ENGINEERING STUDIES ATAR COURSE DATA BOOK 2021
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
ENGINEERING STUDIES
ATAR COURSE
DATA BOOK
2021
2021/1046 Engineering Studies Data Book updated January 2021ENGINEERING STUDIES 2 DATA BOOK
CORE CONTENT
CONTENT PAGES
Core content
Base International System (SI) units
Selected derived SI units
Other units
SI prefixes
Common constant 3–5
General formulae
Right triangular plane figures
Circles, cylinder and sphere figures
Density, energy and efficiency
Materials properties
Specialist field mechanical
Materials formulae
Statics formulae
Selected derived SI units
6–9
Common constant
Statics – second moment of area for material cross sections
Statics – deflection of beams
Dynamics formulae
Specialist field mechatronics
Base International System (SI) units
Selected derived SI units
Law and principle formulae
Mechanics formulae
10–15
Standard circuit symbols
Resistor colour codes
Diode and transistor
Standard microcontroller chip
Flow chart symbolsDATA BOOK 3 ENGINEERING STUDIES
CORE CONTENT
Base International System (SI) units
SI units
Quantities
Names Symbols
Length metre m
Mass kilogram kg
Time second s
Selected derived SI units
Derived quanties Names Symbols
Energy, work, quantity of heat joule J
Power watt W
Area square metre m2
Volume (gas) cubic metre m3
Speed, velocity metre per second m s–1
Mass density kilogram per cubic metre kg m–3
Other units
Derived quanties Names Symbols
Temperature (Celsius) degrees Celsius °C
Volume (liquid) litre L
SI prefixes
Prefixes Abbreviations Multipliers
Tera T 10 12
= 1 000 000 000 000
Giga G 10 9
= 1 000 000 000
Mega M 106 = 1000 000
Kilo k 10 3
= 1000
10 0
=1
Milli m 10 –3
= 0.001
Micro µ 10–6 = 0.000 001
Nano n 10 –9
= 0.000 000 001
Pico p 10 –12
= 0.000 000 000 001
Common constant
Item Symbol Value
Pi π 3.14159ENGINEERING STUDIES 4 DATA BOOK
CORE CONTENT
General formulae
Right triangular plane figures Formulae
Pythagoras (side lengths) h2 = o2 + a2
a
cos θ = h
o
Angular relationships sin θ =
h
o
tan θ = a
Circles, cylinder and sphere figures Formulae
Circumference [C ] of a circle C = πd
Area [A] of a circle A = πr2
Surface area [A] of open-ended cylinder A= πdh
Surface area [A] of a sphere A = 4πr2
Volume [V ] of a cylinder V = πr2 h
4
Volume [V ] of a sphere V = 3 πr3
Density, energy and efficiency Formulae
m
Density [ρ] ρ= V
Energy [E] E = Pt
output
Efficiency [η] % η% = input × 100DATA BOOK 5 ENGINEERING STUDIES
CORE CONTENT
Materials properties (at room temperature)
Elastic Ultimate Electrical
Yield Thermal
Density (Young’s) tensile * conductivity
Materials stress conductivity
kg m-3 modulus strength
kN mm –2 N mm–2
N mm–2 Ω–1m–1 × 106 W m–1 K–1
Structural
7850 200 470 250 13.00 46
steel
Stainless steel 7600 200 860 502 1.35 16
Cast iron 7200 120 180 10.30 80
Wrought iron 7750 200 10.30 80
Aluminium 2710 70 150 95 37.70 237
Brass 8740 90 190 50 16.70 109
Copper 8930 112 210 70 59.50 401
Zinc 7130 108 200 13.80 16.80 116
Solder 9280 23.7 37 – 7.28 43.60
40
Concrete 2400 30 0.80
(compressive)
Timber
(parallel to 12 105 0.16
grain)
Polypropylene 1240 4 19.7 – 80 50 0.13
Polycarbonate 1200 2.30 70 0.19
ABS plastics 2.30 40 48.30 2.34
Nylon 1160 2–4 75 45
Acrylic 1190 3.20 70 73.70 0.19
Glass 2500 69 3600 1.05
Diamond 3520 1000 50 000 2320
Gold 19 320 82 220 40 44.60 318
Ice 931 9.17(@–5°C) 85 2.25(@–5°C)
Pure water 1000
Sea water 1022
Petrol 740 0.15
Crude oil 800 0.15
* Unless noted as compressive strength.ENGINEERING STUDIES 6 DATA BOOK
