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101 Men and Women Who Shaped Our World

Sample Entry “Alexander Graham Bell”

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Citation
Gall, Timothy, ed. “Bell, Alexander Graham.” The Lincoln Library of Shapers of Society.,
   vol. 3, Cleveland, OH: Lincoln Library Press, Inc., 2008, 88–97.

© 2008 by Lincoln Library Press, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or used in any form or by any means electronic or mechanical—including photocopying,
recording, Web distribution, or by any information system—without permission in writing from the publisher.
Bell, Alexander Graham
Alexander Graham Bell (1847–1922) was a teacher, scientist, and
inventor. He was born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on March 3, 1847.
As a child, he developed a love of language by reading Shakespeare
and studying theater. Bell moved to Canada with his family when
he was twenty-three years old. There he worked with his father,
teaching deaf students to speak. In 1871, Bell moved to Boston,
where he opened a school for teachers of the deaf. He began a series
of experiments using electronic devices to copy human speech. Bell
                        discovered that speech could be transformed
                        into electricity, transmitted by wire, and
                        converted back into spoken words. On
                        March 10, 1876, he spoke the first complete
                        sentence ever transmitted by telephone:
                        “Watson, come here. I want you.” Although
                        other inventions would follow, Bell will always
                        be remembered for his invention of the
                        telephone. Bell died on Cape Breton Island,
                        Nova Scotia, Canada, on August 2, 1922.
                                   business.” Bell’s father and grand-      Young Alexander played the
                                   father were both experts on the       piano beautifully, but he was shy
                                   subject of human speech. His father   and not a very good student. His
                                   invented a method of teaching deaf    father, frustrated by Alexander’s
                                   people to speak and published a       poor performance in school, sent
                                   book, Standard Elocutionist.          him to live with his grandfather.
Alexander Bell (the middle name
                                                                         There, young Alexander, a timid
“Graham” was added later) was         His mother, who was partially      middle child, grew into a confident
born in Edinburgh, Scotland, on    deaf and an accomplished pianist,
March 3, 1847. He was the second                                         young man. He developed a love of
                                   encouraged young Alexander’s
of three sons born to Alexander    interest in musical sounds.             Bell poses with his family for a
Melville Bell and Eliza Grace      Alexander and his brother discov-       group shot. Bell, the only clear
Symonds.
                                   ered that they could manipulate         face in the picture, understood
  The study of sounds and speech   their pet dog’s voice box to make      that he had to stay still in order
might be called the Bell “family   his barks sound like words.                   to present a sharp image.

88
89
“When one door closes another door opens; but we often
                               look so long and so regretfully upon the closed door,
                                    that we do not see the ones which open for us.”
                                                                                —Alexander Graham Bell

Bell, Alexander Graham
language by reading Shakespeare           Bell    attended   Edinburgh
and studying theater. He returned     University and the University of
to his parents, filled with excite-   London. But his college studies
ment about sounds and speaking        ended before he could gradu-
in a strong and powerful voice.       ate because his family decided to
                                      move. His two brothers had died
Young Alexander Graham Bell           of tuberculosis, and his parents
poses with a book.                    felt they needed to move far away
                                      from the tuberculosis epidemic to
                                      keep Alexander safe. In 1870, the
                                      Bell family moved to Brantford,
                                      Canada.

                                          In Canada, Alexander became
                                      his father’s assistant, teaching the
                                      deaf to speak using the elder Bell’s
                                      “visible speech” method. This
                                      method used illustrations of the
                                      lips and tongue forming words and      Bell, his wife Mabel, and their
                                      sentences to teach both hearing        daughters Elsie (left) and Marian,
                                      and deaf people how to create the      also known as Daisy.
                                      sounds of language.

