Emissions Impacts of CCAM - From the Use to a Life-Cycle Approach Margarida C. Coelho - Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro ...

Emissions Impacts of CCAM – From the Use to a Life-Cycle
 Approach

 Margarida C. Coelho
Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University of Aveiro, Portugal
 22nd of April 2021

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located in Portugal’s central region

 Research on Mobility:

 1. Impacts 2. 3. LCA for 4. Active
 of mobility CCAM transport modes

To contribute for less energy intensive, clean, safe and
 sustainable transportation systems
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A brief presentation of myself…

• PhD at IST – Technical University of Lisbon (co-
 advised by Institute for Transportation Research and
 Education of North Carolina State University, USA)
• Field of expertise: Transportation, Energy and
 Environment
• Assistant Professor with Habilitation at the Dept. Mechanical Engineering of
 U. Aveiro
• Course Director of the Master degree on Smart Mobility
• Vice-Director of the Research Centre TEMA - Centre for Mechanical
 Technology and Automation
• Coordination of the research on mobility
• Contact: margarida.coelho@ua.pt
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Presentation Outline

1. Motivation

2. Methodology & Methods

3. Emission impacts of CCAM: from the Use to the Life-Cycle Approach

4. Final Messages

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Motivation
• Europe: ~31% of energy consumption from transportation sector
• Road: ~72% of transportation-related GHG emissions
• Vehicle emissions  important source for air pollution (NOx, PM)
• Transformational technologies and services for mobility

 ©Insurance Information Institute

 © UN ©IEEE Innovation at Work

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Methods – Modeling tools
Using traffic, fuel consumption/emissions models with an integrated approach

Reconstruction of vehicle trajectory Vehicle Specific Power (VSP)

 T. Fontes, P. Fernandes, H. Rodrigues, J. Bandeira, S.R. Pereira, A. Khattak & M.C. Coelho (2014)
 Are HOV/eco-lanes a sustainable option to reducing emissions in a medium-sized European city?,
 Transportation Research A: Policy and Practice, Vol. 63, May 2014, pp. 93–106.

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Methods – Experimental monitoring
The relevance of a detailed monitoring of on-board emissions with PEMS

 10
 CO2 Modal Rate [g/s]
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© M.C. Coelho 6
 4
 2
 0
 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011121314
 VSP Mode

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Automated driving: the challenge of coexistence

 Emission impacts of gasoline and diesel CAVs

 Baseline scenario AV30

 ©IEEE Innovation at Work

R. Tomás, P. Fernandes, E. Macedo, J.M. Bandeira, M.C. Coelho (2020) Assessing the emission impacts of autonomous vehicles in metropolitan freeways, Transportation Research Procedia 47
(2020), pp. 617-624.

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Automated driving: the challenge of coexistence & ≠ driving situations
Emission impacts of gasoline and diesel CAVs

 ©IEEE Innovation at Work

J. Bandeira, M. Rodrigues, E. Macedo, P. Fernandes, M. Andrade, and M.C. Coelho (2021) Potential
pollutant emission effects of connected and automated vehicles in a mixed traffic flow context for
different road types, submitted to the IEEE Open Journal of Intelligent Transportation Systems.

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The effect of automated driving + electric mobility on emissions

 Scenario 2 (g/km) (g/km)
 Baseline 369.87 0.629 Morning peak
 10% AV electric -10% -14% period
 20% AV electric -19% -24%
 30% AV electric -31% -36%
 50% AV electric -49% -56%

 Scenario 2 (g/km) (g/km)
 Afternoon peak
 Green - < 125g/km
 Yellow - 125 g/km < < 175 g/km
 Orange - 175 g/km < < 400 g/km Baseline 212.26 0.523
 period
 Red - > 400g/km

 10% AV electric -9% -13%
 20% AV electric -17% -23%
 30% AV electric -26% -32%
 50% AV electric -43% -51%
D. Marques, J. Bandeira, M.C. Coelho (2021) Emission and safety impacts of automated vehicle penetration in a university campus, 7th International IEEE Conference on Models and
Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS 2021).

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The effect of automated driving + electric mobility on air quality

 NOx

 ©IEEE Innovation at Work

S. Rafael, L.P. Correia, D. Lopes, J. Bandeira, M.C. Coelho, M. Andrade, C. Borrego, A.I.
Miranda (2020) Autonomous vehicles opportunities for cities air quality, Science of the
Total Environment, 712 (2020) 136546.

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The automated driving effect + electric mobility + shared mobility
 P. Fernandes, M.C. Coelho, J.M. Bandeira (2020) A macroscopic approach
 for assessing the impacts of electric, autonomous and shared mobility in an
 intercity corridor, submitted to the Journal of Intelligent Transportation
 Systems.

- Not all technological advances contribute uniformly to optimize impacts

- Future traffic management or eco-routing systems should consider vehicle technology  EVs routed to
 roads with

The relevance of a Life-cycle Approach
 Life Cycle Assessment
 Production Use End-of-Life

 Electric Vehicle Electricity Generation Dismantling and Shredding

 Lithium Battery Maintenance Hydrometallurgical treatment

 Sensing and computing Non-exhaust Emissions Disposal
 system

 Mathematical Programming model
 Distance traveled
 Fleet Size
 VKT¹ (with
 passengers) VKR²

 Impact Categories
 Global Warming Stratospheric Ozone Ozone Formation Fine Particulate Terrestrial
 Potential Depletion ©IEEE Innovation
 (human health)
 at Work Matter Formation Acidification

M. Vilaça, G. Santos, M.S.A. Oliveira, M.C. Coelho, G.H.A. Correia (2021) Life cycle assessment of a shared, automated, and electric vehicle system, submitted to Transp. Research Part D.

