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4 / 1 6 er
o v emb
N 016
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Using Great Apes in Advertising | p 8
Billboards: Great Apes Conservation | p 16
Thanks to Africam Safari | p 38
IIII WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 1
Contents Editorial Your have cert
ainly “hit the
The WAZA flyer “Voice of the
Global Zoo and Aquarium Co
g” at WAZA. m- I should say that I am absolu
ground runnin munity” looks great. Congrat ly delighted with the way you
te-
May 2009 u-
Illegal Trade in Great Apes....................................................4 Bill Conway, 17 lations to you and your team have blossomed in your role
Using Great Apes in Advertising.......................................... 8 as
Jim Fleshman, Director Ca WAZA CEO. You have exceed
High‑tech and Low‑tech Mapping Tools m- ed
I very much enjoy re eron Park Zoological Garde my (and Council’s and Memb
to Protect Chimps............................................................... 12 ading the ns, er-
contents of your WAZ 1 April 2010 ship’s) already high expecta-
Roadside Billboard Campaign............................................16 A publica-
Community Mapping – A Tool tions, and to be kept tions and taken WAZA to diz
up to date zy
to Empower Young People.................................................19 with the significant pr I am really impressed with all new heights – carefully placin
ogress g
Into the Wild.......................................................................22 that the internationa you have done for us. I have us among the leading global
l zoo com-
The Gorilla EEP...................................................................25 munity is making in been very busy and did not give conservation NGO’s in both
WAZA Interview: María Teresa Abelló Poveda....................29 support of
in situ conservation ac this my full attention the other style and substance. Many
My Career: Rick Barongi...................................................... 31 tivities.
In appreciation, day. I just looked at the photos thanks for this and for so suc
Book Reviews..................................................................... 35 -
Jeremy Mallinson, and carefully read the text. cessfully organizing the WAZA
Announcements................................................................. 37
22 December 2009 Really you have done Prague Meeting with your
Recent Updates
a lot for WAZA. dynamic new office team.
Thanks to Africam Safari....................................................38
WAZA’s Global Visitor Survey.............................................39 ngratulations Sally Walker, Z. O. O. India, Gordon McGregor Reid,
Just a note of co - Chester zoo, 12 October 201
Zoo & Aquarium Accreditation Summit.............................40 the Gorilla pro 11 June 2010 1
© el Periódico on this Year of ay s
Raffles’ Banded Langur Conservation................................ 41 rojects alw
Gerald Dick, Barcelona Zoo. gram. These p in And so I send my best wishes to
New Exhibit News ergy to mainta Big thank you for sending
need lots of en you and the office team as you
Dublin’s Orangutan Forest.................................................42
and you have through the WAZA 77 years
WAZA Projects the momentum are across so many things and commemorative volume and
ved this.
Red Panda..........................................................................44 Dear Members and Friends, certainly achie so very busy in a way that is also a second big thank you,
r,
Psychedelic Rock Gecko.....................................................45 Cameron Ker , unseen and I suppose unappre-
se rvation Society to you and the team at WAZA
Congohounds.....................................................................47 This edition of WAZA NEWS is a special one because Taronga Con ciated very often. From where for all your enthusiasm and
Big Life Foundation........................................................... 49 of many reasons. First, it is the last in the series with 5 January 2010 I am I do recognize the enor- hard work.
Update: International Studbooks......................................50 a focus on charismatic species and often controversial
New Member Application: SZB............................................52 discussions. Secondly, after 31 editions it is my last one We have today received copies mous amount of work you have Peter Sampson,
as Executive Director and Editor, this is because I am of the WAZA biodiversity book, done and the changes that are Paradise Wildlife Park,
going to retire from WAZA. I enjoyed my work in WAZA Building a Future for Wildlife. happening, the alliances made 13 February 2012
more than 100% every day and especially working with It looks very professional and and profile gained… all good…
the 77 year
different cultures and members from all over the world.