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHANICAL
Materials formulae
Parameters Formulae
F
Stress [σ] σ=
A
ΔL
Strain [ε] ε=
L
Young’s modulus [E ] σ
E =ε
(elastic modulus)
Young’s modulus [E ] FL
E = AΔL
expanded formula
σ
Factor of Safety [FS ] FS = σ UTS
safeworking
Statics formulae
Parameters Formulae
Moment [M] of a force M = Fd
∑M = 0
Equilibrium conditions ∑Fy = 0
∑ Fx = 0
ΣCWM = Σ ACWM
Equilibrium conditions (expanded) Σ F(up) = ΣF(down)
ΣF(left) = ΣF(right)
Selected derived SI units
Derived SI units
Derived quantities
Names Symbols Expression in terms of derived SI units
Force newton N –
Pressure, stress pascal Pa N m–2
Energy, work joule J Nm
Common constant
Item Symbol Value
Gravity g 9.80 m s –2DATA BOOK STUDIES
ENGINEERING 78 ENGINEERINGDATA BOOK
STUDIES
ENGINEERING STUDIES 8
SPECIALIST FIELD DATA BOOK
MECHANICAL
SPECIALIST
MECHANICALFIELD MECHANICAL 8 SPECIALIST FIELD
SPECIALIST
MECHANICALFIELD MECHANICAL 8 SPECIALIST FIELD
Statics –moment
Second secondof
moment
area of area for material cross sections
Second moment of area
Second
Second moment
moment of area
of area
Shapes
Shape Dimensions Second moment of area
Shape Dimensions about centroidal axis
about centroidal axis
about centroidal axis
b
b
ENGINEERING STUDIES 8 DATA BOOK
SPECIALIST
MECHANICAL FIELD MECHANICAL 8 SPECIALIST
3 FIELD
Vertical
Rectanglerectangle
solid section h
3
bh bh
Rectangle solid section Ixx3 =
I xx = bh
solid section
(vertical)
Second moment of area
(vertical)
h I xx = 12 12
12
Shape Dimensions Second moment of area
about centroidal axis
b
DD
DD
Rectangle solid section h bhD3 4
Circular solid section
(vertical)
IIxx == ππD 4
πD4
Round xx 12
I =
Circular solid section x x I xx = xx64 64
solid section x x 64
D
D
D
D
D
DDo π (D4 − D4 )
I xx = π ( Do4o − Di4i )
I xx = 64
Circular tube section 64
Circular tube section x x
x x Do = cylinder outside 4 diameter
Circular solid
tube section Di DDo i= =cylinder
cylinder D π(D
πoutside
4
inside – D 4i)
odiameter
diameter
Circular I =
I xx =xx inside diameter
section x x Di = cylinder 64 64
tt
tt
D
D
Terms:
b = base
D = diameter π ( Do4 − Di4 )
I xx =
Di = diameter (inside) 64
Circular tube(outside)
Do= diameter section
x x
h = height Do = cylinder outside diameter
Ixx = second moment of area for material cross sections Di = cylinder inside diameter
ttENGINEERING STUDIES 8 DATA BOOK
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHANICAL
Statics – deflection of beams
Maximum Maximum
Beam configurations bending moment deflection
(BMmax ) ( y)
Cantilevered beam – single load at unsupported end
F FL3
BMmax = FL at A y= at B
A B 3EIxx
Cantilevered beam – universally distributed load
FUDL = ωL FUDL L3
A B FUDL L
BMmax = 2 at A y = 8EI at B
xx
Centrally loaded beam – simply supported at both
ends
F FL3
FL
A B BMmax = 4 at C y = 48EI at C
xx
C
Universally loaded beam – simply supported at both
ends
A FUDL = ωL B FUDL L 5FUDL L3
BMmax = 8 at C y = 384EI at C
xx
C
Terms:
E = elastic (Young’s) modulus of the material of the beam
F = single vertical point load
FUDL = product of the UDL’s applied load/unit length and the length of the beam
Ixx = second moment of area of the beam section
L = length of beam between supports
ω = uniformly distributed load per unit lengthDATA BOOK 9 ENGINEERING STUDIES
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHANICAL
Dynamics formulae
Parameters Formulae
Force [F] F = ma
v–u
Acceleration [a] a=
t
Velocity [v] v 2 = u2 +2as
1 2