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The relevance of a Life-cycle Approach: Non-ridesharing vs. ridesharing scenarios
 Global warming Potential
 Water consumption 75 Stratospheric ozone depletion
 70
 65
 Fossil resource scarcity 60 Ionizing radiation
 55
 50
 45
 Mineral resource scarcity 40 Ozone formation, Human health
 35
 30
 25
 20
 Land use 15 Fine particulate matter formation
 10
 5
 0
 Human non-carcinogenic Ozone formation, Terrestrial
 toxicity ecosystems

 Human carcinogenic toxicity Terrestrial acidification

 Marine ecotoxicity Freshwater eutrophication

 Freshwater ecotoxicity Marine eutrophication
 ©IEEE Innovation at Work
 Terrestrial ecotoxicity
 Production_S1 Use Phase_S1 EOL_S1
 Production_S2 Use Phase_S2 EOL_S2
M. Vilaça, G. Santos, M.S.A. Oliveira, M.C. Coelho, G.H.A. Correia (2021) Life cycle assessment of a shared, automated, and electric vehicle system, submitted to Transp. Research Part D.

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The relevance of a Life-cycle Approach: The role of electricity production

 Impact category Unit PT Photovoltaic Wind
 Global warming kg CO2 eq. 2.37x108 1.51x108(-36%) 1.39x108(-41%)
 Stratospheric ozone depletion kg CFC11 eq. 1.13x102 7.77x101(-31%) 7.24x101(-36%)
 Ionizing radiation kBq Co-60 eq. 1.79x107 1.02x107(-43%) 9.25x106(-48%)
 Ozone formation, Human health kg NOx eq. 7.57x105 4.79x105(-37%) 4.49x105(-41%)
 Fine particulate matter formation kg PM2.5 eq 6.47x105 4.58x105(-29%) 4.30x105(-34%)
 Ozone formation, Terrestrial kg NOx eq.
 ecosystems 8.02x105 5.24x105(-35%) 4.93x105(-39%)
 Terrestrial acidification kg SO2 eq. 1.57x106 9.64x105(-39%) 9.08x105(-42%)
 Freshwater eutrophication kg P eq. 3.17x105 2.79x105(-12%) 2.71x105(-15%)
 Marine eutrophication kg N. eq. 1.62x104 1.41x104(-13%) 1.32x104(-18%)
 Terrestrial ecotoxicity kg 1.4-DCB 3.65x109 3.80x109(+4%) 3.47x109(-5%)
 Freshwater ecotoxicity kg 1.4-DCB 6.03x108 5.45x107(-10%) 5.33x107(-11%)
 Marine ecotoxicity kg 1.4-DCB 8.27x108 7.57x107(-9%) 7.40x107(-11%)
 Human carcinogenic toxicity kg 1.4-DCB 3.16x107 2.88x107(-9%) 2.83x107(-10%)
 Human non-carcinogenic toxicity kg 1.4-DCB 1.58x109 1.54x109(-3%) 1.52x109(-4%)
 Land use m2a crop eq. 7.95x106 9.60x106(+21%) 4.08x106(-49%)
 Mineral resource scarcity kgInnovation
 ©IEEE Cu eq. at Work 4.56x106 4.58x106(0%) 4.51x106(-1%)
 Fossil resource scarcity kg oil eq. 6.07x107 3.95x107(-35%) 3.65x107(-40%)
 Water consumption m3 2.57x106 1.80x106(-30%) 1.34x106(-48%)
M. Vilaça, G. Santos, M.S.A. Oliveira, M.C. Coelho, G.H.A. Correia (2021) Life cycle assessment of a shared, automated, and electric vehicle system, submitted to Transp. Research Part D.

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3 Take-Home Messages

1. CCAM emissions impacts: concern with the transition period (coexistence between
 automated and conventional vehicles)

2. CCAM with electric vehicles: higher potential for reducing emissions and improving
 air quality

3. Introduction of alternative propulsion modes: promising strategy to reduce emissions,
 but does not imply < traffic congestion  integration with behavioural change
 strategies (e.g. shared mobility) is a key factor
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What is the mobility that we really want for our future?
 Smart, inclusive, safe and
 sustainable mobility

Source : Colville-Andersen studio Source : Citylab.com

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Thank you!
• Co-authors of the above-mentioned papers
• TEMA Strategic Project UIDB/00481/2020 and UIDP/00481/2020 -
Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia; and CENTRO-01-0145-FEDER-
022083 - Centro Portugal Regional Operational Programme (Centro2020),
under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European
Regional Development Fund
• Projects: DICA-VE (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029463);
Driving2Driverless (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-031923);
inFLOWence (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029679)

 More research at: http://transportes-tema.web.ua.pt
 MSc. Degree on Smart Mobility: https://www.ua.pt/en/curso/472
 EWGT2021: http://ewgt2021.web.ua.pt/
 margarida.coelho@ua.pt 18