                                          At this time, Bell also became     Moving to Boston
                                      interested in a device designed by     In April of 1871, Bell moved
                                      the German scientist Hermann           to Boston. There he opened a
                                      von Helmholtz. Helmholtz used          school for teachers of the deaf that
                                      tuning forks to conduct experi-        popularized his father’s universal
                                      ments in sound. He invented a          phonetic alphabet. In 1873, Bell
                                      device that used an intermittent       was made a professor of vocal
                                      electrical current to activate an      physiology at Boston University. In
                                      electromagnet. This in turn kept       1874, Bell applied for U.S. citizen-
                                      the tuning fork vibrating. The         ship. He became a naturalized U.S.
                                      device spurred Bell to start           citizen in 1882.
                                      working with telegraphic instru-
                                      ments and batteries. He told his          Bell’s move to Boston was fortu-
                                      friends, “Someday, someone will        nate. The city, like Edinburgh, was
                                      find a way to transmit speech          a center for science and technol-
                                      and music by telegraphy.”              ogy. It was also a financial and

90
1847   Born in Edinburgh, Scotland, March 3, 1847.

                                                  U.S. Civil War
academic center. Boston revived
Bell’s interest in science and
technology. It set him on a course                                             These photos depict either a young Alexander or his
that resulted in his greatest inven-                                        brother Melville, making faces for the camera in the 1850s.
tion, the telephone.                                                      Moves to Canada with his family.
                                                                   1870
Inventing the Telephone                                            1871   Opens school for teachers of the deaf in Boston.

The invention of the telephone was                                 1873   Becomes professor of vocal physiology at Boston University.
a by-product of Bell’s exposure to
                                                                   1875   Thomas Watson joins Bell as a research assistant. Bell
electrically operated devices and                                         submits a patent for the harmonic multiple telegraph, but
                                                                          inventor Elisha Gray beats him by two days.
                                                                          March 7. Receives patent for the telephone.
Bell carried out his experiments                                          March 10. Speaks first complete sentence ever transmitted
on the top floor of this building                                         over a wire.
at 109 Court Street, Boston, in
1875.
                                       invent first airplane
                                         Wright Brothers

                                                                                         A model of Bell’s first telephone

                                                                   1903
                                                                          Invents the tetrahedral kite.
                                                  World War I

                                                                                          One of Bell’s tetrahedral kites
                                                                   1922
                                                                          August 2. Dies at the age of 75 at his estate on Cape
                                                                          Breton Island, Nova Scotia, Canada.

                                           Milestones in the Life of Alexander Graham Bell

                                                                                                                                          91
“Watson, come here. I want you.”
                                                  —Alexander Graham Bell

Bell, Alexander Graham
his experiments in duplicating
human speech. Other devices were
the phonautograph, which made
speech visible, and the duplex
telegraph, which made it possible
to send messages in two directions
at the same time, on the same
wire. In the summer of 1874, Bell
managed to put together the basic
principle of the telephone.

    Bell discovered that the inten-
sity of a continuous electric
current could be made to change
(or undulate), just as air density
varies when sound or speech is
produced. But Bell did not believe,
at first, that ordinary speech would
have enough force to cause an
armature to vibrate, thus reproduc-
ing words.

   Bell put the idea aside.
He preferred to work on his
harmonic multiple telegraph.
This was a telegraph capable of
sending several messages over the
same wire, at the same time. One
of Bell’s students, Mabel Hubbard,
spurred Bell on in his work. He
and Mabel later married.

  In early 1875, Bell hired Thomas
A. Watson as his assistant. Both
men worked on the harmonic

     A page from Bell’s laboratory
     notebook showing a sketch of
                  the telephone.

92
The second page of Bell’s patent
drawing for the telephone. His
work culminated in one of the
most profitable and contested of
all nineteenth-century patents.
multiple telegraph. In February of
that year, Bell submitted his appli-
cation for a patent. However, Bell
found out that a Chicago inventor,
Elisha Gray, had beaten him by
two days. Still, all was not lost. Bell
was the first person to file patent
applications covering a number
of important parts for such a
telegraphic system. However, Bell
decided to change direction. He
acted under the advice of Joseph
Henry, head of the Smithsonian
Institution and a famous American
scientist. Henry encouraged Bell
to pursue his idea for a telephone.

   In June 1875, Bell and
Watson made a key discovery.
The act of removing a steel
reed stuck on an electromag-
net caused another reed to
make an audible sound. Bell and
Watson succeeded in trans-
mitting a musical note by wire.
More important, the receiver
and the transmitter were the
same: a metal disk in front of
an electromagnet.

A man demonstrates Bell’s first
telephone.

