THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES
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THE MITIGATION OF
CONFLICTS BETWEEN
POPULATION AND
GREAT CARNIVORES:
INSTRUMENTS AND
COMMUNICATION
ACTIONS
ANTONIO CARRARA
President of the Abruzzo, Lazio and Molise
National Park - Representative of Federparchi
Living Together: Coexistence
between people and large carnivores
12 -14 October 2017 - Venzone (UD)
1. THE NATIONAL PARK OF ABRUZZO, LAZIO E MOLISE
MAP:
➤ 50.000 ha of Park area
➤ 80.000 ha of BUFFER zone
➤ 3 Regions – 3 Provinces
➤ 24 Municipalities of which 7
within the Park and 17 the
outer buffer area.
➤ 5000 people live inside the
Park boundaries and another
20.000 in the buffer zone
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
2. MARSICAN BEAR POPULATION
N. 50 bears, with a
range of 45±69,
(genetic monitoring of 2014)
Of which
22 males and 28 females
with a sex ratio of
1:1.27.
Data in 2014 shows a
demographic stability
and discrete productivity
with at least 31 newborn
from 2011 to 2014.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
3. BEAR MORTALITY
From the analysis of Marsican
bear mortality data in the Central
Apennine area, in the most recent
period, from 1970 to 2016, 115
dead bears were found, with an
annual average of 2.5 bears per
year.
Concerning the causes of death,
38 cases (33%) could not be
ascertained, because of the lack of
remains found, while in 77 cases
(67%) the cause of death was
established as shown in the chart.
15% of the deaths are considered
natural causes, while the other
85% can be linked directly or
indirectly to human activities.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
4. CONFLICT MANAGEMENT
The Park has been involved in
conflict management since its
establishment.
Obviously, over the years, the
ways in which the activities are
carried out in the territory are
adequately adapted to social
and economic change.
Thanks to the actions of the Life
Arctos project (2010 to 2014),
operational protocols have been
revised and structured, which
nowadays allow us to operate
and handle some critical issues.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
5. ECONOMIC CATEGORIES OBJECT OF NEGOTIATIONS
The various economic categories
below will be considered as the ones
in conflict with the fauna and
management tools implemented by the
Park for the Reduction of Conflict:
➤ Zootechnical activities
➤ Contrast of stray dogs
➤ Agricultural activities
➤ Forestry activities
➤ Hunting
➤ Tourist / recreational activities
➤ Confident bears
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
6. COMPENSATION FOR BEAR DAMAGE
Number of damages from bear and amount of compensation per year
160000 300
120000 225
80000 150
40000 75
0 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
IMPORT N° OF INSPECTIONS
During the decade 2007-2016, the Park paid € 741,527.37 for
livestock damage caused by bears.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
7. COMPENSATION FOR WOLF DAMAGE
Number of damages from bear and amount of compensation per year
240.000 € 600
180.000 € 450
120.000 € 300
60.000 € 150
0€ 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
importo n° sopralluoghi
During the decade 2007-2016,
the Park paid € 1.632.505,56 for wolf damage
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
8. ELECTRIC FENCES
The Park started to deliver
electrified fences in the 90s. With
the Life Arctos project (2010-2014)
245 have been installed or
upgraded, in the Park and Buffer
zone. The Park rangers carrie out
inspections and controls:
In 2015 - there were 1775
inspections; n.8 full fences were
delivered and missing or repaired
parts were delivered to 7
applicants.
In 2016 - there were187
inspections; 50 complete fences
were delivered and missing or
repaired parts to 5 applicants.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS
9. CONTRAST OF STRAY DOGS
The Plan prepared by the Park Veterinary
Service and concerted in 2014 with ENPA and
Salviamo l’Orso, also involved the Public
Veterinary Services (ASLs and Regions) and
Ministry of Health and Veterinary Professionals.
The objective of this operational plan is to
involve all the Park Municipalities, including
some in the ZPE and the largest number of
Zootechnical companies, providing, in addition
to vaccination and microchipping of dogs, also
the sterilization of any stray dogs caught.