congratulations to you and Chris West, Adelaide zoo, Thank you for
on Friday and
book. It arrived
It was really a privilege for me to serve you as members 29 September 2010
the team at WAZA for this e
and to work with our partners. During my tenure at the to cover over th
publication. I read it cover l-
helm of WAZA membership increased by more than done on a exce
Susan Hunt, Perth Zoo, weekend. Well sp el ls
15% and I organised 9 annual conferences and could es‑ You have a very complicated n, it clearly
12 January 2010 lent publicatio
tablish 12 formal partnerships with other international job with a lot of people giving of WAZA and
Imprint organisations, some of which have endorsed the most out the history
First off, congratulation to
you advice and constantly shi commitment to
recent WAZA strategies. Those strategic partnerships ft- the long term
the new visions and energies
ing priorities. Despite all the d welfare. I am
Editor: Gerald Dick, placed WAZA as a valued partner and important player conservation an t-
you have injected into WAZA
challenges you have managed ted and motiva
WAZA Executive Office on the international stage. I wish to thank those part‑ now more exci d
to preserve biodiversity in any
to elevate WAZA to a new lev A as I understan
IUCN Conservation Centre ners for their cooperation and support – for our com‑ el ed about WAZ e
way we can. Your extensive
of professionalism and world d where we ar
Rue Mauverney 28 mon cause, the conservation of wildlife and biodiversity. - the history, an
wide respect. n.
in our evolutio
CH-1196 Gland experience working for and
Switzerland My biggest thank you goes to all WAZA members for
with conservation based NGOs Rick Barongi, Houston zoo os Victoria,
Phone: +41 22 999 07 90 supporting our work and me personally over the last 2 November 2010
, Jenny Gray, Zo
Fax: +41 22 999 07 91 9 years, and I wish to thank my small but very efficient and regulatory agencies is a 19 February 20
12
and enthusiastic team in the executive office and IUCN great asset to the association.
Layout and typesetting: michal@sky.cz for graciously hosting us! I have some appreciation of I am really pleased to be doing I forgot to sa
y that I think
Cover: © Joel Sartore/National Geographic Photo Ark; the work you are accomplish- something again for WAZA WAZA News
and WAZA M
the
with thanks for donating the photo I wish the zoos and aquariums of the world ing with your staff, since I have especially with you at the helm. zine are exce
llent! Thank y
aga-
Print: Agentura NP, Staré Město, Czech Republic a bright future!! served as president of the Ca- I have much admired the way for providing
us as membe
ou
nadian 1975/76, the American WAZA has developed over the with these va
luable issues.
rs
Edition: 600 copies | © WAZA 2016 Gerald 1993/94 and your association last few years particularly with I will read the
from cover
(then IUDZG)1993. your leadership. to cover!
This edition of WAZA News is also available on
Peter Karsten, Hon. Member, Peter Olney, ISB coordinator, Lena Linden
www.waza.org (members’ area) 31 December 2010 , Nordens Ark
Canada, 1 February 2010 30 August 20
13
,
Printed on FSC paper.
ISSN: 1662-7733
2 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 3
This is t
os
you for ay may thanks
We are also very appr
of the important role
have played in WAZA
eciative
that you
ALPZA
& Acqua
the sup
po
reg
ria Com ional Zoos
to
and our rt you gave to
With each effort,
it seems to
your staff have
Susan
Hunt President’s Page
and the one mo munity
during me that you and
coordinating work th re entire and broad-
at WAZA João Batis year. further improved
is doing in getting th ss of WAZA’s
e mem- Zoo, 23 ta da C
Decem ruz, São Paulo ened the usefulne
bers together to help lighted.
