Electric-assisted Bicycle Manual - Motorcycle, Motorized Bicycle
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Motorcycle,
Motorized Bicycle and
electric-assisted bicycle
Manual
Minnesota Department of Public Safety
Driver and Vehicle Services Division
dvs.dps.mn.gov
Minnesota Motorcycle,
Motorized Bicycle and
Electric-Assisted Bicycle
Manual
The Minnesota Department of Public Safety Driver and Vehicle Services
Division prepared this manual. Visit the Department of Public Safety Website
at dvs.dps.mn.gov to access online versions of our driver’s manuals.
PS30001-13 (3/12)
About this Manual…
This manual is about operating For more information on Minnesota
motorcycles, motorized bicycles and driving laws and rules for all drivers,
electric-assisted bicycles on Minnesota refer to the Minnesota Driver’s
streets and highways. Manual.
The first section concerns Minnesota This manual is printed by permission
laws and requirements. For complete of the Minnesota Department of
standards, consult Minnesota state Public Safety.
statutes and rules. This document is This manual is prepared by the
not a proper legal authority to cite Division of Driver and Vehicle Services
in court. with permission of the Minnesota
The second section (Operation Department of Public Safety.
Manual) contains information on safe This information can be made
motorcycling. The Operation Manual, available in alternative format to
provided by the Motorcycle Safety individuals with disabilities. For
Foundation, is not about Minnesota assistance, call 651-297-3298 or
law — it is about riding smart and TTY 651-282-6555.
staying safe.
NEW RIDING INFORMATION
AND LAW FOR 2012 SKILLS TEST CHECKLIST
“Late Merge — Zipper Merge” • For multi-lane roundabouts, as Do you have all the infor If under 18 years of age:
The Zipper Merge is a new driving with any intersection, get into the mation you need for your o I have my certificate of course comple-
strategy that requires a change in the appropriate lane as you approach tion from an approved rider safety
skills test? Here is a checklist
mindset of motorists who traditionally the roundabout. course.
to help you prepare:
have been taught to merge early when • Yield to pedestrians and bicyclists Note: Riders under 18 will be required
recognizing that a lane will end. The crossing the roadway. o I have made a skills test appointment. to have a parent or court-appointed
results of early merging are longer • Watch for signs or pavement o I have my valid driver’s license. guardian sign the application to add
backups, an increase in crashes and markings that require or prohibit o I have my valid motorcycle instruction the motorcycle endorsement.
road rage incidents. certain movements. permit.
The new driving procedure to follow • When entering a roundabout yield o I have my helmet and eye protection.
is when you see the “lane closed ahead” to vehicles already in the round
o I will provide a motorcycle on which
sign and traffic is backing up, stay in your about. Do not cross into the round
to take the test.
current lane up to the point of merge. about until all traffic from the left
Then take turns with other drivers has cleared. • Basic safety equipment must be in
to safely and smoothly ease into the working condition (see equipment
• After entering the roundabout, drive
remaining lane. When traffic is heavy requirements on page IV).
in a counter clockwise direction until
and slow, it is much safer for motorists you reach your exit. • Vehicle registration must be current
to remain in their current traffic lane (license plates and registration
• Do not stop, pass or change lanes
until the point where traffic can orderly stickers) or the motorcycle must
within a roundabout.
take turns merging. display a 21-day permit.
• If an emergency vehicle approaches,
The Zipper Merge benefits drivers by: o I have valid proof of insurance (such
exit the roundabout.
• Reducing the difference in speeds as the original insurance identification
between two lanes. Changing lanes It is especially important for motor card or policy) for the motorcycle I am
when traffic is traveling at approxi- cyclists to use extra caution when taking the test on. Photocopies or
mately the same speed is easier approaching painted pavement copies from the Internet are not
and safer. markings, especially in a roundabout. acceptable.
Pavement markings can be hazar o I have brought money (check, money
• Reducing the overall length of traffic
dous to motorcyclists due to a loss order, or cash) to pay the driver’s
backup by as much as 40%.
of traction, even when the pavement license fee and the retesting fee,
• Reducing congestion on freeway is dry.
interchanges, especially in the if applicable. There is a $20 test fee
metropolitan area. Donation for Anatomical Gift for a third or subsequent test (after
failing first two).
• Creating a sense of fairness and Program (M.S. 168.12 and
• Credit and debit cards are not
equity that all lanes are moving M.S. 171.06) accepted.
at the same rate. Recent legislation established a $2
• Reducing incidents of road rage. donation option related to anatomical
gifts to be collected as part of vehicle
Roundabouts registration and driver license appli
Roundabouts are designed to increase
cations.Funds received are to be pro
traffic flow and provide a safer inter
vided as grants to organ procurement
section than a normal four-way stop.
organizations certified by the U.S.
When approaching a roundabout:
Department of Health and to non-profit
• Slow down as you approach the organizations that advocate for organ,
roundabout. tissue and eye donation.
contents Preface I
Preface Ride Within Your Abilities This manual is intended to help riders The hazards of riding a two-wheeled
Rider Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I Basic Vehicle Control �����������������������8 prepare for the knowledge and skills vehicle constantly test the skills of even
Keeping Your Distance �������������������12 tests required to obtain a permit and the most experienced rider. For this
Motorcycles SEE �����������������������������������������������17 endorsement. It includes rider informa- reason, Minnesota tests everyone
License Endorsement and Permit . . . II Intersections ���������������������������������18 tion that will help beginner and experi- seeking permits and license endorse-
Permit Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Increasing Conspicuity �������������������21 enced riders alike. This manual includes ments to legally operate a motorcycle
Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II Crash Avoidance ���������������������������24 Minnesota state requirements as well or moped in the state.
New Resident Information . . . . . . . . III Handling Dangerous Surfaces �������27 as a guide to safe riding practices.