Cani
Numero N° giorni N° aziende Totale Cani Cani Cani randagi Cani
Regione chippati e
Comuni lavoro raggiunte cani trattati solo chippati solo vaccinati portati al canile sterilizzati
vaccinati
ABRUZZO 13 18 131 457 273 8 169 7 0
LAZIO 8 17 119 473 383 31 59 0 42
MOLISE 6 7 92 173 74 0 96 3 4
TOTALE 27 42 342 1103 730 39 324 10 46
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS10. COMPENSATION TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES
110.000 € 154 160
150
146
138
123 124
120
82.500 € 114 115 116 120
107
100
95
87
55.000 € 80
70
66
52
49
44
39
27.500 € 40
0€ 0
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016
importo indennizzo ORSO N° di eventi ORSO importo indennizzo UNGULATI N° di eventi UNGULATI
In the decade 2007-2016, the Park payed € 797.032,00 to farm
activities, for bear and ungulates (red deer, roe deer and wild
boar) damages.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS11. FORESTRY ACTIVITIES
AMOUNTS PAYED FOR LEASE OF MUNICIPAL
Since the 1980s, the Park has been
TERRITORIES IN 2016
providing a "direct management" by AREA
MUNICIPALITY ANNUAL FEE
“leasing” both pastures and wooded (hectares)
municipal land within the Park territory. Civitella Alfedena 892 ha € 35.000,00
Gioia dei Mari 1613 ha € 24.913,67
Indeed, the direct availability of Scanno 2260 ha € 51.186,39
strategic territories for protection, Barrea 1600 ha € 57.590,00
belonging to areas A (Integral Reserve) Lecce nei Marsi 1375 ha € 46.963,43
and B (General Reserve), has allowed Opi 1444 ha € 57.672,35
to preserve important habitats that Castel San Vincenzo 141 ha € 7.746,85
would have been otherwise exposed to Villetta Barrea 621 ha € 25.649,31
the risk of forest cuts, which are not Villavallelonga 1672 ha € 49.798,52
always avoidable, and which would Alfedena 392 ha € 16.155,14
certainly have diminished the natural Bisegna 825 ha € 29.804,45
value and protection of biodiversity. Settefrati 945 ha € 27.818,00
Picinisco 817 ha € 53.536,96
In other areas that are not managed S. Biagio Saracinisco 509 ha € 8.674,93
directly by the Park, forest harvests are Pizzone 43 ha € 461,82
done with the Park’s authorization. TOTALE 15.149 ha € 492.971,82
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS12. HUNTING
In the relationship with
hunters, rules were imposed
by the Park:
➤ Minor hunter density ZPE
(1 hunter/40 hectares)
➤ Regulation on wild boars
hunting (open in
November)
What is being done:
➤ Guidelines with UNA
Foundation
➤ Agreement with ATC
(local hunting association)
on selection hunting of
wild boar.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS13. RECREATIONAL, SPORTS AND TOURIST ACTIVITIES
The Park is visited every year
by thousands of visitors.
Most activities are both
outdoor sports activities
(montainbike, horse trekking,
etc.) and hiking (night
excursion).
During the last months the
Park has started a dialogue
with tour operators on
guidelines that will regulate
recreational activities,
especially those that may
create disturbance to fauna.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS14. THE CONFIDENT BEARS PROBLEM
The perpetuation in the last years of the
confident bears phenomenon has put the Park
in the face of a complex management
problem, both for the conservation of the
species and for the conflicts concerning local
populations.
In this last year, the Park is managing 5
confident bears (2-8% of the population)
with a high expenditure of financial and
human resources.
The operational protocol for the prevention
and management of the confident /
problematic bears phenomenon includes a
series of actions and responsibilities which,
starting from prevention, ie the safety of
house gardens and chickens, to the control
and dissuasion of bears in the inhabited
areas, also through a capillary work of
communication and negotiation of conflicts.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS15. FOR BEARS TO BE CONFIDENT IS A BIG PROBLEM
Even if a confident bear does not run away and is
therefore easily approachable by people who
want to see it and/or photograph it, it does not
mean that it does not undergo stress, which may
prevent him from better assimilating food.
➤ These bears are more frequent in the streets,
with a high risk of being run over by cars.
➤ They are also at risk of poaching.
➤ They can create an increased perception of
conflict with man.
➤ A negative image for areas of potential
future expansion of the species.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS16. TROPHIC RESOURCES
Environmental context and trophic
resources:
➤ Trophic sources easily accessible
➤ Trophic sources difficult to
protect
➤ Illegal structures
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS17. BEAR PROOF CHICKEN COOP
The Park, in collaboration with a specialist company (FAZA),
is developing a prototype of a bear-proof chicken coop.
The chicken coop is being experimented to understand the
critical aspects, in a park area frequented by the bear Mario
(M19).
Once tested, it will be given freely to be used by those
people who have yard animals, removing the current ones
that seem to be more as deposits of various material than
chicken coops.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS18. FRUIT ACTIVITIES
Another fruit activity is the one put in place by
some locals who have planted fruit trees outside
urban areas and periodically engage in pruning
with the help of volunteers and tourists.