and sup- ber 201
5 activities. I am de
port each other when April 2014
ever there Bill Conway, 3 The theme for the conference was There were also presentations and
is a pressing need. I co ‘People in Conservation. Zoos and workshops on measuring the impact
uld re-
tions to you
member vividly WAZ
A’s crucial My congratula Under Gerald Aquariums as agents of change’. The of a zoo and aquarium visit; success-
over the past ’s leadership,
role in coordinating
the support for the changes WAZA has evo scene was ably set by the Gover- ful conservation models occurring
dless to say, I am lved quickly fr
and emergency relie
f for the few years. Nee being a rathe om nor of Puebla, Rafael Moreno Valle globally, such as through the Frank-
ressed by the r quiet profes-
Thai flood in Novem
ber 2011. especially imp sional associa
tion to becom
Rosas and Puebla Mayor, Luis Banck furt Zoo and Frankfurt Zoological So-
focus on Serrato, who spoke passionately ciety, the Madagascar Fauna Group;
It was through WAZA’
s effective openness and a truly effectiv
e player in th
ing
about Mexican conservation and the community campaigns of our
communication that
we acted conservation. ternational co
nservation are
e in-
local initiatives in sustainability. This colleagues at EAZA; and the Asian
quickly and sent our April 2016
team with Bill Conway, 27 I have found
Gerald unfaili
na. was followed by impressive keynote Species Action Partnership.
medication and the professional, n g ly
equipment
that Thailand needed It was absolutely wonderful to work of WAZ
dedicated to
the
presentations from Cristian Samper,
for the read, “It turns out that dialogue A, he is a plea the Chief Executive of the Wildlife A highlight for me was the incred-
rescue of the animals to work with. sure Conservation Society (USA) and ible conservation work happening
. WAZA
was most efficient in with critical groups, transpar- Lorenzo Rojas Bracho (Mexico) pre- in Mexico and Latin America more
receiving Lee Ehmke,
and disseminating th ency about animal welfare 1
Houston zoo
, senting on the efforts being made to broadly. We had very impressive
e informa- tinu ous 8 December
tion as well as coordi practices and con 2015 save the Vaquita (a porpoise species presentations on great conservation
nating the
various parties involve improvement as well as inten- which lives in the Gulf of California). achievements throughout Mexico,
d. It is sified communication about in Argentina and Columbia.
indeed a privilege to
be a mem-
ber of WAZA. Thank welfare and conservation, is Following that excellent context, the
you Gerald
for helming the WAZ the way to go and this has been issues of wildlife trade became a The workshop sessions covered
A office.
Appreciate all the go often missed in the past”. major theme of the conference with everything from “the 10 things that
od work presentations from Chris Shepherd every zoo director should know
that you have done. Thanks for helping move WAZA
of TRAFFIC South‑East Asia; Cam- about animal welfare” to “7 steps
Daisy Ling, Wildlife and the zoological community eron Kerr from Taronga Conservation to a conservation in implementing
Reserves
Singapore, 26 Nove in the right direction. Society Australia; the role of zoos in the WAZA Strategy Committing to
mber 2014 © WAZA
James F. Gesualdi, P. C. Attorney The opening of the Puebla Conference. genetic marking to combat wildlife Conservation” to a very thought‑pro-
at Law, Author of Excellence trade in Africa from Professor Antoi- voking workshop on animal encoun-
Beyond Compliance, nette Koetze from the National Zoo ters. There was a great depth to the
19 August 2016 of South Africa – and many others. many presentations, reflecting our
Another highlight was the findings dynamic and complex businesses.
ed the WAZA office Another WAZA Conference has reporting by Dr Heribert Hofer of
Exe cut ive Dir ect or, Ge rald Dick is retiring. Gerald join passed with our wonderful hosts IZW Berlin on the work in saving A summary of this conference would
After more than 8 years WA ZA ’s d has made
ive Dir ect or, lea din g a sm all team in Switzerland, Geral Africam Safari from Puebla, Mexico! wildlife of zoos throughout the not be complete without acknowl-
Execut l implementation of
in 2008 and over his time as of WA ZA. This includes the successfu For those of you who were able to world. When this work is published, edging our colleagues at the Disney
to the dev elo pm ent rking on a global
a major contribution on ed WA ZA as a modern organisation wo attend, I am sure that you will agree it will surely ‘debunk’ the view that Conservation Fund. Disney an-
wh ich has po siti
a five year strategic plan ds. that it was a very successful confer- zoos and aquariums are not active nounced a partnership with WAZA
roaches to WAZA member nee
level to build cooperative app rsh ips in several areas, including
with the IUCN, ence with great presentations; chal- agents of species conservation. to offer grants to WAZA members on
ZA has gro wn its par tne CITES, RAMSAR,
During his tenure WA the UN EP Co nve ntion on Migratory Species,
lenging and relevant workshops; and nature play to engage young people
l Div ers ity, ld Welfare.