Endorsement Renewal . . . . . . . . . . III Mechanical Problems ���������������������30 Rider Training
License Fees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . III Skill and care are safety necessities
Animals �����������������������������������������31 for riders. Two-wheeled vehicles have The Minnesota Department of Public
Motorcycle Registration/Insurance . . III Flying Objects �������������������������������31 the disadvantage of being less stable Safety recommends rider training
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . IV Getting Off the Road ���������������������31 and more vulnerable than other vehicles courses for both beginner and experi-
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IV Carrying Passengers on the road. In a crash, riders often enced riders. Motorcyclists are encour-
Alcohol and Motorcycles . . . . . . . . . V and Cargo �������������������������������������32 sustain severe injuries because they lack aged to update their riding skills as
Red Light, Green Light . . . . . . . . . . V Group Riding ���������������������������������35 the protection provided to occupants often as possible. Studies have shown
Motorized Bicycles and Moped Being in Shape to Ride of larger vehicles. that riders who have taken training
Motorized Bicycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI courses are better equipped to cope
Why This Information Over the last ten years, crash studies
Operator’s Permit . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI with riding emergencies and less likely
is Important �����������������������������������39 show motorcyclists are seven times more
Instruction Permit Process . . . . . . . VI to be involved in a crash.
Alcohol and Other Drugs likely to be injured and 34 times more
Skills Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VI In 1982, the state of Minnesota
in Motorcycle Operation ���������������39 likely to die in a crash than passengers
Duplicate Permits . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII established a Motorcycle Safety Fund
Alcohol in the Body �����������������������39 in any other type of vehicle.
Vehicle Registration . . . . . . . . . . . . VII to upgrade and improve training
Alcohol and the Law ���������������������41
Insurance Requirements . . . . . . . . VII Approximately 80 percent of motor-
Minimize the Risks �������������������������41 courses, test procedures, public
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . VII cycle crashes result in death or injury,
Step in to Protect Friends ���������������42 awareness and motorcycle safety. The
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VII compared with less than 30 percent of
Fatigue �����������������������������������������42 Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Program
auto crashes. These numbers emphasize
Electric-Assisted Bicycles administers these funds and offers
Earning Your License ���������������� 43 the importance of knowing the rules
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII state-approved rider training courses.
of motorcycle and moped operation.
Permit and Registration . . . . . . . . VIII Three-Wheel Supplement While cornering, steering and accelera- For more information on motorcycle
Insurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII Supplementary Information tion characteristics of motorcycles rules, safety or training classes, contact
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . VIII for Three-Wheel Motorcycles ���������45 can exceed other vehicles, their short the Minnesota Motorcycle Safety Center
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII Know Your Vehicle�������������������������45 comings with regard to safety should at 800-407-6677 or visit
Basic Vehicle Control�����������������������47 not be ignored. www.motorcyclesafety.org
Motorized Foot Scooters Carrying Passengers and Cargo�������50
Definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIII
Operating Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IX Hand Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Equipment Requirements . . . . . . . IX
T-CLOCS Pre-Ride Checklist���� 61
The Rider and
the Motorcycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Preparing to Ride
Wear the Right Gear �����������������������2
Know Your Motorcycle ���������������������4
Know Your Responsibilities �������������7
IImotorcycle motorcycle III
Motorcycle License Motorcycle Endorsement After passing the skills test, you will Duplicate of 1-year
Endorsement and Permit Skills Test need to apply for a duplicate driver’s operator’s permit . . . . . . . . . . $3.75
license and have your endorsement Renewal of operator’s
Every person who operates a When you feel that you have
added. Your receipt from the duplicate permit to age 21 . . . . . . . . . . $9.75
motorcycle on public roads in Minne- reached an acceptable skill level, you
license application will allow you to ride
sota must have a valid driver’s license may return to a driver examining station Duplicate of operator’s permit. .$5.25
your motorcycle without restrictions
with the appropriate instruction permit and take the skills test on your motor-
until you receive your new license. Renewal, age 21 or older . . . $15.75
or license endorsement. You must carry cycle. You can schedule your test in
these documents with you when riding person, by phone or online at New Residents Retesting Fees
a motorcycle on public roadways. www.mndriveinfo.org. If you test on * Third and subsequent
If you are a new Minnesota resident
a three-wheeled motorcycle, you will knowledge test
Motorcycle Permit Process and have a valid driver’s license with a
(after failing first two) . . . . . . $10.00
be restricted to operating three-wheelers motorcycle endorsement from another
A valid Minnesota driver’s license is only. You can remove restrictions by
required to obtain a motorcycle instruc- state (or one that has been expired for * Third and subsequent
taking the skills test on the type of less than one year) you will need to take road/skills test
tion permit. To obtain a motorcycle
motorcycle you want to operate. a knowledge test to get a Minnesota (after failing first two) . . . . . . $20.00
instruction permit, you must first pass
a knowledge (written) test at a driver The skills test consists of four riding driver’s license. You may take the motor-
* Available at driver exam stations only.
examination station. If you are under exercises that measure your vehicle cycle knowledge test at the same time
control and hazard response skills. ** Fee does not include the cost of
18 years old, you must also present you take the driver’s license knowledge
a new license.
a certificate of completion of a state- The two-wheel motorcycle skills test is test. The motorcycle skills test will be
approved motorcycle rider training outlined in this manual on pages 56-59. waived when you pass the knowledge Motorcycle Registration
course. The three-wheel motorcycle skills test is test. An endorsement fee of $21 will All motorcycles must be registered
outlined on pages 60-63 in this manual. be added to the cost of your Minnesota with the state and display a license plate
The knowledge test may be taken
These tests are administered on the same driver’s license. showing that registration tax has been
only once per day. When you pass the
course and will not be given if the sur- paid. The registration period is from
test and pay the $21 permit fee, you Endorsement Renewal
will receive an instruction permit valid face is wet, or if ice or snow is present. March 1 through the last day of Febru-
When your Minnesota driver’s license
for one year. You will then be entitled For the skills test, you must bring: ary. Re-registration is required annually
has a two-wheeled motorcycle endorse-
to practice riding your motorcycle on • Your current driver’s license and and expires at the end of February. New
ment, you will pay the license fee plus
public roadways so you can become motorcycle permit. residents have 60 days after becoming
a $13 motorcycle endorsement fee
familiar with it and its controls. If your Minnesota residents to register their
• A motorcycle, properly equipped, when you renew your license with
instruction permit expires, you must motorcycles. For more information,
with proof of current registration your endorsement.
retake the knowledge test and pay contact your local deputy registrar or
the fee for a new permit. and insurance. License Fees call 651-297-2126.