One of the activities carried out by the
Park to counteract the bear's stay in the
villages is to harvest ripe fruit on trees in
gardens, obviously in agreement with the
owners and with the help of volunteers.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS19. SOCIAL CONTEXT
Different attitudes towards confident bears:
➤ Using lures to attract bears
➤ DIY (do it yourself) Dissuasions
➤ Crowds in villages caused by the spread of
news through media and social networks
➤ Failure to observe safety distances and
obstruction of possible escape routes for the
animal
➤ Obstruction during dissuasion operations
➤ Disagreements on management Park
policies during deterrence and / or capture
operations.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS20. COMMUNICATION AND NEGOTIATION ACTIVITIES ABOUT CONFIDENT BEARS
The conflict negotiation activities started
with Arctos initially were two:
Action 1. Meetings with the
stakeholders most concerned by the
presence of the bear (mayors, farmers,
farmers, beekeepers, journalists, guards,
hunters, tour operators) providing them a
questionnaire to learn about their level of
knowledge about bears;
Action 2. The negotiation path started
with some local communities, most
affected by the phenomenon of confident
bears.
The municipalities involved in these
activities were 4 (Scanno - Villalago - San
Sebastiano - Bisegna) to which Lecce nei
Marsi has been added in recent years.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS21. STRENGTH A WEAKNESS OF ACTION 1
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
1. Two hours of encounter are a
1. By providing a questionnaire for
limited time to deal with such a
different categories that would
complex issues and at next
help understand the level of
meetings, people usually do not
knowledge of the issues and the
come back;
perception of problems;
2. Some people have tried to exploit
2. The results would be analyzed
the meeting to vent their anger
immediately so they could be
on personal issues of litigation
used readily for comparison;
with Park administration;
3. The questionnaire was created
3. The beliefs (commonplaces),
with a basic investigation to start
repeated over time are hard to
the negotiation process.
kill…
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS22. NEGOTIATION REPORT
Activity no. 2 negotiations
involved 4 meetings for each
municipality on
"How to coexist with
bears?”, using innovative
methods such as OST (Open
Space Technology) and
Vision.
From the activities carried
out, only a few people were
afraid of bear raids in
chicken coops, the vast
majority, instead, see the
bear as the catalyst for all
the issues related to the
relationship with the Park
Administration.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS23. STRENGTH A WEAKNESS OF ACTION 2
STRENGTH WEAKNESS
1. Choice of new innovative 1. Difficulties in applying new
participation tools; methods to older people;
2. Mediation; 2. Difficulty in maintaining
consistency in organizing
3. Starting a path that "imposes" encounters;
a continuous comparison to 3. Lack of funds to continue the
give results; activities and perhaps extend
them to other Municipalities of
4. People enthusiasm; the PNALM
5. Participation of Local 4. Professional upgrading of Park
Administrations. Operators (Park Rangers)
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS24. OTHER COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
Other communication activities
related to what has just been
described to give information and
increase the awareness that
coexistence is possible:
➤ The Bear Report that is publicly
presented in Municipalities where the
confident bears phenomenon is most
felt.
➤ Several meetings have taken place in
recent years in villages outside the Park
area where the presence of the bear is
an exceptional event, in order to
prepare residents for a possible future
coexistence
➤ A weekly post on FB has been started:
"Appointment with bears" that every
Friday tells the activities set up by the
Park and leaves room for debate.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS25. SUPPORT MATERIALS FOR COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS26. LIVING WITH BEARS
In 2017, among the
various activities of
communication and
awareness carried out by
the Park is the posting of
posters in all of the
municipalities:
Living with Bears.
A poster featuring a number of useful tips to prevent bears from entering the
villages. In addition leaflets were distributed to all commercial activities.
On one side the poster tips on the other what constitutes bear habituation.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS27. MUNICIPALITIES ORDINANCES
The Municipality
administrations most
frequented by confident
bears have issued, in
agreement with the
Park, ordinances calling
on residents to avoid
certain behaviors that
disturb and/or attract
bears in the villages.
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS28. BEAR SMART COMMUNITY
The Municipal
Administration of Lecce
nei Marsi has started a
collaboration with the
Park to undertake a series
of information and
training activities in order
to bring citizens to coexist
with the bear, it is
becoming a
“Bear Smart Community”
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONS29. LIVING WITH BEARS
Thanks for your attention
IF BEARS COULD READ...
...I would've written "Living with
People," so they'd understand that
failing to figure out how to
peacefully coexist with the humans
could cost them their lives.
But only humans have the power
to prevent conflicts with bears.
Linda Masterson
(Living with bears)
LA MITIGAZIONE DEI CONFLITTI TRA POPOLAZIONI E GRANDI CARNIVORI: STRUMENTI E AZIONI DI COMUNICAZIONE
THE MITIGATION OF CONFLICTS BETWEEN POPULATION AND GREAT CARNIVORES: INSTRUMENTS AND COMMUNICATION ACTIONSYou can also read