the Convention on Biologica OM ) – Na tur al His tor y Museums, TRAFFIC and Wi
impressive side events and dinners As a part of the active focus of the with nature. This is an extraordinarily
seu ms (IC
the International Council of Mu management of a major which showcased Africam Safari and conference, it was impressive that so generous and innovative approach,
bee n Ge ral d’s successful application and the rich history of Puebla, Mexico. many WAZA members made a finan- which has been operating extremely
A particularly notable ach iev em ent has s and aquariums
init iat ive , Bio div ers ity is Us, which rolled out in zoo On behalf of all, I pass on a huge cial commitment to TRAFFIC. This well at AZA, so its extension to
global community awarenes
s rai sin g and aquarium
orp ora tio n of the firs t eve r global visitor survey of zoo thanks to Amy and Frank Camacho definitely shows the commitment of WAZA is extremely exciting. Thank
ed the inc growth of social media and
across the world. This includ div ers ity. Gerald also oversaw the and their accomplished team at WAZA members to wildlife conser- you Disney!
UN De cad e on Bio and global forums.
visitors as a part of the nsi ble for ma ny very successful conferences Africam Safari. It was a wonderful vation and also to the combined
wa s res po
communication for WAZA and rald has been invited to the WA
ZA Conference in Berlin conference. power of zoos to make a difference Again, many thanks to our confer-
on 30 No vem ber 201 6. Ge that you will join us at
Gerald leaves WAZA tel y rec og nis ed and acknowledged. I hope
for wildlife. WAZA office is presently ence hosts and to all the contribu-
be app rop ria in his retirement.
so that his contribution can e tha t you all wis h Gerald success and happiness
liaising with TRAFFIC about how to tors and participants at our WAZA
d. I am sur
the conference to thank Geral
structure this special WAZA con- annual conference. It was lively,
d. ive Director tribution to combat wildlife crime. interactive, political, challenging
Thank you, Geral app oin tm ent of an interim WAZA Execut I hope that many more WAZA mem- and educational. It also essentially
ann ou nci ng the
WAZA Council will shortly be Dir ector will also shortly comme
nce. bers will get involved with fighting reflected the innovation and positive
rch for a new Exe cut ive
and a global sea wildlife crime, through a donation work being done locally, regionally
ZA
Susan Hunt, President WA and/or by using the Wildlife Witness and in partnership throughout our
App in your local communities. More zoo and aquarium world.
to come on this!
4 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 5
Doug Cress – Great Apes Survival Partnership (GRASP)
Illegal Trade
in Great Apes
As the passengers at the Cairo Inter- Great apes comprise a highly profit- Experts agree that millions of live
national Airport waited to board a able and symbolic aspect of the $23 animals and plants are shuttled
recent flight to Kuwait, none seemed billion US illegal wildlife trade – the illegally around the world each day.
any different from the rest. It was the fourth most lucrative black market Exact numbers are difficult to come
same mix of men and women and after drugs, people and arms smug- by, but an estimated 40,000 live
children seen in countless airports gling – and the live trade relies primates, 4 million live birds, 640,000
in countless cities around the world heavily on corrupt officials and daring live reptiles, and 350 million live tropi-
each day. couriers to sustain the traffic. Com- cal fish are traded globally each year.