While you are operating a motor- • DOT-approved helmet and eye Fees are determined by law and are
protection.
Motorcycle Insurance
cycle with your instruction permit, the subject to change.
All motorcycles registered in Minne-
following restrictions apply: • If you are under 18 years old, a Motorcycle Fees sota must have liability insurance cover-
• You must wear a helmet and eye certificate of course completion * Motorcycle instruction age for property damage or injury
protection approved by the federal from an approved motorcycle rider permit/endorsement fee . . . . $21.00 to another party. No-fault injury and
Department of Transportation (DOT). training program.
** Motorcycle endorsement uninsured motorist protections are
• You may not carry passengers. You will not be allowed to test if you optional. Coverage for damage, loss or
renewal (2 wheel only) . . . . . $13.00
• You may not ride on any interstate do not bring all of these items. motorcycle theft is also optional. The
highway. Duplicate driver’s license . . . . $13.50
Commissioner of Public Safety may
If you fail the skills test, you may
• You may not ride at night. “Night” Motorized Bicycle Operator’s Permit revoke the registration and suspend the
retake it after you have had time to
or “nighttime” means the time * Knowledge test and 30-day license of any motorcycle operator who
improve your riding skills. You will be
from one-half hour after sunset instruction permit . . . . . . . . . . $6.75 does not carry the required insurance.
assigned practice time that must be
to one-half hour before sunrise. completed before your next skills test * Skills test and 1-year
is given. operator’s permit . . . . . . . . . . $6.75
IVmotorcycle motorcycle V
Motorcycle Equipment Motorcycle Operating Rules Live to Ride. Alcohol and Red Light, Green Light:
Requirements There are a number of basic operating Motorcycles Don’t Mix Minnesota Law
All motorcycles must have basic rules that are unique to two-wheeled Riding a motorcycle requires more Minnesota law addresses instances
safety equipment in working condition. vehicles. skills — and different skills — than when motorcycles, bicycles and mopeds
In addition to a rearview mirror, horn • The operator may ride only on a driving a car or truck. Because of this, are not detected by control systems at
and muffler, motorcycles must be permanent, regular seat. alcohol use impairs a rider’s skills sooner traffic lights, and a signal change does
equipped with the following: • A passenger may ride only on a and more severely than a driver’s, even not occur.
• At least one, and not more than permanent, regular passenger’s at blood alcohol levels below the legal The law gives motorcyclists, bicyclists
two, headlights with high- and seat on the motorcycle or in a level of .08. and moped riders the option to
low-beam settings. (Headlight sidecar attached to the vehicle. Fact: drinking and riding kills motor- proceed through the intersection after
modulators are legal in Minnesota.) cyclists. State law requires that coroners a reasonable amount of time, and
• Passengers may not ride on a
• One red taillight, including brake test the blood alcohol level of traffic provides an affirmative legal defense to
motorcycle unless they can reach
light/stop lamp. A blue dot of up crash victims who die within four hours this action, based on five conditions:
the footrests on each side of the
to one inch in diameter on the tail- motorcycle with both feet while of a crash. About half of the motor- • The motorcycle, bicycle or moped
light is legal. seated. cyclists tested since 1990 had alcohol has been brought to a complete
in their systems. stop.
• Footrests for a passenger must • Operators and passengers under
be provided if the motorcycle is 18 and those operating on a Minnesota State Patrol officers, local • The traffic-control signal continues
equipped with a seat designed or motorcycle permit must wear police and county sheriffs patrol Minne- to show a red light for an
suited for use by a passenger. DOT-approved helmets. sota highways every day to enforce unreasonable time.
DWI laws. From 2006 to 2008, they • The traffic-control signal is appar-
• At least one brake, front or rear, • The operator and the passenger made more than 116,000 DWI arrests. ently malfunctioning or, if pro-
which may be operated by hand must sit astride the motorcycle seat, A DWI will affect all your driving grammed to change to a green light
or foot. facing forward, with one leg on privileges — not only your privilege only after detecting the approach
All provisions of Minnesota Statutes, each side of the motorcycle (passen- to operate a motorcycle.
gers in a sidecar are exempt). of a motor vehicle, the signal has
Chapter 169, pertaining to other apparently failed to detect the
If you drink, don’t ride, and if
motor vehicle equipment also apply • Operators may not carry packages motorcycle, bicycle or moped.
you ride, don’t drink. Do it for your
to motorcycles, except those which or articles that interfere with family and friends as well as for your • No vehicle or person is approaching
by their nature have no application. keeping both hands on the own safety. Set the example for other on the roadway to be crossed or
Protective Eyewear handlebars. riders, and don’t be afraid to step in entered, or
Motorcyclists are required to wear • Operators may not ride a motor- when you see someone else about to
protective eyewear, such as glasses, cycle between lanes of moving or make a mistake. Do it for their families • Approaching vehicles or persons are
goggles or a face shield, even if the stationary vehicles headed in the and their friends. so far away that they do not consti-
motorcycle is equipped with a wind- same direction. tute an immediate hazard.
For a summary of Minnesota laws
screen. Contact lenses do not qualify The affirmative defense applies only
• The operator must have the head- on driving and riding under the influ-
as protective eyewear. to an alleged violation for entering or
light on at all times when riding ence of alcohol and other drugs, and
Helmets in Minnesota. the consequences of doing so, please crossing an intersection controlled by
Motorcyclists and passengers under refer to chapter 8 of the Minnesota a traffic-control signal against a red
18 years of age and those operating Driver’s Manual, available online at light. It does not provide a defense
on a motorcycle permit must wear a dvs.dps.mn.gov to any other civil or criminal action.
DOT-approved helmet. Helmet use is
strongly recommended by the Depart-
ment of Public Safety for all motor-
cyclists and passengers.
VImotorized bicycle and moped moped VII
Motorized Bicycle The knowledge test includes questions • Stop signs and/or traffic lights and may be operated during daylight
Motorized bicycles are registered as on driving laws and rules of the road hours only.
