GHG Mitigation in Transport - Emissions and the Impact of Mitigation Policies Assessing Inland Transport CO2 - UNECE
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GHG Mitigation in Transport
Assessing Inland Transport CO2
Emissions and the Impact of
Mitigation Policies
Palais des Nations Steve McCauley
Geneva, Switzerland Environment Canada
Context and Background
Policy Context
• Government of Canada is reducing GHG emissions based on a
sector-by-sector regulatory approach, with transportation being a
key part of that plan
• Aligning regulations with those of the U.S. to maximize potential
benefits and minimize potential costs
– North American transportation sector is already largely integrated
• Working towards global harmonization of GHG regulations
– Environment Canada is a participant in the U.N. World Forum for
Harmonization of Vehicle Regulations (WP29)
• Government of Canada is also implementing a number of
complementary measures in addition to the regulated standards
Page 3
Environmental Context
Canada’s 2008 GHG Emissions Canada’s 2008 GHG Emissions
from Transportation
Non-Transportation
Sources Propane & Natural
Gas Vehicles
0.5%
Transportation 29%
22%
55%
• The transportation industry
accounted for 22% of all
Canadian emissions as of 2008
• Under the Copenhagen 3%
Accord, Canada set GHG 5%
4%
emission target at 17% below
2005 levels by 2020
– Target of 607 Mt in total 4%
emissions per year
Page 4
Economic Context
• Transportation is a key sector of the Canadian economy
– In 2010, the transportation industry accounted for $58.4 billion
GDP per year (4.7% of total GDP)
– Total transportation jobs in 2010 (direct and indirect): 670,675
– Aggregate spending in 2008 on transportation totalled $176
billion, or 12.2% of national spending
Page 5
Vehicle and Engine Emission
Regulations
Environment Canada’s Recent Regulatory
History
2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 …
Air
Pollutants
Emission Control
2006+ MYs
Area
GHGs
(Sulphur in Diesel
2011-2016
Fuel)
MYs
GHGs
Air
2014-2018 MYs
Pollutants
2004+ MYs
Air Pollutants
Tier 2/3
2006+ MYs
GHGs
2017-2025 MYs
Air Air Pollutants
Pollutants Air Tier 4
Phase I/II Pollutants 2012+ MYs On-Board
2005+ MYs 2012+ MYs Diagnostic 2013+
MYs
Page 7 Page 7
Canadian Regulations for Light-duty
Vehicles
• LDV GHG emissions are regulated under the Canadian Environmental
Protection Act, 1999
• Passenger Automobile and Light Truck Greenhouse Gas Emission
Regulations were published in Canada Gazette, Part II (CG II) on October
13, 2010, to regulate MY2011 vehicles and onwards
– Standards become progressively
Footprint-Based LDV Emission Standards
more stringent up to MY 2016 450
• Regulations predicted to reduce
400 2012
GHG emissions by 92 Mt CO2
CO2 Grams per Mile
over the lifetime of MY2011-2016 350
vehicles 2012
2016
– Average annual incremental 300
reduction of 9-10 Mt CO2 per 2016
250
year by 2020 compared to
business as usual scenario 200 Passenger Automobiles
• Emissions are regulated by Light Trucks
footprint-based target values 150
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Vehicle Footprint (m2)
Page 8
Canadian Regulations for Light-duty
Vehicles
• EC working with U.S. EPA , NHTSA,
and CARB to develop regulations for
MY2017-2025
• Notice of Intent to develop more
stringent standards was published in
Canada Gazette I on October 16,
2010
• Released Consultation Document on
November 16, 2011
– Reduction of 5% per year between
2017 and 2025 for passenger
automobiles
– Reduction of 3.5% per year between
2017 and 2021 and 5% per year
between 2022 and 2025 for light
trucks
• Intend to publish proposed
regulations in CG I in 2012
Page 9
Canadian Regulations for Heavy-Duty
Vehicles and Engines
• Proposed Heavy-duty Vehicle and Engine Greenhouse Gas
Emission Regulations were published in the Canada Gazette, Part I
on April 14, 2012
– Targets new on-road HDVs for model years 2014 and onwards
– HDVs include heavy-duty trucks and vans (Class 2B & 3), combination
tractors, and vocational vehicles
• Proposed standards vary based on vehicle size, classification,
expected duty cycle, etc.
– For example, compliance with vehicle standards for vocational vehicles
and combination tractors will be assessed using GEM computer
simulation model, due to highly customizable nature of sector
Page 10Canadian Regulations for Heavy-Duty
Vehicles and Engines
• Standards will align with U.S. EPA standards
• Estimated that net reduction of GHG emissions over the lifetime of
MY2014-2018 vehicles will be 19.0 Mt CO2e
– 5.3 Mt CO2e reduction in 2018
• Net savings due to regulations estimated at $4.2 billion (mostly due
to fuel savings)
– Payback period for vehicles is generallyCanadian Regulations for Rail
• October 21, 2006: Government of Canada
issued Notice of Intent to regulate emissions in
alignment with US EPA standards
• Transport Canada released a Consultation
Document in December 2010
• Draft regulations are currently being developed
for publication in Canada Gazette, Part I
Page 12Regulations for International
Shipping
• Government of Canada is working with
the International Marine Organization
(IMO) to develop measures to reduce
GHG emissions
• In July 2011, amended MARPOL Annex
VI
• Energy Efficiency Design Index (EEDI)
– Takes effect in 2013
– Requires increasingly stringent minimum
energy efficiency levels for new vessels
Page 13Other Federal and Provincial Initiatives
Fuel Initiatives
• Renewable Fuels Regulations
– Reduction of GHG emissions through mandatory 5% renewable fuel
content by volume for gasoline (Dec 2010)
– Amendment requiring 2% renewable content for diesel fuel (July 1, 2011)
– Estimated to result in a cumulative reduction of 47.4 Mt CO2e over 25 yrs
• Canadian Transportation Fuel Cell Alliance Initiative
– Support for demonstration and evaluation of fuelling options for fuel cell
vehicles
– Potential for 2.65 Mt CO2e reductions per year by 2020
• Natural Gas Deployment Roadmap
– Collaboration between various stakeholders to analyze the potential for
natural gas use across the MD- and HDV transportation sector
Page 15ecoENERGY Efficiency for Vehicles
Freight Transport
• SmartWay Canada
– Extension of the U.S. EPA’s SmartWay Transport Partnership
– Provides firms with information so that they can make informed emission
optimization choices through a standardized system of energy data collection
and calculation
• FleetSmart
– Provides energy-efficient driver training practices resulting in fleets reducing
their operating costs, improving productivity and increasing competiveness
Light-Duty Vehicle
• EnerGuide Label
– provides new model specific city and
highway fuel consumption values,
and estimated annual fuel use and cost
• Fuel Consumption Guide
– published annually and provides model specific fuel consumption and related
information about new vehicles sold in Canada
• Auto$mart
– provides materials and best practices for energy-efficient driving behaviours
Page 16Provincial Initiatives
• While the Canadian federal government is focusing on new vehicle
emissions, many individual provinces are implementing regulations
and programs that target current vehicle emissions
• These initiatives include;
– Carbon fuel taxes
– Mandatory speed limiters
– Renewable fuel regulations
– Truck-stop electrification
– Investments in hybrid vehicle
and alternative fuel technology
Page 17Contribution to Canadian GHG
Reductions
Source: International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) Commentary “Mind the Gap: The state-of-play in Canadian
greenhouse gas mitigation” Author Dave Sawyer, Director of Climate Change and Energy, IISD, November 2011, Pg. 5
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