Sample Entry "Alexander Graham Bell" - 101 Men and Women Who Shaped Our World
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101 Men and Women Who Shaped Our World Sample Entry “Alexander Graham Bell” The Lincoln Library Press, Inc. (800) 516-2656 toll free 812 Huron Road E, Suite 401 (216) 781-9559 fax Cleveland, OH 44115-1172 www.TheLincolnLibrary.com Citation Gall, Timothy, ed. “Bell, Alexander Graham.” The Lincoln Library of Shapers of Society., vol. 3, Cleveland, OH: Lincoln Library Press, Inc., 2008, 88–97. © 2008 by Lincoln Library Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical—including photocopying, recording, Web distribution, or by any information system—without permission in writing from the publisher.
Bell, Alexander Graham Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) was a teacher, scientist, and inventor. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847. As a child, he developed a love of language by reading Shakespeare and studying theater. Bell moved to Canada with his family when he was twenty-three years old. There he worked with his father, teaching deaf students to speak. In 1871, Bell moved to Boston, where he opened a school for teachers of the deaf. He began a series of experiments using electronic devices to copy human speech. Bell discovered that speech could be transformed into electricity, transmitted by wire, and converted back into spoken words. On March 10, 1876, he spoke the first complete sentence ever transmitted by telephone: “Watson, come here. I want you.” Although other inventions would follow, Bell will always be remembered for his invention of the telephone. Bell died on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada, on August 2, 1922. business.” Bell’s father and grand- Young Alexander played the father were both experts on the piano beautifully, but he was shy subject of human speech. His father and not a very good student. His invented a method of teaching deaf father, frustrated by Alexander’s people to speak and published a poor performance in school, sent book, Standard Elocutionist. him to live with his grandfather. Alexander Bell (the middle name There, young Alexander, a timid “Graham” was added later) was His mother, who was partially middle child, grew into a confident born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on deaf and an accomplished pianist, March 3, 1847. He was the second young man. He developed a love of encouraged young Alexander’s of three sons born to Alexander interest in musical sounds. Bell poses with his family for a Melville Bell and Eliza Grace Alexander and his brother discov- group shot. Bell, the only clear Symonds. ered that they could manipulate face in the picture, understood The study of sounds and speech their pet dog’s voice box to make that he had to stay still in order might be called the Bell “family his barks sound like words. to present a sharp image. 88
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“When one door closes another door opens; but we often look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door, that we do not see the ones which open for us.” —Alexander Graham Bell Bell, Alexander Graham language by reading Shakespeare Bell attended Edinburgh and studying theater. He returned University and the University of to his parents, filled with excite- London. But his college studies ment about sounds and speaking ended before he could gradu- in a strong and powerful voice. ate because his family decided to move. His two brothers had died Young Alexander Graham Bell of tuberculosis, and his parents poses with a book. felt they needed to move far away from the tuberculosis epidemic to keep Alexander safe. In 1870, the Bell family moved to Brantford, Canada. In Canada, Alexander became his father’s assistant, teaching the deaf to speak using the elder Bell’s “visible speech” method. This method used illustrations of the lips and tongue forming words and Bell, his wife Mabel, and their sentences to teach both hearing daughters Elsie (left) and Marian, and deaf people how to create the also known as Daisy. sounds of language. At this time, Bell also became Moving to Boston interested in a device designed by In April of 1871, Bell moved the German scientist Hermann to Boston. There he opened a von Helmholtz. Helmholtz used school for teachers of the deaf that tuning forks to conduct experi- popularized his father’s universal ments in sound. He invented a phonetic alphabet. In 1873, Bell device that used an intermittent was made a professor of vocal electrical current to activate an physiology at Boston University. In electromagnet. This in turn kept 1874, Bell applied for U.S. citizen- the tuning fork vibrating. The ship. He became a naturalized U.S. device spurred Bell to start citizen in 1882. working with telegraphic instru- ments and batteries. He told his Bell’s move to Boston was fortu- friends, “Someday, someone will nate. The city, like Edinburgh, was find a way to transmit speech a center for science and technol- and music by telegraphy.” ogy. It was also a financial and 90
