Exploring different aspects of young people's mental health: Results from the SHINE school survey - Judith Mabelis, Research Fellow
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Exploring different aspects of young people’s mental health: Results from the SHINE school survey Judith Mabelis, Research Fellow MRC/CSO Social and Public Health Sciences Unit, University of Glasgow
Schools Health and Wellbeing
Improvement Research Network
• Started in 2018 as pilot project funded MRC Mental Health Data
Pathfinder award (UK)
• Overall aim: to build collaboration between schools, researchers and
other stakeholders to support improvements in health and wellbeing
amongst school children
• Particular focus on assisting schools with collecting and interpreting
school level survey data to inform monitoring, school planning
policies and activities on pupil health
• National conference for networking and learning
• Opportunity to take part in other research studies and interventions
• Research seminars for schools
A national network
501 SHINE schools
17% of all primary schools
36% of all secondary schools
Approx. 205,000 pupils
From all 32 Local Authorities
in Scotland
3 with full membership
Web: gla.ac.uk/shine | Tel: (+44) 141 353 7500
The SHINE Mental Health (MH) survey
Mental Health Subjective Wellbeing
Problems Happiness with
Emotional, behaviour different aspects of
difficulties, life
hyperactivity (SDQ) (Good Childhood
Low mood (WHO 5) Index)
Other topics
Positive Mental Sleep quality-
Health Adolescent Sleep
Social and Emotional
Wake Scale
Health Survey: Belief in
self, Belief in others,
Self-harm (optional)
Emotional competence, School experience
OptimismSchool-level report • Mental Health research context • Description of indicators • School level data split by age and gender –figures, tables, national benchmark, cut-offs • Challenge questions to support data interpretation and discussion • Directory of organisations
Response: September 2020 –April 2021
• 8930 pupils, ages 12 to 18 from 35 secondary schools
• 4040 boys, 4538 girls, 352 did not provide gender
• Schools from 11 Local Authorities and independent sector (n=3)
Characteristics of participating schools:
Accessible Accessible Large urban Other urban Remote Remote
rural small towns areas areas rural areas small towns
8% 3% 3% 54% 8.5% 6%
Not nationally
% of pupils in receipt of free school meals
representative
5-10% 11-20% 20-30% No data
20% 51% 21% 8%
Non-denomination Roman Catholic
95% 5%Research Questions
1) Examine MH outcomes by age and gender
• Low mood measured by WHO 5
• Mental health problems: Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ)
• Subjective Wellbeing: Happiness with different aspects of life (Good Childhood Index)
• Consider how this data compares to national results, measured pre-COVID
2) Examine the association between MH outcomes and other measures
• Sleep Quality (Adolescent Sleep Wake Scale)
• Belief in Self (persistence, self-efficacy, self-awareness), belief in Others (friends, school,
family support), optimism from the Social and Emotional Health Survey
• School engagement: liking school, schoolwork pressure
3) Explore the ‘dual factor’ of MH, i.e. combining measures of subjective wellbeing
and MH problems to create 4 MH groups and association with other measures
listed above% of with low mood (WHO 5) by age and gender
Total SDQ score: % with borderline and difficulties
(abnormal) by age and gender
70 Difficulties
Borderline
60
50
40
%
30
20
10
0
12 13 14 15 16 17
Boys Age in years
Girls% with overall SDQ ‘normal’ score in 2020/21 and 2018
80 Results from SALSUS 2018
69 68 are not directly comparable
70 65
64 sample
61
60 57
50 48 • Boys’ scores are at
38.6
similar levels
40
30 • Girls at both ages show a
lower prevalence of
20
normal SDQ scores in
10 20/21
0
Boys 13 Girls 13 Boys 15 Girls 15 • Rise in emotional
SHINE 20 SALSUS 18 difficulties reported in
20/21 SHINE sample% reporting low happiness by gender
Freetime 3.9
8.9
School 10.6