Distance [s] s = ut + at
2
Work [W] W = Fs
Fs
Power [P] P= =Fv
t
Potential energy [Ep] Ep = mgh
1
Kinetic energy [Ek] Ek = mv2
2
Energy conversion ΔEp = ΔEkENGINEERING STUDIES 10 DATA BOOK
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
Base International System (SI) units
Unit Electrical Expression in terms of
Unit name Symbol
abbreviation parameter derived SI units
ampere A Current I W V–1
Selected derived SI units
Unit Electrical Expression in terms of
Unit names Symbols
abbreviations parameters derived SI units
volt V Voltage V W A–1
ohm Ω Resistance R V A–1
farad F Capacitance C A s V–1
watt W Power P J s–1
hertz Hz Frequency f s–1
Law and principle formulae
Parameters Formulae
V2
Relationships between Ohm’s law and power formula P = VI = I 2R =
R
Power [P] V P V2
R= = 2 =
I I P
Resistance [R]
P
V = IR = = √PR
Voltage [V] I
V P P
Current [I] I= = =
R V R
Electrical energy [Ee] Ee = VIt
Kirchhoff’s first law ΣI= 0
Kirchhoff’s second law ΣΔV= 0
Resistance [R] in series RT= R1+R2+ ...
1 1 1
Resistance [R] in parallel = + + ...
RT R1 R2
Vcc= V1 + V2
R1
V1= Vcc
Voltage dividers R1 + R2
R2
V2= Vcc
R1 + R2
Vcc – VLED
Resistor [R ] in series with an LED R=
ILED
1 1 1
...
Capacitance [C ] in series C C1 C2 +
= +
Capacitance [C ] in parallel C = C1 + C2 + ...DATA BOOK 11 ENGINEERING STUDIES
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
Mechanics formulae
Parameters Formulae
load
Mechanical Advantage [MA] MA= effort
deffort
Velocity Ratio [VR] VR = d
load
Ø follower pulley
Pulley belt ratio VR =
Ø driver pulley
no teeth follower gear
Chain and sprocket ratio VR =
no teeth driver gear
no teeth follower gear
Gear ratio VR =
no teeth driver gear
Velocity ratios [VR] for gear/pulley trains F1 F2 F3
VR = ...
comprised of 3 or more gears/pulleys D1 D2 D3
no teeth worm wheel
Worm and worm wheel ratio VR =
1
no teeth pinion × revolutions
Rack and pinion distance =
no teeth per metre rack
Linear velocity [v] of belt or cable driven by (RPM) (2�r) s
v= =
pulley or drum 60 t
Input speed (r.p.m.)
Speed of rotation (r.p.m.) Output speed (r.p.m.) =
VRCell Cell Light
dependent
Cell Light NPNdependent
transistor NPN t
DATA BOOK dependent
resistor 11 NPNresistor
transistorENGINEERING STUD
Cell dependent NPN transistor Light
SPST switch resistor
(LDR)
resistor SPECIALIST
(LDR) FIELD MECHATRON
ENGINEERINGSPECIALISTSTUDIES FIELD 12Cell
(LDR) 11 DATA dependent
BOOK MECHATRONIC
DATA BOOK (LDR)
11 DC motor ENGINEERING resistor
STUDIES
SPECIALIST
DATA BOOK FIELD MECHATRONICS 11
Thermistor ENGINEERING
Integrated STUDIES
Standard symbols Battery Thermistor Thermistor (LDR) Integr
Battery SPDT switch SPECIALIST
SPECIALIST IC FIELD
FIELD
circuit MECHATRONICS
Integrated
MECHATRONICS IC
SPECIALIST
SPECIALIST
Battery FIELD
FIELD 11
11 Thermistor IC MECHATRONICS
Integrated
MECHATRONICS circui
Standard circuit symbols
Battery IC circuit
circuit Thermistor
Standard symbols
symbols Battery Light IC
Standard Cell Non-polarised Servo Non-polarised
dependent NPN transistor
Non-polarised
capacitor
Non-polarised resistorcapacitor
capacitor Light
Light DATA BOOK Voltmeter Voltme
DPDT DCswitch
Power capacitor
DC Power
Polarised (LDR) Voltmeter
Polarised Non-polarised
Cell
Cell DC DATA
Power BOOK
Polarised dependent
dependent 11 Voltmeter NPN ENGINEERING
transistor STUDIES
supply
DC Powerunit supply
capacitor unit SPECIALIST NPN
FIELD
capacitor transistor
capacitor 11
supply unit Polarised resistor
resistor SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
