general public will wave of social concerns about animals
by being integrated with exhibitry, inherently recognise that zoos are the in “captivity”. We have seen it with
and animal welfare components of largest collection of dedicated profes- orcas. It has already begun spreading
behind-the-scenes areas will be ac- sionals working towards a coordinat- to dolphins, belugas and terrestrial
cessible, under special circumstances, ed goal of saving species across the animals. Recent studies show that
to select zoo visitors. The zoo experi- globe. Conservation will be so aligned many children believe that elephants
ence will include a greater variety with the brand of zoos of the future do not belong in what they know as a
of non-traditional ways of engaging that both the physical setting and the zoo. Those that drive this agenda will
with animals, including more com- intentional marketing messages will successively focus on the next larg-
plex touch and feeding experiences, clearly and prominently promote the est or perceived “smartest” species. © PGAV Destinations
and more meaningful connections conservation work undertaken by the Programmes like WAZA’s Biodiversity Guest view from Bear Alley at Louisville Zoo.
through our smart devices. institution. is Us and AZA’s SAFE are beginning
to change the public’s perception
and understanding of our roles, but
much more education must be done. Zoo and Aquarium Exhibits
Specifically, the stalwart of animal of the Future
experiences – exhibits at zoos and
aquariums – will be the touch point for I believe that the public will react Zoo exhibits have transitioned in the The Heart of Africa exhibit actively
delivering that understanding. positively when they fully understand last 40 years from sterile, functional promotes its conservation efforts
that zoos and other nature-based or- enclosures to naturalistic habitats with those same species through
ganisations are saving animals in the where there is the perception of what visual interpretives that introduce
wild. When the public eventually puts it must be like for an animal in the programmes, live interpretation
their trust in the collective mission of wild. Now, many new exhibits have during training sessions at specially
zoos, they will develop followers, like moved to much larger exhibit areas designed mesh panels for lions and
there are behind many religions. The with less concentration of animals. vervet monkeys, and presentations
brand of zoos will change. Zoo-goers In exhibits that we have recently at a flexible yard where cheetahs,
will be saying things like “I believe in designed, like the Heart of Africa at warthogs, ostriches and zebras can
what zoos are doing. I will support Columbus Zoo and Aquarium, there alternatively use the space.
them because they have it ‘figured are multiple acres that comprise
out’. They are doing the right thing. a multi-species African savannah. Zoo exhibits will continue to blur
I will attend because they are doing Lions overlook a 4.5 ha paddock that the lines between animal habitats
Lions overlooking the African savannah
at Columbus Zoo and Aquarium. all of the heavy lifting. I can be ef- accommodates about 140 hoofstock and human spaces, like Glacier Run
© PGAV Destinations fective by just following and sup- specimens, including giraffe, zebra, at Louisville Zoo, were the design
porting”. Zoos are already trusted wildebeest, two gazelle species, os- purposely created the sensation that
partners (mostly for reasons other trich and crane. The panoramic view polar bears may be in people spaces
than conservation), and will become is impressive and serene, comfortable and vice versa; like is actually happen-
even more so when the public is fully in its expansive setting, yet deliver- ing is some Canadian towns. Build-
aware of all the things these organi- ing other close-up experiences that ing on the story of human–animal
sations already do. Visitors may effec- provide a sense of wonder and awe. conflict, we wanted guests to raise
1 PGAV Destinations, St Louis, MO, USA tively begin to drive conservation. the question “Could I now be in a bear
* E-mail for correspondence: space, and not know it?”.
john.kemper@pgav.com22 WAZA 17 (2016) WAZA 17 (2016) 23
Guest view from airplane fusillade
at Columbus Zoo and Aquarium.