14.8
Future 9.3
17.3
Appearance 16.4
40.5
Health 9.5
18.5
Things you have 2.7
4.4
Friends 4.6
8.4
Choice 7.5
12
Home 3.8
6
Family 6
11.6
Overall 11.1
21
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
%
Boys GirlsOther measures by WHO 5 categorisation
Good mood Low mood ‘Risk of
depression’
Higher mean
Sleep Quality (mean score) 41.4 33.8 28.5 scores are
Belief in self (mean score) 26.8 22.4 19.5 more positive
Belief in others (mean score) 30.2 27.0 24.4
Optimism (mean score) 9.0 6.5 5.5
Feels schoolwork pressure (a 52.0% 78.7% 87.8%
lot/some)
Like school (a lot/ a bit) 78.4% 52.6% 32.9%Normal Borderline Difficulties
Sleep Quality (mean score) 41.2 34.0 28.0
Belief in self (mean score) 26.8 22.7 19.5 Total overall
SDQ score
Belief in others (mean score) 30.1 27.6 24.6 group
Optimism (mean score) 8.8 6.8 5.4
Feels schoolwork pressure (a 51.8% 78.2% 88.6%
lot/some)
Like school (a lot/ a bit) 75.8% 56.4% 36.5%
High happiness Low happiness
Sleep Quality (mean score) 38.7 28.1
Similar pattern
Belief in self (mean score) 25.3 19.01
of associations
across all MH Belief in others (mean score) 29.2 23.8
measures Optimism (mean score) 8.2 4.7
Feels schoolwork pressure (a 89.5% 61.2%
lot/some)
Like school (a lot/ a bit) 68.9% 31.1%Dual Factor MH in young people
• Subjective wellbeing (SWB) and MH problems are linked but may be viewed as
2 separate constructs- co-existence of MH problems and high SWB
• Evidence to suggest MH and SWB impact on young people in different ways and
SWB may offer some ‘protection’ (Greenspoon & Saklofske 2001; Suldo & Shaffer 2008; Antaramian,
Huebner, Hills and Valois 2010)
No MH problems MH problems
(normal SDQ) (SDQ difficulties)
High happiness Group 1 Group 3
(5 or above overall
life happiness)
Low happiness Group 2 Group 4
(Less than 5 overall
life happiness)% in each Mental Health Group
80 Group 1: No MH
73 problems and high
70 happiness
60
54.4
50 Group 2: No MH
problems and low
40 happiness
%
30
24.8
20 16.8
Group 3: MH
16.1
problems and high
10 7.3 happiness
3.6 4
0
1 2 3 4 Group 4: MH
Mental Health Group problems and low
happiness
Boys GirlsSleep Quality (mean score) by MH group
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4Belief in self (mean score)by MH group
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
1 2 3 4Optimism (mean score) by MH group
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4% who like school ‘a lot’ or ‘a bit’ by MH group
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
1 2 3 4Summary
• Girls’ emotional difficulties on several measures in our sample are
elevated compared to Scottish national averages
• Low mood, low happiness and MH problems are associated with:
lower sleep quality, lower belief in others and self, lower optimism,
higher school pressure and not liking school
• Some evidence to support ‘dual factor’ of MH
• Young people with no MH problems and high happiness have most positive
scores and those with MH problems and low happiness least positive
• Scores between groups 2 and 3 show similar results
• Important to also take into account low levels of happinessLimitations and next steps • One-off time point, unaware of direction of association between measures • Not causality-many factors influence MH • Self-report, not a clinical diagnosis • Future research will focus on further analysis of dual factor model • Continue to offer schools survey and assist with data interpretation and share good practice
Thank you to SHINE team: Judith Brown, Stephanie Chambers, Dorothy Currie, Dawn Haughton, Marion Henderson, Jo Inchley (Co PI), Laurence Moore (Co PI), Daniel Smith SHINE Research support: Hitarth Narvala, Kaye Ross All the SHINE schools and pupils who took part in the survey Funded by the MRC Mental Health Data Pathfinder award, led by Prof Daniel Smith 2018-2021 and by MRC SPHSU core funding from 2021 onwards Judith.Mabelis@glasgow.ac.uk https://shine.sphsu.gla.ac.uk/ @ScotlandShine
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