• Right of way
mopeds. A motorized bicycle must meet as well as information specific to two- • A horn and mirror are required
wheeled vehicles. In addition to this This test is conducted on public streets,
the following requirements: safety equipment for a moped.
manual, study the Minnesota Driver’s unlike the motorcycle skills test. Upon
• Electric motor or a liquid-fueled
Manual. successful completion of the skills test • Moped riders must wear protective
engine with piston displacement
you will need to apply for a moped eyewear.
of 50 cubic centimeters or less. When you have passed the knowledge operator’s permit which is valid for one
test and paid the $6.75 examination • Moped riders under 18 years old
• Maximum of two brake horsepower. year. After one year, you may apply for a
fee, you will receive a 30-day moped must wear a DOT-approved motor-
• Maximum speed of 30 mph on a renewal of the moped operator’s permit.
instruction permit. This instruction cycle helmet.
flat surface. permit allows you to practice riding If your moped operator’s permit is lost
or there is a change of name or address, • The Department of Public Safety
Moped Operator’s Permit a moped only within a one-mile radius
you may apply for a duplicate permit. recommends that moped operators
of your residence.
Any person who has a valid driver’s observe the same rules of safety
license may operate a moped without For operators under the age of 16, Moped Vehicle Registration and wear the same protective equip-
taking a moped test. Anyone without during the instruction permit period, Mopeds must be registered, and ment suggested for motorcycle riders.
a driver’s license, regardless of age, only a parent or guardian of the operator registrations must be renewed annually.
must obtain a moped operator’s permit may ride on the moped as a passenger. Moped Operating Rules
The vehicle must display current regis-
to legally operate a moped (see section tration tabs. Registration and renewal These rules and restrictions apply to
below). You must carry your license or
Moped Operator’s Permit operating mopeds:
can be done at any Driver and Vehicle
permit with you when you ride. Skills Test Services deputy registrar’s office. • Because of the relatively low speeds
You must pass a skills test to obtain of mopeds, you should ride in the
Moped Instruction Permit a moped operator’s permit. Moped traffic lane as far right on the road-
Process Insurance Requirements way as possible unless you are
When you take your skills test, you
To obtain a moped operator’s instruc- must bring: All mopeds registered in Minnesota making a left turn. Riding on side-
tion permit you must: • Your 30-day moped operator’s must have liability insurance coverage walks is not permitted except where
• Be at least 15 years old. instruction permit. for property damage or injury to another it would be necessary for a short
• Present proper identification. party. No-fault injury and uninsured distance to get from a driveway, alley
• Current proof of insurance for or building to an adjacent roadway.
the moped used for testing. motorist protections are optional. Cover-
• Present a certificate of completion
age for damage, loss or moped theft • Mopeds are not allowed on lanes
issued by a state approved moped • A DOT-approved helmet and eye is also optional. The Commissioner of or trails that have been set aside
safety course. protection. Public Safety may revoke the registration for bicycles and the exclusive use
• Pass a vision screening. You will not be allowed to test if and suspend the license of any moped of non-motorized traffic.
• Pass a knowledge test. you do not have all of the above items. operator who does not carry the required
• Moped riders on a roadway shall not
insurance.
If you are under 18 years old, you must A parental approval slip is required ride more than two abreast and shall
meet these requirements and present a for persons under age 18. Approval Moped not impede the normal and reason-
certified approval slip from your parent forms are available at license exam Equipment Requirements able movement of traffic.
or legal guardian before taking the stations. • Mopeds are not allowed on inter-
These rules apply to required equip-
knowledge test and skills test. Approval state freeways.
The moped operator’s permit skills ment and gear for moped riders:
forms are available at license exam
test consists of: • A moped must meet the same • A moped equipped with a headlight
stations.
• Starting lighting requirements as a motor- and taillight that meet motorcycle
To find out about moped safety courses cycle, with a headlight, taillight and lighting requirements may be oper-
• Tight circles
near you, contact your local driver exam stop lamp. The headlight must be on ated during nighttime hours. “Night”
station or call 800-407-6677. Find • Quick stop during operation. Mopeds manufac- or “nighttime” means the time from
course information and exam station • Turns (right and left) tured before 1987 are not normally one-half hour after sunset to one-half
locations at www.mndriveinfo.org or equipped with a headlight or taillight hour before sunrise.
call 651-297-2005. • Lane changing
electric-assisted bicycle
VIIIand motorized foot scooter motorized foot scooter IX
Electric-Assisted Bicycle Electric-Assisted Bicycle Motorized Foot Scooter • Riding a motorized foot scooter
Electric-assisted bicycles are registered Equipment Requirements Operator’s Rights and on sidewalks is not permitted except
where it would be necessary for
as mopeds. An electric-assisted bicycle • Electric-assisted bicycle riders under Responsibilities a short distance to get from a
may have two or three wheels and must 18 years old must wear a motorcycle You must be 12 years old or older
meet the following requirements: driveway, alley or building to an
helmet approved by the U.S. Depart- to operate a motorized foot scooter. adjacent roadway.
• Saddle and fully operable pedals ment of Transportation or a bicycle You do not need an operator’s permit,
for human propulsion. helmet approved by the American • Motorized foot scooter operators
vehicle registration or insurance to
National Standards Institute (ANSI). may not carry passengers.
• Electric motor with a power output operate a motorized foot scooter.
of 1,000 watts or less. • Protective eyewear is recommended, • A person may operate a motor-
Every person operating a motorized ized foot scooter on a bicycle path,
but not required, for electric-assisted foot scooter has the same rights and
• Motor incapable of propelling the bicycle lane, bicycle trail or bike-way
bicycle operators. responsibilities as the operator of a
vehicle more than 20 mph. that is not reserved for the exclusive
Electric-Assisted Bicycle bicycle, except in respect to provisions use of non-motorized traffic, unless
• Motor incapable of increasing the
related only to motorized foot scooters
speed of the vehicle to more than Operating Rules restricted by local authorities.
and in respect to provisions that cannot
20 mph when human power is • Electric-assisted bicycle operators Motorized Foot Scooter
reasonably be applied to motorized
used to propel the vehicle. may ride on the shoulder of the foot scooters. Operator Equipment
• Motor disengages or ceases to func- road going in the same direction
as adjacent traffic. Motorized Foot Scooter Requirements
tion when brakes are applied.