1847 Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847. U.S. Civil War academic center. Boston revived Bell’s interest in science and technology. It set him on a course These photos depict either a young Alexander or his that resulted in his greatest inven- brother Melville, making faces for the camera in the 1850s. tion, the telephone. Moves to Canada with his family. 1870 Inventing the Telephone 1871 Opens school for teachers of the deaf in Boston. The invention of the telephone was 1873 Becomes professor of vocal physiology at Boston University. a by-product of Bell’s exposure to 1875 Thomas Watson joins Bell as a research assistant. Bell electrically operated devices and submits a patent for the harmonic multiple telegraph, but inventor Elisha Gray beats him by two days. March 7. Receives patent for the telephone. Bell carried out his experiments March 10. Speaks first complete sentence ever transmitted on the top floor of this building over a wire. at 109 Court Street, Boston, in 1875. invent first airplane Wright Brothers A model of Bell’s first telephone 1903 Invents the tetrahedral kite. World War I One of Bell’s tetrahedral kites 1922 August 2. Dies at the age of 75 at his estate on Cape Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada. Milestones in the Life of Alexander Graham Bell 91
“Watson, come here. I want you.” —Alexander Graham Bell Bell, Alexander Graham his experiments in duplicating human speech. Other devices were the phonautograph, which made speech visible, and the duplex telegraph, which made it possible to send messages in two directions at the same time, on the same wire. In the summer of 1874, Bell managed to put together the basic principle of the telephone. Bell discovered that the inten- sity of a continuous electric current could be made to change (or undulate), just as air density varies when sound or speech is produced. But Bell did not believe, at first, that ordinary speech would have enough force to cause an armature to vibrate, thus reproduc- ing words. Bell put the idea aside. He preferred to work on his harmonic multiple telegraph. This was a telegraph capable of sending several messages over the same wire, at the same time. One of Bell’s students, Mabel Hubbard, spurred Bell on in his work. He and Mabel later married. In early 1875, Bell hired Thomas A. Watson as his assistant. Both men worked on the harmonic A page from Bell’s laboratory notebook showing a sketch of the telephone. 92
The second page of Bell’s patent drawing for the telephone. His work culminated in one of the most profitable and contested of all nineteenth-century patents. multiple telegraph. In February of that year, Bell submitted his appli- cation for a patent. However, Bell found out that a Chicago inventor, Elisha Gray, had beaten him by two days. Still, all was not lost. Bell was the first person to file patent applications covering a number of important parts for such a telegraphic system. However, Bell decided to change direction. He acted under the advice of Joseph Henry, head of the Smithsonian Institution and a famous American scientist. Henry encouraged Bell to pursue his idea for a telephone. In June 1875, Bell and Watson made a key discovery. The act of removing a steel reed stuck on an electromag- net caused another reed to make an audible sound. Bell and Watson succeeded in trans- mitting a musical note by wire. More important, the receiver and the transmitter were the same: a metal disk in front of an electromagnet. A man demonstrates Bell’s first telephone. 93
“Great discoveries and improvements invariably involve the cooperation of many minds.” —Alexander Graham Bell Bell, Alexander Graham On February 14, 1876, Bell transmitted over a wire: “Watson, at the Centennial Exposition in filed for a patent. It was granted on come here. I want you.” He said Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On March 7. this because some battery acid had July 9, 1877, Gardiner Hubbard, accidentally spilled on his clothing. Bell’s father-in-law, established the Three days later, Bell spoke the first complete sentence ever Bell’s telephone was demonstrated Bell Telephone Company. Was Bell First? When technological progress has advanced to a certain stage, it is common for multiple people at the same time to independently grasp the implications of that progress. Those implications often lead to new ideas, discoveries, and inven- tions by various people working independently of each other. In other words, Bell was not the only person to have the idea of sending speech through a wire. In 1860, German inventor Johann Philipp Reis created a low- functioning machine that trans- mitted inexact noises at limited frequencies. It could transmit tones and some vowels, and so it is often referred to as the “musical telephone.” Many Germans like to think that Reis was the inventor of the telephone. Bell at the New York end of the circuit to Chicago. This line was opened in 1892 as part of ceremonies incidental to the World’s Columbian Exposition. 94
understand. That was Bell’s singu- Other Inventions lar achievement. Bell did not rest on his laurels after Being “first” often means being inventing the telephone. He was the first one to the patent office. impressed by Thomas Edison’s When Bell went to patent his work at his laboratory in Menlo harmonic multiple telegraph, he Park, New Jersey. Bell sought to found Elisha Gray had beaten duplicate Edison’s efforts by creat- him to the patent office by ing his own laboratory. See also two days. Each had invented the Edison, Thomas Alva. harmonic multiple telegraph, but Bell produced many inventions Gray got the credit. The tables there. He invented the photophone turned when it came to the patent (1880), which was able to transmit for the telephone. speech by light. He invented the On February 14, 1876, Gray spectrophone (1881), which used Bell, sitting with his grandson, applied for a patent caveat for the sound to detect the colors of the Melville Bell Grosvenor, observes telephone. It was the thirty-ninth spectrum. And he invented the the progress