Overview for referencing in written reports, essays and assignments - College of Business
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Overview for referencing in written reports, essays and assignments College of Business Dr Peter Chomley
The academic challenge: Understanding how you communicate The RMIT College of Business Guidelines are based on the Style manual for authors, editors and printers (2002), referred to here as Style manual (2002) which is published on behalf of the Commonwealth of Australia, and is the Commonwealth Government’s preferred style. The Style manual (2002) can be used to provide guidance on areas which are not covered in the RMIT Business document, but if there is any inconsistency you should follow the RMIT Business document. RMIT University 2018 College of Business v.4 2010 2
What is referencing? • Referencing means acknowledging someone else’s work or ideas. It is sometimes called ‘citing’ or ‘documenting’ another person’s work. • Referencing is a basic University requirement. • It is mandatory for all students to cite or acknowledge information that has come from other sources. • Without appropriate referencing students are in effect ‘stealing’ the work of others - this is tantamount to academic fraud. There are consequences if students fail to reference their assignments. These may include: • Reduction in marks for assessment tasks. • Failure in a course of study. • Expulsion from a program. Note: The Harvard system has many variations. You must use this version known as the AGPS style. RMIT University 2018 3
When do I reference? You reference whenever you have used a piece of information that comes from • Text books • Journals • Published papers, (e.g. conference or working paper) • Newspapers • Websites • TV/Radio interviews • Personal communication • Others You must cite the origins of the information you are using, whether you have copied the words directly or whether you have paraphrased. • If in doubt----REFERENCE! RMIT University 2018 4
Referencing
Whenever you rely on someone else’s work you must acknowledge that by
providing details of the source.
In this system, each reference is indicated in two areas of your work:
• in the text (in-text citation) by using the name of the author(s) and the date of
publication of the work.
• In the reference list, where the full details of each reference, including the title
and publishing details are given
In-text citations
There are two ways of referencing in-text:
• Paraphrasing - ideas of the author(s) are expressed in your own words.
• Direct quotes
RMIT University 2018 5How to reference in-text
There are two options for in-text referencing
• Adding the citation at the end of the sentence.
• Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
• When paraphrasing include the author’s name and date of publication.
e.g.
– Lack of variability in a product is an important measure of its quality
(Shannon 2003).
OR
– Shannon (2003) describes the role of statistics in minimising product
variability.
RMIT University 2018 6General rules for reference in-text (1) Where the name(s) of the authors are given: • For books, journals, websites, conference papers and newspapers, the general rule is to use the family name and the date. One author Family name Kumar (2007) argued that… Year of publication ...(Kumar 2007). Two or three authors Family name Brown and Lee (2008) offer the opinion that… Year of publication ....(Brown & Lee 2008). Four or more authors The name of the first author followed by Ng et al. (2004) stated that… ‘et al.’ …(Ng et al. 2004). Year of publication Note: Family names of all authors, and initials, to be used in the reference list RMIT University 2018 7
General rules for reference in-text (2)
Where the name(s) of the authors are NOT given:
• For books, journals, websites, conference papers and newspapers, the
general rule is to use the organisation name and the date.
Newspapers from a database or hard copy In-Text Reference
Name of paper – in italics As stated in the Financial Review (1 August
Date 2007, p. 62, viewed 27 August 2007, Factiva
Database)…..
Page
…. (Financial Review, 1 August 2007, p. 62,
Date viewed
viewed 27 August 2007, Factiva Database).
Database if applicable
Websites – corporations / institutions
An organisational publication with no
individual author e.g. a corporate website or
report, treat the company as the author Telstra (2007) provided the latest….
Name of authoring body, corporation / ...,(Telstra 2007).
institution
Year of publication
RMIT University 2018 8General rules for reference in-text (3)
Several items with same author and year):
If you are referring to more than
one work written by the same
author in the same year, the Hill, CWL 2004a, Global Hill (2004a) suggests that...
letters a,b,c etc are added to the business today, 3rd edn, Hill (2004b) suggests that...
date to indicate which one you McGraw Hill / Irwin,
mean. Boston. ...(Hill 2004b).
...(Hill 2004a).
In the reference list the works Hill, CWL 2004b, Strategic
are listed alphabetically management theory: an
according to the title. If the title integrated approach, 6th
starts with ‘A’, ‘An’, or ‘The’, the edn, Houghton Mifflin,
alphabetical order is determined Boston.
by the second word in the title
RMIT University 2018 9General rules for reference in-text (4)
Secondary citation (citation within a citation):
• A secondary citation is when you refer to the work of one author cited by
another author.
• Primary sources are preferred.