• Electric-assisted bicycle operators Operation Requirements • Riders age 12 to 17 must wear
• Meets Federal motor vehicle safety either a motorcycle helmet
standards.
may ride in a marked bicycle lane. and Prohibitions approved by the U.S. Department
• Standard traffic laws apply with • A person operating a motorized of Transportation or a bicycle helmet
Electric-Assisted Bicycle regard to lane use, traffic signs foot scooter on a roadway shall ride approved by the American National
Operator’s Permit and and signals. near the right-hand curb or edge of Standards Institute (ANSI).
Registration • An electric-assisted bicycle equip- the roadway, except in the following
• A motorized foot scooter equipped
Any person who has a valid driver’s ped with a headlight and taillight situations:
with a headlight and taillight may
license may operate an electric-assisted that meet motorcycle lighting – When overtaking and passing be operated during nighttime hours.
bicycle without taking a test or having requirements may be operated another vehicle proceeding in “Night” or “nighttime” means
a driver’s license endorsement. Anyone during nighttime hours. “Night” the same direction. the time from one-half hour
without a driver’s license, regardless of or “nighttime” means the time – When preparing for a left turn, after sunset to one-half hour
age, must obtain a moped operator’s from one-half hour after sunset in which case the operator shall before sunrise.
permit to legally operate an electric- to one-half hour before sunrise. stop and dismount at the right-
assisted bicycle. You must carry these Motorized Foot Scooter hand curb or right edge of the
documents with you when you ride. roadway, and shall complete the
A motorized foot scooter is designed
For details on obtaining a permit, refer turn by crossing the roadway on
to be stood or sat upon by the oper-
to the “Moped Operator’s Permit” foot, subject to restrictions placed
ator. It has handlebars and is powered
section on page VI. by law on pedestrians.
by an engine or electric motor capable
Electric-Assisted Bicycle of propelling the device with or without – When necessary to avoid con-
human propulsion. A motorized foot ditions that make it unsafe to
Insurance Requirements
scooter has these requirements: wheels continue along the right-hand
No-fault liability insurance is not curb or edge, including, but not
ten inches in diameter or smaller, or an
required for electric-assisted bicycle limited to, fixed or moving
engine or motor capable of a maximum
operators. objects, vehicles, bicycles,
speed of 15 mph on a flat surface.
pedestrians, animals, surface
hazards, or narrow lanes.
minnesota rider training
Xand education Preface
contents XI
Basic Rider Course (BRC) Special Evening Hours for Welcome to the Sixteenth Edition of This latest edition has undergone
The basic rider course is intended for State Riding Test the MSF Motorcycle Operator Manual significant improvements, and contains
novice riders — no experience is neces- (MOM). Operating a motorcycle safely new, more in-depth information,
The Minnesota Department of
sary — but experienced riders benefit in traffic requires special skills and designed to:
Public Safety Office of Driver and
from this course, as well. Training knowledge. The Motorcycle Safety • Guide riders in preparing to ride
Vehicle Services has a convenient
motorcycles are provided. A rider 18 Foundation (MSF) has made this manual safely
evening testing program just for
years of age or older who has a valid available to help novice motorcyclists
motorcycle riders. Several exam stations • Develop effective street strategies
motorcycle permit can earn a motor- reduce their risk of having a crash. The
are open from 5 to 7 p.m. one night
cycle endorsement upon successful manual conveys essential safe riding • Give riders more comprehensive
per week throughout the summer for
completion of the skills test at the information and has been designed understanding of safe group riding
motorcycle endorsement skills testing.
end of the course (skills test waiver). for use in licensing programs. While practices
Visit www.motorcyclesafety.org or
Riders younger than 18 years of age designed for the novice, all motorcyclists
800-407-6677 for more information. • Describe in detail best practices for
are required to take the BRC before can benefit from the information this
carrying passengers and cargo
taking the state motorcycle knowledge manual contains.
In promoting improved licensing
(permit) and skills tests. The original Motorcycle Operator
programs, the MSF works closely with
Manual was developed by the National
state licensing agencies. The Foundation
Public Services Research Institute (NPSRI)
has helped more than half the states
under contract to the National Highway
in the nation adopt the Motorcycle
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
Operator Manual for use in their
and within the terms of a cooperative
licensing systems.
agreement between NHTSA and the
MSF. The manual and related tests Improved licensing, along with high
were used in a multi-year study of quality motorcycle rider education and
improved motorcycle operator licensing increased public awareness, has the
procedures, conducted by the California potential to reduce crashes. Staff at the
Department of Motor Vehicles under Foundation are available to assist state,
contract to NHTSA. private and governmental agencies in
efforts to improve motorcycle safety.
The purpose of this manual is to
educate riders and to help them avoid
crashes while safely operating either
a standard two-wheel motorcycle or a
three-wheel motorcycle. Tim Buche
President,
Motorcycle Safety Foundation
2 Jenner, Suite 150
Irvine, CA 92619-3806
1 The Rider and
Preparing
the Motorcycle
to ride
PREPARING TO RIDE 2
Motorcycling is a
Riding environment What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining
unique experience.
whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any
Compared to a car,
trip, a safe rider makes a point to:
you don’t sit in a
motorcycle, you 1. Wear the right gear.
become part of it. 2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.
Not as a passive
3. Check the motorcycle equipment.
driver, but as an
active rider arcing 4. Be a responsible rider.
into a string of
smooth corners, Wear the Right Gear a helmet kept a rider from spotting
playing along with danger.