                                    93
“Great discoveries and improvements invariably
                                                   involve the cooperation of many minds.”
                                                                                   —Alexander Graham Bell

Bell, Alexander Graham
    On February 14, 1876, Bell          transmitted over a wire: “Watson,       at the Centennial Exposition in
filed for a patent. It was granted on   come here. I want you.” He said         Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. On
March 7.                                this because some battery acid had      July 9, 1877, Gardiner Hubbard,
                                        accidentally spilled on his clothing.   Bell’s father-in-law, established the
   Three days later, Bell spoke
the first complete sentence ever        Bell’s telephone was demonstrated       Bell Telephone Company.

                                                                                Was Bell First?
                                                                                When technological progress has
                                                                                advanced to a certain stage, it is
                                                                                common for multiple people at the
                                                                                same time to independently grasp
                                                                                the implications of that progress.
                                                                                Those implications often lead to
                                                                                new ideas, discoveries, and inven-
                                                                                tions by various people working
                                                                                independently of each other.

                                                                                    In other words, Bell was not
                                                                                the only person to have the idea
                                                                                of sending speech through a
                                                                                wire. In 1860, German inventor
                                                                                Johann Philipp Reis created a low-
                                                                                functioning machine that trans-
                                                                                mitted inexact noises at limited
                                                                                frequencies. It could transmit
                                                                                tones and some vowels, and so it
                                                                                is often referred to as the “musical
                                                                                telephone.” Many Germans like to
                                                                                think that Reis was the inventor of
                                                                                the telephone.

                                                                                Bell at the New York end of
                                                                                the circuit to Chicago. This line
                                                                                was opened in 1892 as part of
                                                                                ceremonies incidental to the
                                                                                World’s Columbian Exposition.

94
understand. That was Bell’s singu-    Other Inventions
                                      lar achievement.                      Bell did not rest on his laurels after
                                         Being “first” often means being    inventing the telephone. He was
                                      the first one to the patent office.   impressed by Thomas Edison’s
                                      When Bell went to patent his          work at his laboratory in Menlo
                                      harmonic multiple telegraph, he       Park, New Jersey. Bell sought to
                                      found Elisha Gray had beaten          duplicate Edison’s efforts by creat-
                                      him to the patent office by           ing his own laboratory. See also
                                      two days. Each had invented the       Edison, Thomas Alva.
                                      harmonic multiple telegraph, but          Bell produced many inventions
                                      Gray got the credit. The tables       there. He invented the photophone
                                      turned when it came to the patent     (1880), which was able to transmit
                                      for the telephone.                    speech by light. He invented the
                                          On February 14, 1876, Gray        spectrophone (1881), which used
Bell, sitting with his grandson,      applied for a patent caveat for the   sound to detect the colors of the
Melville Bell Grosvenor, observes     telephone. It was the thirty-ninth    spectrum. And he invented the
the progress of one of his            entry of the day at the U.S. Patent   telephone probe (1881) to locate
tetrahedral kites (above right)       Office. Bell’s patent application,    foreign metals (such as bullets) in
from the porch of his laboratory      however, was entry number five.       the human body. Bell also contrib-
in Baddeck, Nova Scotia.              Bell had beaten Gray to the           uted to the development of phono-
                                      patent office by a matter of          graph recording on wax discs.
   In America, an Italian immigrant   hours. He was awarded U.S.                In 1888, Bell was a found-
by the name of Antonio Meucci         Patent Number 174,465: the            ing member of the National
began developing a device he called   first patent for a telephone.         Geographic Society. His father-
the “telectrophone” in 1849. In                                             in-law, Gardiner Greene Hubbard,
                                          Years later, Meucci came for-
1871, he filed for a patent caveat    ward claiming to be the telephone’s   became the society’s first presi-
(a one-year renewable notice of                                             dent and Bell served as its second
                                      true inventor. The U.S. House of
an impending patent), but did                                               (1898–1903). Bell’s son-in-law,
                                      Representatives even recognized
not renew it. Consequently, some                                            Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor, was the
                                      his role in the development of the
                                                                            first full-time editor of National
people believe Meucci was the         telephone on June 11, 2002, when
                                                                            Geographic magazine.
inventor of the telephone.            they passed a resolution honoring
                                      his work. However, the carefully          In 1903, Bell invented the tetra-
   It is questionable, however,       worded resolution, sponsored by       hedral kite. His great interest in
whether either Reis or Meucci         Congressman Vito Fossella, does       flight led to the establishment of
created a device that could trans-    not challenge the claim of Bell as    the Aerial Experiment Association
mit speech that anyone could          the inventor of the telephone.        (AEA) in 1907.