of one of his entry of the day at the U.S. Patent telephone probe (1881) to locate tetrahedral kites (above right) Office. Bell’s patent application, foreign metals (such as bullets) in from the porch of his laboratory however, was entry number five. the human body. Bell also contrib- in Baddeck, Nova Scotia. Bell had beaten Gray to the uted to the development of phono- patent office by a matter of graph recording on wax discs. In America, an Italian immigrant hours. He was awarded U.S. In 1888, Bell was a found- by the name of Antonio Meucci Patent Number 174,465: the ing member of the National began developing a device he called first patent for a telephone. Geographic Society. His father- the “telectrophone” in 1849. In in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Years later, Meucci came for- 1871, he filed for a patent caveat ward claiming to be the telephone’s became the society’s first presi- (a one-year renewable notice of dent and Bell served as its second true inventor. The U.S. House of an impending patent), but did (1898–1903). Bell’s son-in-law, Representatives even recognized not renew it. Consequently, some Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, was the his role in the development of the first full-time editor of National people believe Meucci was the telephone on June 11, 2002, when Geographic magazine. inventor of the telephone. they passed a resolution honoring his work. However, the carefully In 1903, Bell invented the tetra- It is questionable, however, worded resolution, sponsored by hedral kite. His great interest in whether either Reis or Meucci Congressman Vito Fossella, does flight led to the establishment of created a device that could trans- not challenge the claim of Bell as the Aerial Experiment Association mit speech that anyone could the inventor of the telephone. (AEA) in 1907. 95
“A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is born with—a man is what he makes of himself.” —Alexander Graham Bell Bell, Alexander Graham The association, financed by his people believed she was unteach- and books proved inspirational to wife Mabel, was formed to design able. Her parents, however, were thousands. a working model of Bell’s idea for optimistic. When she was seven a motorized tetrahedral kite. It years old, they took her to meet Bell took a lasting interest in also collaborated on the produc- Bell. He recommended Anne Keller and her pursuits, and the tion of airplanes designed by each Mansfield Sullivan (1865–1936)— two maintained a close thirty-six– member. Together they built the once partially blind herself—as a year friendship that is documented Silver Dart. It was the first airplane teacher for the child. in photos and correspondence. In with a wheeled undercarriage and, 1918, Helen wrote to Bell, “You in 1909, the first to fly in Canada. Sullivan came to live with her have always shown a father’s joy in When the AEA disbanded in 1909, pupil and began her work on my successes and a father’s tender- Bell turned his attention to design- March 2, 1887. By the end of ness when things have not gone ing hydrofoils and catamarans. the month, she had taught Helen right.” to communicate by touch. Keller Teacher of the Deaf progressed rapidly, learning to Bell was awarded many medals Bell maintained many friendships read, write, and later converse, and honorary degrees. In his later over his lifetime, including an proving that she possessed a years he spent much of his time at especially close one with Helen powerful intellect. his estate on Cape Breton Island Keller. Keller was a remarkable in Nova Scotia, Canada. Bell died woman who gained the admiration In 1904, she was graduated from there on August 2, 1922. of America. A serious illness had Radcliffe cum laude and began deprived her at the age of nineteen the many philanthropic works for Bell earned a reputation as an months of sight and hearing and, which she became famous. The inventor, but he was most proud it was assumed, of speech. Most story of her own life in her lectures of his early work. Throughout his entire life, Bell always listed “teacher of the deaf” as his profes- sion. When the New York Times published his obituary on August 3, 1922, it ended with the line, “Personally he was one of the most attractive of men.” Men on skates guide the Silver Dart across the iced-over Bras d’Or Lake on Cape Breton Island. The aircraft stayed aloft for six minutes. 96
Bell with Hellen Keller (above). The two shared a close relationship for over thirty-six years. Keller wrote a letter to Bell (right) congratulating him on his experiments with flight. The photograph below shows Bell communicating with Keller using hand language. Keller’s teacher, Anne Sullivan, is sitting on the ground. Further Study BOOKS Fisher, Leonard Everett. Alexander Graham Bell. New York: Atheneum, 1999. (Ages 9–12) Linder, Greg. Alexander Graham Bell: A Photo-Illustrated Biography. Mankato, MN: Bridgestone Books, 1999. (Ages 4–8) MacLeod, Elizabeth. Alexander Graham Bell: An Inventive Life. Tonawanda, NY: Kids Can Press, 1998. (Ages 9–12) Matthews, Tom L. Always Inventing: A Photobiography of Alexander Graham Bell. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 1999. Pasachoff, Naomi. Alexander Graham Bell: Making Connections. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. WEB SITES Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). “More about Bell.” www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/ telephone/peopleevents/mabell.html (accessed April 2007). 97
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