When you ride, your gear is “right”
the rhythm of the • Most crashes happen on short
if it protects you. In any crash, you have
road; shifting, trips (less than five miles long), just
a far better chance of avoiding serious
accelerating, a few minutes after starting out.
injury if you wear:
and braking • Most riders are riding slower than
with precision. • A DOT compliant helmet. 30 mph when a crash occurs. At
Whether you • Face or eye protection. these speeds, helmets can cut both
ride to and from the number and the severity of head
• Protective clothing.
work or prefer and supports the concept that, as the injuries by half.
the camaraderie of a group ride on the Motorcycle Safety Foundation says, Helmet Use No matter what the speed, helmeted
weekend, motorcycling engages all your “Safe riding is as much a skill of the riders are three times more likely to
Crashes can occur — particularly
senses and creates an invigorating sense eyes and mind as it is of the hands and survive head injuries than those not
among untrained, beginning riders.
of freedom. feet.” wearing helmets at the time of the
And one out of every five motorcycle
Along with that freedom comes Successfully piloting a motorcycle is a crashes results in head or neck injuries. crash. The single most important thing
responsibility. All states require much more involved task than driving a Head injuries are just as severe as neck you can do to improve your chances of
some form of license endorsement car. Motorcycling requires a fine sense injuries — and far more common. Crash surviving a crash is to wear a securely-
demonstrating you possess a minimum of balance and a heightened sense of analyses show that head and neck fastened, quality helmet.
level of skill and knowledge. This awareness and position amidst other injuries account for a majority of serious
Helmet Selection
booklet and other motorcycle roadway users. A motorcycle responds and fatal injuries to motorcyclists.
publications can help prepare you to more quickly to rider inputs than a car, Research also shows that, with few There are two primary types of
be successful. You might also consider but is also more sensitive to outside exceptions, head and neck injuries are helmets, providing two different levels
taking a formal hands-on training forces, like irregular road surfaces or reduced by properly wearing a quality of coverage: three-quarter and full face.
course, even if your state doesn’t require crosswinds. A motorcycle is also less helmet. Whichever style you choose, you can
that you complete one. You’ll learn how visible than a car due to its narrower get the most protection by making sure
Some riders don’t wear helmets
to improve your riding skills and mental profile, and offers far less protection by that the helmet:
because they think helmets will limit
strategies, so you can be a safer, more exposing its rider to other traffic and their view to the sides. Others wear • Is designed to meet U.S.
alert rider. the elements. All these risks can be helmets only on long trips or when Department of Transportation
The diagram above illustrates the managed through study, training, and riding at high speeds. But, here are (DOT) and state standards. Helmets
complex environment that awaits you, practice. some facts to consider: with a label from the Snell Memorial
Foundation also give you an
• A DOT-compliant helmet lets assurance of quality.
you see as far to the sides as
necessary. A study of more than • Fits snugly, all the way around.
900 motorcycle crashes, where • Has no obvious defects such as
40% of the riders wore helmets, cracks, loose padding or frayed
did not find even one case in which straps.3 PREPARING TO RIDE 4
Whatever helmet you
Helmets
• Gloves allow a better grip and help KNOW YOUR
decide on, keep it securely protect your hands in a crash. Your
fastened on your head gloves should be made of leather or
MOTORCYCLE
when you ride. Otherwise, similar durable material. There are plenty of things on the
if you are involved in a highway that can cause you trouble.
• Hearing protection reduces
crash, it’s likely to fly off Your motorcycle should not be one
noise while allowing you to hear
your head before it gets a of them. To make sure that your
important sounds such as car horns
chance to protect you. motorcycle won’t let you down:
or sirens. Long term exposure to
Eye and Face engine and wind noise can cause • Start with the right motorcycle
permanent hearing damage even for you.
Protection
if you wear a full face helmet. • Read the owner’s manual.
A plastic shatter-resistant Whether you choose disposable
faceshield can help protect foam plugs or reusable custom • Be familiar with the motorcycle
your whole face in a molded devices, be sure you adhere controls.
crash. It also protects you Clothing to state laws regarding hearing • Check the motorcycle before
from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and protection. every ride.
pebbles thrown up from cars ahead. The right clothing protects you in
These problems are distracting and a collision. It also provides comfort, In cold or wet weather, your clothes • Keep it in safe riding condition
can be painful. If you have to deal as well as protection from heat, cold, should keep you warm and dry, as between rides.
with them, you can’t devote your full debris and hot and moving parts of the well as protect you from injury. You
• Avoid add-ons and modifications
attention to the road. motorcycle. It can also make you more cannot control a motorcycle well if
that make your motorcycle harder
visible to others. you are numb. Riding for long periods
Goggles protect your eyes, though to handle.
in cold weather can cause severe chill
they won’t protect the rest of your face • Jacket and pants should cover
arms and legs completely. They
and fatigue. A winter jacket should The Right Motorcycle For You
like a faceshield does. A windshield resist wind and fit snugly at the neck,
is not a substitute for a faceshield or should fit snugly enough to keep First, make sure your motorcycle is
wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits
goggles. Most windshields will not from flapping in the wind, yet right for you. It should “fit” you. Your
designed for motorcycle riding resist
protect your eyes from the wind. Neither loosely enough to move freely. feet should reach the ground while
tearing apart or ballooning up at high
will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses Leather offers the most protection. you are seated on the motorcycle, and
speeds.
won’t keep your eyes from watering, Sturdy synthetic material provides the controls should be easy to operate.
and they might blow off when you turn a lot of protection as well. Wear Smaller motorcycles are usually easier
your head while riding. a jacket even in warm weather to for beginners to operate.
prevent dehydration. Many are clothing
To be effective, eye or faceshield At a minimum, your street-legal
designed to protect without getting
protection must: motorcycle should have:
you overheated, even on summer
• Be free of scratches. days. Some riders choose jackets • Headlight, taillight and
and pants with rigid “body armor” brakelight.