monly known as the “pet trade,” this In a single market in North Sulawesi,
Yet one solitary man was differ- criminal network is able to supply Indonesia, up to 90,000 mammals
ent – he had a live chimpanzee in his cheetahs to the United Arab Emirates, were sold in a single year, and a
suitcase. tigers to Qatar, macaws to the Czech survey at a market in Thailand that
Republic, and pythons to the United spanned 25 weekends found 70,000
When officials behind the security States. Although data on the scale birds, representing of 276 species,
x‑ray machine saw the skeleton of a and scope of the live illegal wildlife were sold. A similar survey of four
hunched‑up animal on their screens, trade is limited, it is clearly big busi- markets in Bangkok found that of the
they unzipped the bag to find an ness that attracts drug cartels, arms 36,537 birds observed, only 37% were
infant chimpanzee staring up at them. suppliers, counterfeit organizations, native to Thailand, while 63% were
and a host of other illegal networks. non‑native species.
Egyptian customs officials seized the
chimpanzee, which is an endangered The world’s zoos play important roles That said, the illicit traffic in chimpan-
species listed as Appendix I by the in the battle to stop illegal trade. In zees, gorillas, bonobos and orangu- © GRASP / Laura Darby
Convention on International Trade in the case of the chimpanzee cited tans – all of which are listed by the Gari’s Arrival.
Endangered Species of Wild Fauna earlier, the seized animal was taken IUCN as either “endangered” or “criti-
and Flora (CITES). Trade is prohibited to the Giza Zoo in Cairo, one of the cally endangered” – appears to have
in such species in all but the rarest many zoos in major cities that serve been dramatically under‑reported for The Apes Seizure Database was Most illegal trade databases rely
of cases, and then only with proper as CITES confiscation centres when a more than a decade. Because 90 per- launched at the 17th CITES Conference solely on reports filed by the nations
documentation – of which this ship- country does not have an accredited cent of all great ape seizures occur of the Parties in Johannesburg, South of the world, and are often more than
ment had none. But the attempt to sanctuary or rehabilitation centre or within national borders, they do not Africa, in September 2016. The result a year out of date. But while data
smuggle a great ape through a major those facilities are already filled to qualify for entry into international of a two‑year collaboration between from GRASP’s 39 partner national
international hub only hints at the capacity. Zoos in Qatar, South Africa, illegal trade databases maintained How much of an impact? That is dif- the United Nations Great Apes Surviv- governments will be accepted into
massive and lucrative illegal trade India, Kuwait, Uganda, Malaysia and by the World Customs Organization ficult to say, but experts have agreed al Partnership (GRASP) and the U. N. the Apes Seizure Database, so will
in live exotic animals that threatens elsewhere have assumed that respon- (WC), the United Nations Office on for years that far more great apes die Environment Programme – World entries from other partners such as
to decimate wild populations and sibility in recent years, often holding Drugs and Crime (UNODC) or CITES. during the hunt and capture than are Conservation Monitoring Centre conservation organizations, research
ecosystems, even as it exposes entire the seized animals until a repatriation As a result, CITES classifies the trade ever trafficked. With chimpanzees (UNEP‑WCMC), the database draws institutions, U. N. agencies, private
cities and regions to corruption, vio- agreement can be reached with the in apes as “limited.” and bonobos, the estimates run as on all of the expertise and capacity of companies, and zoos. Each entry
lence and deadly diseases. country of origin. high as 10 dead for every live speci- GRASP’s 105 partners, which include will be reviewed by an expert panel
But a 2013 United Nations report, Sto‑ men procured, primarily because all major zoo associations, including before it is entered into the database,
In addition, zoos have the potential len Apes, began to question that clas- both those apes live in large social the World Association of Zoos and and multiple entries regarding the
to educate a vast audience as to the sification, and uncovered a systemat- groups and defend threats to their Aquariums (WAZA), the Association same seizure will only strengthen the
ills of illegal trade. Over 700 million ic trade that not only thrived for more families in force, compelling hunters of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA), and accuracy and depth of data. Informa-
visitors enter zoos somewhere in than 20 years, but also appeared to to kill entire populations to snatch a the European Association of Zoos tion contained in the database will be
the world each year – more people be growing. One of the recommenda- single baby for sale. Gorilla losses are and Aquaria (EAZA), and many major protected from the public, thereby
than attend all of the major sporting tions of Stolen Apes was a database put at four to one, and orangutans, zoos in Europe and North America. ensuring the level of credibility neces-
events annually around the globe – to track the traffic in apes – whether which tend to live solitary lives, were sary to produce reliable and secure
and with so many zoos now either they crossed international borders or put at one to one, reasoning that only data.