(PSU)SPECIALIST
supply unit
FIELD capacitor
(PSU) 11 Thermistor MECHATRONICS
Integrated
(PSU) capacitor (LDR)
(LDR) DC Power Polarised
IC
Battery SPDT
(PSU)Standard symbols Diode
AC Power Standard
supply unitrelay
Ohmmeter
symbols
Diode
Ohmmeter capacitor
circuit Ohmm
Push to make switch Diode Ohmmeter
Diode unit (PSU)
Thermistor
supplyThermistor Integrated
Integrated
Fuse Battery
Battery Fuse Light IC
IC
Non-polarised circuit Diode
Fuse BOOK (PSU) circuit
DATA
Fuse Cell Light emitting11 dependent
capacitor Light
Ammeter
Cell emittingNPN transistor
ENGINEERING STUDIES
Push to break switch Light emitting Ammeter
diode
Light (LED)
emitting resistor diode
SPECIALIST (LED)
Ammeter
FIELD MECHATRONICS Voltmeter
SPECIALIST FIELD DC Power 11Fuse
diode (LED)
Non-polarised
Non-polarised Polarised Ammeter
(LDR) MECHATRONICS
78XX Voltage regulator 78XX Voltage diode
supply unit (LED)
regulator DPDT relay Light emitting
Voltage regulator capacitor ENGINEERING capacitor
DATA78XX BOOK
78XX Standard Voltagesymbols
regulator 11
(PSU)
capacitor Thermistor STUDIES
Voltmeter diode (LED)
Integrated
Resistor DC DC Power
Power Battery Voltmeter
IC
78XX SPECIALIST
Polarised
Polarised
Voltage Lamp FIELD
regulator MECHATRONICS circuit Ohmmeter
SPECIALIST FIELD Resistor supply unit 11
unit (also
DiodeMECHATRONICS
called bulb)
Battery Lamp (also called b
supply capacitor
capacitor Lamp (also called bulb)
(PSU)
(PSU) Light
Lamp Non-polarised
(also called bulb)
DATA Standard
BOOK symbols Cell Fuse 11 ENGINEERING STUDIES
SPST switch SPST switch Diode dependent Light capacitor
dependent resistor Ohmmeter
Ohmmeter NPN transistor Lamp (
SPST switch SPECIALIST Diode FIELD
resistor MECHATRONICS
Light emitting Voltmeter
SPECIALIST FIELD SPST switch Potentiometer 11 DC Power MECHATRONICS
Polarised Amme
Light DC motor(LDR) diode (LED) DC motor
Fuse supply unitSPST switch capacitor
Unipolar stepper motor
Fuse DC motor
Standard symbols Cell SPDT switch78XX Voltage regulator(PSU)
SPDT switch
dependent
DC motor
Light
Light emitting
emitting NPN transistor DC Power
SPDT switch resistor Thermistor
Thermistor Ammeter
Ammeter
Integrated
Ohmmeter
supply unitmotor
DC
SPDT switchBattery diode (LED)
diode (LED) Diode IC
Variable resistor (LDR) (negative thermal coefficient)
circuit
(PSU)
78XX
78XX Voltage regulatorFuse Light
Voltage regulator SPDT switch
Servo Lamp (also called bulb)
Cell dependent Servo Servo
Thermistor NPN transistor
Light emitting
Integrated Ammeter
resistor Servo
Battery11 SPSTENGINEERING
switch STUDIES diode (LED)
Non-polarised
IC circuit
DPDT switch SPECIALIST 78XX FIELD (LDR)
DPDT
Voltage MECHATRONICS
switch
regulator Lamp (also
capacitorLamp (also called bulb)
Fuse
called bulb) Servo
11DPDT switch MECHATRONICS Voltmeter
DPDT DC Power DC motor
11 switch
SPST switch
See next page
ENGINEERING Thermistor STUDIES
Non-polarised
Polarised
Integrated
SPST switch supply unit DPDT switch
capacitor
IC relay Lamp (also called bulb)
Voltage
Battery 11 SPECIALIST SPDT
FIELD switch
ENGINEERING MECHATRONICS
capacitorSTUDIES SPDT circuit
78XX SPDT relay
Voltage regulator
11 (PSU) MECHATRONICS SPDT
DC relay Voltmeter
motor regulator
Push to make switch
SPECIALIST FIELD Push to make
MECHATRONICS switch DC motor
SPDT relay
DC SPST switch Ohmmeter
11 Push to make
Push toSPDTmakeLightPower
switch
switch
MECHATRONICS
Polarised Diode SPDT rel
SPDT switch
supply
switchunit capacitor
Non-polarised Servo
dependent NPN transistor
Push to make switch
DC motor