                                                                                                               95
“A man, as a general rule, owes very little to what he is
                                       born with—a man is what he makes of himself.”
                                                                                    —Alexander Graham Bell

Bell, Alexander Graham
   The association, financed by his      people believed she was unteach-        and books proved inspirational to
wife Mabel, was formed to design         able. Her parents, however, were        thousands.
a working model of Bell’s idea for       optimistic. When she was seven
a motorized tetrahedral kite. It         years old, they took her to meet           Bell took a lasting interest in
also collaborated on the produc-         Bell. He recommended Anne               Keller and her pursuits, and the
tion of airplanes designed by each       Mansfield Sullivan (1865–1936)—         two maintained a close thirty-six–
member. Together they built the          once partially blind herself—as a       year friendship that is documented
Silver Dart. It was the first airplane   teacher for the child.                  in photos and correspondence. In
with a wheeled undercarriage and,                                                1918, Helen wrote to Bell, “You
in 1909, the first to fly in Canada.        Sullivan came to live with her       have always shown a father’s joy in
When the AEA disbanded in 1909,          pupil and began her work on             my successes and a father’s tender-
Bell turned his attention to design-
                                         March 2, 1887. By the end of            ness when things have not gone
ing hydrofoils and catamarans.
                                         the month, she had taught Helen         right.”
                                         to communicate by touch. Keller
Teacher of the Deaf                      progressed rapidly, learning to            Bell was awarded many medals
Bell maintained many friendships         read, write, and later converse,        and honorary degrees. In his later
over his lifetime, including an          proving that she possessed a            years he spent much of his time at
especially close one with Helen          powerful intellect.                     his estate on Cape Breton Island
Keller. Keller was a remarkable                                                  in Nova Scotia, Canada. Bell died
woman who gained the admiration             In 1904, she was graduated from      there on August 2, 1922.
of America. A serious illness had        Radcliffe cum laude and began
deprived her at the age of nineteen      the many philanthropic works for           Bell earned a reputation as an
months of sight and hearing and,         which she became famous. The            inventor, but he was most proud
it was assumed, of speech. Most          story of her own life in her lectures   of his early work. Throughout
                                                                                 his entire life, Bell always listed
                                                                                 “teacher of the deaf” as his profes-
                                                                                 sion. When the New York Times
                                                                                 published his obituary on August
                                                                                 3, 1922, it ended with the line,
                                                                                 “Personally he was one of the most
                                                                                 attractive of men.”

                                                                                 Men on skates guide the Silver
                                                                                 Dart across the iced-over Bras
                                                                                 d’Or Lake on Cape Breton Island.
                                                                                 The aircraft stayed aloft for six
                                                                                 minutes.

96
Bell with Hellen Keller (above).
            The two shared a close
   relationship for over thirty-six
    years. Keller wrote a letter to
Bell (right) congratulating him on
 his experiments with flight. The
    photograph below shows Bell
communicating with Keller using
 hand language. Keller’s teacher,
  Anne Sullivan, is sitting on the
                           ground.

Further Study
BOOKS
Fisher, Leonard Everett. Alexander
 Graham Bell. New York: Atheneum,
 1999. (Ages 9–12)
Linder, Greg. Alexander Graham Bell: A
 Photo-Illustrated Biography. Mankato,
 MN: Bridgestone Books, 1999. (Ages
 4–8)
MacLeod, Elizabeth. Alexander Graham
 Bell: An Inventive Life. Tonawanda,
 NY: Kids Can Press, 1998. (Ages 9–12)
Matthews, Tom L. Always Inventing:
 A Photobiography of Alexander
 Graham Bell. Washington, DC: National
 Geographic Society, 1999.
Pasachoff, Naomi. Alexander Graham
 Bell: Making Connections. New York:
 Oxford University Press, 1996.
WEB SITES
Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). “More
 about Bell.” www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/
 telephone/peopleevents/mabell.html
 (accessed April 2007).

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