• Be resistant to penetration.
inserts in critical areas for additional
• Give a clear view to either side. protection. test yourself 1
• Fasten securely, so it does not A plastic shatter-resistant face
• Boots or shoes should be high
blow off. shield:
and sturdy enough to cover your
• Permit air to pass through, to ankles and give them support. Soles A. Is not necessary if you have a
reduce fogging. windshield.
should be made of hard, durable,
B. Only protects your eyes.
• Permit enough room for slip-resistant material. Keep heels
eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed. short so they do not catch on rough C. Helps protect your whole face.
surfaces. Tuck in laces so they won’t D. Does not protect your face as well
Tinted eye protection should not be as goggles.
worn when little light is available. catch on your motorcycle. Answer - page 445 Preparing to ride 6
• Front and rear brakes. involve riders with less than five months • Know the controls. Work the • Try the front and rear brake levers
of experience on their motorcycle. throttle, clutch, brakes, and shifter a one at a time. Make sure each feels
• Turn signals.
few times before you start riding. firm and holds the motorcycle when
• Horn. Get Familiar with the fully applied.
Motorcycle Controls • Ride very cautiously and be aware
• Two mirrors. of surroundings. Accelerate gently, C — Controls
Make sure you are completely familiar take turns more slowly and leave
Borrowing and Lending with the motorcycle before you take
• Make sure the clutch and throttle
extra room for stopping. operate smoothly. The throttle
Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, it out on the street. Be sure to review
Check Your Motorcycle should snap back to fully closed
beware. Crashes are fairly common the owner’s manual. This is particularly when released. The clutch should
among beginning riders — especially important if you are riding a borrowed A motorcycle needs more frequent feel tight and should operate
in the first months of riding. Riding motorcycle. attention than a car. A minor technical smoothly.
an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the If you are going to use an unfamiliar failure on a car is seldom more than an
problem. If you borrow a motorcycle, • Try the horn. Make sure it works.
motorcycle: inconvenience for the driver. The same
get familiar with it in a controlled area. failure on a motorcycle may result in a • Clean and adjust your mirrors
And if you lend your motorcycle to • Make all the checks you would on crash or having to leave your motorcycle before starting. It’s difficult to ride
friends, make sure they are licensed and your own motorcycle. parked on the side of the road. If with one hand while you try to
know how to ride before allowing them • Find out where everything is, anything’s wrong with your motorcycle, adjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror
out into traffic. particularly the turn signals, horn, you’ll want to find out about it before so you can see the lane behind and
No matter how experienced you headlight switch, fuel-supply valve you get in traffic. as much as possible of the lane next
may be, ride extra carefully on any and engine cut-off switch. Find and to you. When properly adjusted, a
The primary source of information mirror may show the edge of your
motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar operate these items without having about how a motorcycle should be
to look for them. arm or shoulder – but it’s the road
to you. More than half of all crashes inspected and maintained is its owner’s behind you and to the side that are
manual. Be sure to absorb all of its most important.
important information. A motorcycle will
motorcycle controls L — Lights and Electrics
continue to ride like new if it is properly
maintained and routine inspections • Check both headlight and taillight.
become part of its maintenance cycle. Test your switch to make sure both
A pre-ride inspection only takes high and low beams work.
a few minutes and should be done • Turn on both right and left hand
before every ride to prevent problems. turn signals. Make sure all lights are
It’s quick and easy to check the critical working properly.
components and should be as routine • Try both brakes and make sure each
and automatic as checking the weather one turns on the brake light.
forecast before heading out for the day.
A convenient reminder developed by O — Oil and Other Fluids
MSF is T-CLOCSSM. There is a T-CLOCS • Check engine oil and transmission
“tear-out” sheet at the back of this fluid levels.
manual for you to keep with you when
• Check the brake hydraulic fluid and
you ride. A T-CLOCS inspection should
coolant level weekly.
be conducted before every ride, and
includes checks of: • Be sure your fuel valve is open
before starting out. With the fuel
T — Tires and Wheels
valve closed, your motorcycle may
• Check tire inflation pressure, start with only the fuel that is still in
treadwear and general condition of the lines, but will stall once the lines
sidewalls and tread surface. are empty.7 Preparing to ride
ride within your abilities 8
• Look underneath the motorcycle for responsibility to look before pulling out.
This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.
signs of an oil or fuel leak. Both of you are at fault. Someone else
That’s something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal
C — Chassis might be the first to start the chain of
course of instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowing
events leading to a crash, but it doesn’t
• Check the front suspension. Ensure your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules
leave any of us free of responsibility.
there is no binding. The rear shocks of the road.
and springs should move smoothly. As a rider you can’t be sure that other
• Be sure the chain is adjusted
operators will see you or yield the right BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars
of way. To lessen your chances of a so your hands are even with or
according to the manufacturer’s crash occurring: Body Position below your elbows. This permits
specifications and that the sprockets you to use the proper muscles for
are not worn or damaged. • Be visible — wear proper clothing, To control a motorcycle well:
precision steering.
use your headlight, ride in the best • Posture — Position yourself
S — Stands
lane position to see and be seen. comfortably so you are able to • Knees — Keep your knees against
• Ensure the side stand operates operate all the controls and can use the gas tank to help you keep your
• Communicate your intentions —
smoothly and that the spring holds your arms to steer the motorcycle, balance as the motorcycle turns.
use the proper signals, brake light
it tightly in the up position. If rather than to hold yourself up.
and lane position. • Feet — Keep your feet firmly on the
equipped, the center stand should This helps you bond with your footrests to maintain balance. Don’t
also be held firmly against the frame • Maintain an adequate space motorcycle and allows you to react drag your feet. If your foot catches
whenever the motorcycle is moving. cushion — when following, being quickly to hazards. on something, you could be injured
followed, lane sharing, passing and
Additionally, regular maintenance • Seat — Sit far enough forward so and it could affect your control of
being passed.
such as tune-ups and oil changes are as that arms are slightly bent when the motorcycle. Keep your feet near
important for a motorcycle as routine • Search your path of travel 12 you hold the handgrips. Bending the controls so you can get to them
checkups by your doctor are for you. seconds ahead. your arms permits you to press on fast if needed. Also, don’t let your
Wear and tear is normal with use; • Identify and separate hazards. the handlebars without having to toes point downward — they may
routine maintenance will help prevent stretch. get caught between the road and
costly breakdowns. The schedule for • Be prepared to act — remain alert the footrests.