© PGAV Destinations
From an animal welfare point of view, In addition to the continued use of Behind-the-scenes visits are being
zoos of the future may see a radical concealed moats, invisible fences, designed into new exhibits from the
shift – evolving into multiple spe- landscape immersion, borrowed very beginning. The public loves to
cialised experiences that recognise views and visual integration, exhibits understand what it is like for keepers
the unique needs of specific species. of the future will expand on provid- to care for animals. Exhibits of the fu-
I would not be surprised if 25 years ing excitement and entertainment by ture will demonstrate how high-tech
from now, elephant exhibits are huge viewing animals from unusual spaces veterinary care is given to animals
expanses of land that are visited by like airplane fusillades and the cabs of every day. Private, up-close experi-
appointment only. Impressive, multi- Land Rovers. This has been done with ences like meeting a penguin, or © Ocean Park Corporation
aged herds will inhabit much larger great affect at Columbus Zoo and safely touching the paw of a sea otter, Ocean species in domed exhibit at
spaces in matriarchal families where Aquarium, Louisville Zoo and Busch are already available in back-of-house Ocean Park Hong Kong’s Grand Aquarium.
guests may need to travel by golf Gardens, coincidentally involving areas of several institutions. Keepers Other Ways that Animal
cart or vehicle to see the magnificent guests in the storylines of the exhib- and curators will build capacity in this Exhibits Will Evolve Final Thoughts
creatures in the space they occupy at ited species. Compelling selfies from regard, moving well beyond exist-
that time, on that day. Like hoofstock such exhibits record happy memories ing revenue generators like giraffes, Studies show that the public wants to Zoos provide entertaining, educa- “If zoos and aquariums are to be an
in large paddocks, elephants’ lives and provide proof of a collectible ex- rhinos, elephants and sting rays. be excited and entertained, as part of tional and emotional moments to active leader in conservation, they
will be characterised by choice: where perience for Snapchat and Facebook. the education that they currently only their visitors. There will always be a must face opposition head-on, by
they spend time based on climatic Let us not forget that many families Hopefully, the result will be that mildly seek. The following are a few demand for this type of experience, understanding criticisms, adapting
conditions, what and when they eat, primarily visit for the purpose of a fun people become more dedicated fol- more ways that exhibits of the future especially as the use of electronic where necessary and explaining their
how they communicate and how they day with their loved-ones. lowers to their trusted partners and will evolve: (1) Additional sources of devices increases. In recent consumer actions in a way that gains public
enrich their lives though interaction take action by changing daily habits revenue from retail and food services research with aquarium visitors, support”. Exhibits of the future will
with the landscape, water bodies We are currently working with to better the planet and the species will be developed and integrated with unaided, only 1% of the respondents be instrumental in gaining that public
and problem solving. As part of their South Carolina Aquarium to design that live on it. By interacting with a exhibits; extending the attraction mentioned that “animals in captivity” support, by responding to the needs
choice, they will be able to interact an exhibit that builds the brand of diverse selection of species, the pub- experience and tying the storyline was an issue to them. of excitement, connection and educa-
with interested observers who have conservation by appealing to young lic will begin to understand that we all directly to the animals. (2) Special tion – and becoming an even greater
visited to understand elephants children via hands-on learning sta- live in ecosystems that support each format theatre experiences may We believe that the collective long- trusted partner.
better. Solving puzzles, bathing and tions. Children can rescue an animal, other. Supporters will become further replace some exhibits for animals term commitment to conservation
feeding will become interactive op- diagnose what may be wrong with educated about the choices they that become unavailable to zoos. is the only way to save many species.
portunities that benefit human and the animal and release the animal make, and the benefits to wildlife, the Multisensory effects in 4D theatres Without it, there may be no animals
animal species alike. back to nature. By teaching future environment and themselves. and sophisticated interpretives will outside of our institutions in the
generations about the importance continue to evolve using the latest near future. And, as stated by WAZA,
of conserving wildlife and the role technology of lighting, cameras, pro-
zoos play in this conservation, these jection, thermography, GPS, radio-
children will grow to understand zoos frequency identification (RFID) and
in a very different way. personal devices. (3) Zoos will further
evolve their brand by being leaders
in the incorporation of sustainable
design into their new animal exhibits
and buildings.You can also read