If the original source is not
available you must include ‘Form ever follows function’
Horton, S 2006, Access by (Sullivan, cited in Horton
the name of both writers for design: a guide to universal
in-text references. 2006, p. 1).
usability for web designers,
Only the source you have New Riders, Berkeley, In 1896 Louis H. Sullivan
read appears in the reference California. observed that ‘form ever
list. follows function’ (cited in
Horton 2006, p. 1).
RMIT University 2018 10How to use quotes (1)
Direct quotes
• Direct quotes show where another person's original thoughts, words, ideas,
images etc have been used word-for-word in someone else's work. Direct
quotes should be kept to a minimum.
Quotations are used to:
• acknowledge the source of your information, eg ideas, words, thoughts, images
etc
• enable the reader independent access to your (re)sources.
Using the author’s name as part of your sentence.
e.g.
– Research shows the ‘Lack of variability in a product is an important measure
of its quality’ (Shannon 2003, p. 147).
OR
– Shannon (2003) describes the ‘lack of variability in a product is an important
measure of its quality’ (p. 147).
RMIT University 2018 11How to use quotes (2) Direct quotes (short) • Follow these steps to use direct quotes in your assignments. • Copy the exact words from the original source. • Use quotation marks ' ' at the beginning and end of the copied text. • Reference with appropriate author, year and page number information. Also: McShane and Travaglione (2003) state ‘work motivation and performance increase when employees feel personally accountable for the outcomes of their efforts’ (p. 199). RMIT University 2018 12
How to use quotes (3) Blockquotes (long direct quotes) • For citations over 4 lines, blockquotes should be used. A blockquote is indented and written as a separate paragraph. It does not have quotation marks around it. RMIT University 2018 13
Reference lists (1) A reference list: • The publication details of every item cited / used in your writing need to be included in the reference list at the end of your paper. Any websites used must also be documented in full. This enables the reader to locate the source if they wish. • Each reference list entry requires a specific format depending on the reference type i.e. whether it is a book, book chapter, journal article, website, etc. • You must use a variety of sources in your written work e.g. books, journals and websites etc. This indicates that you have researched widely. Note: RMIT Business requires all students to use a reference list in assessment tasks unless otherwise instructed by your lecturers RMIT University 2018 14
Reference lists (2)
Order of entries:
Note: No full stops are used between an author’s initials, and no comma is
used after the last author's initials. The dots following the entries’ names
indicate the details of the reference that should follow.
Reference list order rules Reference list
The reference list is arranged first alphabetically Jones, AB 2000, ...
by author, and if the authors are the same then Origin Energy 2005, …
by date. Smith, AK 1990, ...
Smith, AK 1999, …
Smith, AK 2004, …
A reference with multiple authors follows single Stein, B 2003, …(single author entry)
author entries beginning with the same author Stein, B, Lee, HK, Yin, CX & Singh, GS 2000, … (plural and alphabetical
name. author entry, that is, Lee comes before Reynolds in the English alphabet.)
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 1995, …
Stein, B & Reynolds, JS 2000, … (This reference is sorted by its date, it
has the same authors as the reference before it but was written at a later
date)…
Where an item has no author it is listed by its Style manual for authors, editors and printers 2002, ...
title.
Where several works have the same author and Young, JC 1988a, Economic indicators …
year of publication, add the letters a, b, ... etc Young, JC 1988b, A quick guide … (Economic comes before quick in the
according to the alphabetical order of the titles in English alphabet)
the reference list, ignoring the initial articles A, Young, JC & Smith, AK 1988, …
An or The.
RMIT University 2018 15Reference lists (3) - examples
Textbook
• Schermerhorn, J Davidson, P Factor, A Woods, P Simon A & McBarron, E
2016, Management, Wiley, Milton, Qld.
Journal article
• Cole, B, & Salimath, M 2013, ‘Diversity identity management: an organizational
perspective’. Journal of Business Ethics, vol. 116, no.1, pp. 151–161.
eBook
• Karlsen, F 2013, A world of excesses: online games and excessive playing, Routledge,
Proquest Ebook Central.
Book Chapter
• Ahmadjian, C 2006, ‘Japanese business groups: continuity in the face of change’, in S
Chang (ed.), Business groups in East Asia: financial crisis, restructuring, and new
growth, 3rd edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 22-51.
Website
• World Health Organization 2014, WHO recommendations for routine immunization –
summary tables, World Health Organization, viewed 1 May 2014,
RMIT University 2018 16RMIT Resources https://emedia.rmit.edu.au/dlsweb/bus/public/referencing/secondary_sources/s econdary_sources.html http://mams.rmit.edu.au/lp7zndovilp7.pdf http://www1.rmit.edu.au/browse;ID=8rwjnkcmfoeez http://www.lib.rmit.edu.au/easy-cite/ https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/1_studyskills/study_tuts/studysmart/ referencing.html https://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/1_studyskills/study_tuts/harvard_ll/ harvard.html RMIT University 2018 17
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