regular upkeep for motorcycle parts and know how to carry out proper • Hands — Hold the handgrips
and controls is contained in your crash-avoidance skills. firmly to keep your grip over rough Shifting Gears
motorcycle’s owner’s manual. surfaces. Start with your right There is more to shifting gears than
Blame doesn’t matter when someone
wrist flat. This will help you keep simply getting the motorcycle to pick
is injured in a crash. The ability to ride
KNOW YOUR aware, make critical decisions and carry
from accidentally using too much up speed smoothly. Learning to use the
RESPONSIBILITIES them out separates responsible riders gears when downshifting, turning or
“Accident” implies an unforeseen from the rest. Remember, it is up to you holding handgrips starting on hills is equally important for
event that occurs without fault or to keep from being the cause of, or an safe motorcycle operation.
negligence. In traffic, that is not the unprepared participant in, any crash. The gearshift lever is located in front
case. In fact, most people involved in a of the left footrest and is operated by
crash can claim some responsibility for the left foot. To shift “up” to a higher
test yourself 2
what takes place. gear, position your foot under the
More than half of all crashes: shift lever and lift. To downshift, press
Consider a situation where someone
decides to drive through an intersection A. Occur at speeds greater than the shift lever down. The shift lever
35mph. changes one gear each time it is lifted
on a yellow light turning red. Your
light turns green. You pull into the B. Happen at night. or pressed down. Whenever the lever
intersection without checking for C. Are caused by worn tires. is released, spring loading returns it to
possible traffic. That is all it takes for the D. Involve riders who have less than center, where the mechanism resets
two of you to crash. It was the driver’s five months of experience on their for the next shift up or down. A typical
motorcycles. gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is
responsibility to stop, and it was your Answer - page 449 ride within your abilities 10
for neutral, which is selected by either enough before downshifting safely. slow or stop. The front brake is more To stop as quickly and as safely as
a “half lift” from 1st gear or a “half powerful and can provide at least 70% possible in a curve, and depending on
When downshifting, use a 3-step
press” from 2nd gear. Most motorcycles of your total stopping power. The front road and traffic conditions, try to get the
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you
have five gears, but some have four or squeeze the clutch lever, 2) press the brake is safe to use if you use it properly. motorcycle as perpendicular to the road
six gears. as possible, then brake. If conditions do
shift lever down firmly, 3) ease out the Maximum straight-line braking is
not allow, brake smoothly and gradually,
clutch lever as you roll on the throttle. accomplished by fully applying both
Shifting gears but do not apply as much braking force
Once the shift is completed, release front and rear brakes without locking
as you would if the motorcycle were
the shift lever to permit it to reset for either wheel.
straight up. As you slow, you can reduce
the next shift. Rolling on the throttle To do this: your lean angle, and as more traction
slightly while smoothly easing out the
• Squeeze the front brake becomes available for braking, you can
clutch can help the engine come up
smoothly, firmly and with more firmly apply the brakes, so that
to speed more quickly and make the
progressively more force. Do not by the time the motorcycle is stopped,
downshift smoother. Shifting to a lower
grab the brake lever or use abrupt the motorcycle is straight up, and the
gear causes an effect similar to using pressure. handlebars are squared.
the brakes. This is known as engine
braking. To use engine braking, shift • As the motorcycle’s weight
Linked and Integrated
down one gear at a time and ease out transfers forward, more traction
becomes available at the front Braking Systems
the clutch through the friction zone
between each downshift. Keep the wheel, so the front brake can be Some motorcycles have linked braking
As your motorcycle increases clutch in the friction zone until the applied harder after braking begins. which connects the front and rear
speed, you will need to shift up to a engine speed stabilizes. Then ease out • Keep your knees against the brakes on the motorcycle and applies
higher gear. Shift up well before the the lever fully until ready for the next tank and your eyes up, looking braking pressure to both brakes when
engine RPM reaches its maximum downshift. Usually you shift gears one at well ahead. This helps you stop the either the front lever or rear pedal is
recommended speed. As a general rule, a time, but it is possible to shift through motorcycle in a straight line. applied. An integrated braking system
shift up soon enough to avoid over- more than one gear while the clutch is is a variation of the linked system in
• Apply light-to-lighter pressure which partial front braking is applied
revving the engine, but not so soon to squeezed.
to the rear brake pedal to prevent a whenever the rear brake is activated.
cause the engine to lug.
Remain in first gear while you are rear wheel skid. As weight transfers Consult your owner’s manual for a
When upshifting, use a 3-step stopped so that you can move out forward less traction is available detailed explanation on the operation
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you quickly if you need to. at the rear. Use less rear brake and effective use of these systems.
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) lift the pressure.
Work toward a smooth, even clutch
shift lever firmly as far as it will go, 3) release, especially when downshifting. It Anti-Lock Braking Systems
Using both brakes for even “normal”
smoothly ease out the clutch and adjust (ABS)
is best to change gears before entering stops will permit you to develop the
the throttle. Once the shift is completed, a turn. However, sometimes shifting proper habit or skill of using both brakes ABS is designed to prevent wheel
release the shift lever to permit it to while in the turn is necessary. If so, properly in an emergency. Squeeze the lock-up and avoid skids when stopping
reset for the next shift. remember to do so smoothly. A sudden front brake and press down on the rear. in straight-line, panic situations. ABS
You should shift down through the change in power to the rear wheel can Grabbing at the front brake or jamming operates when maximum pressure on
gears with the clutch as you slow or cause a skid. down on the rear can cause the brakes both the front and rear brake controls
stop, and can also shift down when you to lock, resulting in control problems. is applied. If electronic sensors detect
need more power to accelerate. Braking
the possibility of a wheel lock, brake
Improper braking technique remains Braking in a Corner hydraulic pressure, is released then
Make certain you are riding slowly
enough when you shift into a lower a significant contributing factor in many Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, reapplied to maintain maximum braking
gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle the amount of traction available for effectiveness.
and the rear wheel may skid. When has two brake controls: one for the braking is reduced. The greater the lean
front wheel and one for the rear wheel. The system is capable of releasing and
riding downhill or shifting into first gear angle, the more the possibility of the
Always use both brakes every time you reapplying pressure more than 15 times
you may need to use the brakes to slow tires losing traction.
per second.You can also read