(PSU)
Fuse
resistor capacitor
Push to break switch SPDT Push
switch to break switchLight emitting Voltmeter
PushDC to break
Power
(LDR) switch DPDT switch Ohmmeter
Push to Light
break switch Polarised Diode Servo
Servo SPST switch Ammeter
supplyLightunit diode (LED)
DPDT relay DPDT relay
dependent capacitor
NPN transistor
Push toDPDT break relay
switch Servo
Fuse78XX
(PSU) dependent
resistor Voltage regulator
Thermistor NPN Integrated
transistor DPDT relay
Resistor DPDT switch Resistor
IC Light emitting
y Resistor DPDT
resistorswitch circuit Ohmmeter SPDT Ammeter relay DPDT re
Resistor(LDR) DPDT Diode
switch diode (LED) SPDT switch
(LDR) Push to make switch
Resistor Lamp (also called bulb)
78XX
Fuse Voltage regulator
Thermistor Integrated SPDT relay relay
Non-polarised
Thermistor Integrated SPDT SPDT relay
Push
Push to make
capacitor
to make switch IC Light
switchPush emitting
circuit
Potentiometer
SPST switch PushIC to break
to make switch
circuit
diode (LED) switch
Potentiometer Ammeter
DC Power Potentiometer
to make
Polarised
switch SIGNAL Voltmeter Lamp (also called
Unipolar stepperbulb) motor Unipolar steppe
Potentiometer Servo
78XXunit Voltage regulator
supply V Unipolar
DC stepper
motor motor
DPDTDPDT relay
switch
capacitor
+
Non-polarised
Push
Push to break
break switch
switch Push to breakmotor switch Unipolar stepper motor
Potentiometer
(PSU) SPST Non-polarised
Push
switch to GND
capacitor
to break SPDT
Variable Resistor
switch
resistor
switch Variable resistor Unip
capacitor
Variable resistor Ohmmeter DPDT relay
11Diode
Variable resistor ENGINEERING Voltmeter
Voltmeter DC DPDT
Lamp (alsoDPDT relay
calledrelaybulb)
C DC
Power
Power Polarised
Polarised STUDIES
motor
Resistor
upply unitunit Resistor SPECIALIST FIELDMECHATRONICS MECHATRONICS Variable resistorPush to make switch
Servo
D supply 11
SPDT
SPST switch
capacitor
Resistor
capacitor
switch
PSU)(PSU) Light emitting
Potentiometer Ammeter
See nextOhmmeter
s diode (LED) Ohmmeter
DC motor
Diode
Diode DPDT switch page See next page Push to Unipolar
break switch stepper motor
See next page Potentiometer Servo Unipolar
age regulator SPDT switch See next page
Potentiometer stepper motor motor
Unipolar stepper
Light Potentiometer NPN See next page
Lightemitting
Light emitting
dependent Variable Ammeter
resistor SPDT relay
Unipolar stepper motor
motor
DPDT switch NPN transistor
Ammeter
transistor Unipolar stepper
Resistor
diode(LED)
diode (LED)to make
Push
resistor Lamp (also Variable
switch called resistor
bulb)
Servo
egulator
regulator (LDR)Variable resistor
Variable resistor SPDT relay
T switch
DPDTPushswitchto makePush to
switch break switch
Thermistor Integrated
Lamp (also
DC motor ICcalledcircuit
bulb) See next
ery Lamp (also called bulb) See nextpage
page
DPDT relay
Potentiometer
T switch SPDT relay
witch Push Push
to make to switch
breakResistor
switch
ch Non-polarised See next
See next page page
Variable resistorDATA BOOK 13 ENGINEERING STUDIES
E12 Preferred values: 10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47,SPECIALIST
56, 68, 82 FIELD MECHATRONICS
Resistor colour codes
Example: 4 band colour code
Example: 4 band E12 series resistor colour code
Electrical formula wheel
Band colours 1st band 2nd band Multiplier Tolerance band
Black 0 0 1
Brown 1 1 10 1%
Red 2 2 100 2%
Orange 3 3 1000
Yellow 4 4 10 000
Green 5 5 100 000
Blue 6 6 1 000 000
Violet 7 7
Grey 8 8
White 9 9
Gold 5%
E12 Preferred values:10, 12, 15, 18, 22, 27, 33, 39, 47, 56, 68, 82SPECIALIST FIELD 11 SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
MECHATRONICS
DATA BOOK
Diodes 15 ENGINEERING STUDIES
ENGINEERING STUDIES
SPECIALIST FIELD 11 14 SPECIALIST FIELD DATA BOOK
MECHATRONICS
MECHATRONICS
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
Diode model
Diodes Formula Terms/diagrams
Diode and transistor
VD = VD,on (or VF)
Diode model Formula Terms/diagrams
Diode model Formulae Diagram
On Check:
IDV>D0= VD,on (or VF)
VD = VD,on (or VF)
On
On = Check:
IDCheck:
0A
ID I> 0> 0
D
Off Check:
VDID 0 V
IB I>C 0= A
β × IB
Transistor current
Forward-active VCE > 0 VIC
Check:
β=
gain [ β or hFE ] IB > 0 AIB
Transistor current VCE > 0 V IC
Gain or β or hFE = IC is the collector current
gain IB IB is the base current
Transistor current IC
Gain or β or hFE = IC is the collector current
gain IB IB is the base current
See next page
See next pageDATA BOOK 15 ENGINEERING STUDIES
SPECIALIST FIELD MECHATRONICS
Standard microcontroller chip
VCC IN3
RESET IN4
IN0 00
IN1 01
IN2 02
A0 03
A1 04
A2 05
GND 06
Flow chart symbols
Start or end of
Start/Stop a program or
subroutine
Output to a
Output
device
A delay or
Process computational
process
A decision point
Decision with a Yes/No
result
Flow of
computation
Subroutine or A predefined
procedure process
End of Data BookCopyright
© School Curriculum and Standards Authority, 2019
2016
This document – apart from any third party copyright material contained in it – may be freely copied, or communicated on an
intranet, for non-commercial purposes in educational institutions, provided that it is not changed and that the School Curriculum and
This document – apart from any third party copyright material contained in it – may be freely copied, or communicated on an
Standards Authority is acknowledged as the copyright owner, and that the Authority’s moral rights are not infringed.
intranet, for non-commercial purposes in educational institutions, provided that it is not changed and that the School Curriculum and
Standards Authority is acknowledged as the copyright owner, and that the Authority’s moral rights are not infringed.
Copying or communication for any other purpose can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with prior written
permission of the School Curriculum and Standards Authority. Copying or communication of any third party copyright material can be
Copying or communication for any other purpose can be done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with prior written
done only within
permission theSchool
of the terms Curriculum
of the Copyright or with permission
Act 1968 Authority.
and Standards ofcommunication
Copying or the copyright owners.
of any third party copyright material can be
done only within the terms of the Copyright Act 1968 or with permission of the copyright owners.
Any content in this document that has been derived from the Australian Curriculum may be used under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution
Any content 4.0 International
in this document that has(CC
beenBY) licence.
derived from the Australian Curriculum may be used under the terms of the Creative
Commons
This Attribution
document 4.0teaching
is valid for International
and (CC BY) licence.
examining until 31 December 2021.
An Acknowledgements variation document is available on the Authority website.
Published by the School Curriculum and Standards Authority of Western Australia
303 Sevenoaks Street
CANNINGTON WA 6107You can also read