funding or facilitating conservation not – given that both national and in- the mother was usually killed in order
programmes in the wild, the link to ternational trade were considered to to acquire an infant.
the damage caused by illegal trade is have an impact on wild populations.
stronger than ever.
6 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 7
Advertising
The initial results from the Apes
Seizure Database are deeply dis-
turbing. Over 1,800 chimpanzees,
gorillas, bonobos and orangutans
have been seized since 2005, and
seizures – which are defined as the
act of removing great apes from an
unlawful situation – currently aver-
age 2.1 per week. Seizures occurred
in 23 countries during that time, but
almost half of the seizures were re-
corded in Europe, Asia and the Middle
East – none of which encompass the
natural home range of great apes –
indicating that the traffic does indeed
cross borders.
Orangutans comprise 67 percent of
the seizures currently in the Apes
Seizure Database, surely the result
of the massive conversion of rainfor-
est into oil palm plantations that has © WCS © Photo courtesy GRASP and partners.
altered the landscape so dramatically Seizure of 16 orangutans in a backpack. Orangutan rescue 2016.
in Borneo and Sumatra over the past
decade. Chimpanzees are next at
24 percent, with gorillas (6 percent)
and bonobos (3 percent) much rarer But there is another important reason The great apes trade also facilitates performances, boxing matches and But the Apes Seizure Database alone
in the wild and therefore much less to halt the illegal trade in great apes: corruption that undermines the rule photo opportunities for decades, and cannot end the illegal trade in great
often traded. human health. Unlike elephant ivory, of law at key transportation and China’s deep investment in African apes. Nor will simply punishing the
rhinoceros horns or pangolin scale, security points. Because an infant development is thought by many to source countries in Africa and Asia,
But as indicated earlier, the seizure great apes are primarily traded alive, chimpanzee requires constant food be a major facilitator of the trade. many of which lack the manpower
records only tell a small part of the meaning they are shuttled through and care, smugglers cannot afford to A chimpanzee can sell for $26,000 US or legal systems to stem the tide. As
overall story, particularly as regards major airports and dropped into be patient as they might with a con- on the black market, while a go- with all illegal trade, engagement
great apes. Many, many more chim- major cities without any veterinary tainer full of ivory, leaving it to hide rilla might bring $40,000 US, reason with the source, transit and destina-
panzees, gorillas, bonobos and oran- care or quarantine, carrying with in plain sight on a dock somewhere enough to keep the source countries tion countries is required, and only
gutans die than are ever trafficked – them extremely high risks of disease in East Africa until the conditions for in Africa and Asia at the table. if a deep commitment to behavior
meaning the 400-plus chimpanzees transmission from pathogens that transport are right. Instead, great change follows through. The Apes
in the database could easily represent can also infect humans. It is widely apes – the overwhelming majority of The Apes Seizure Database fills an Seizure Database was designed to
4,000 dead – and law enforcement accepted that major pandemics such which are trafficked as infants – re- important void in the battle to end accurately monitor the number of
and investigative agencies agree that as HIV and ebola jumped into the quire high‑risk routes and are nor- the illicit trade in great apes, and was chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans
no more than 10 percent of any con- human population from wild sources, mally transported in carry‑on luggage designed as a “live‑time” resource to and bonobos being lost from the wild
traband is ever inspected or seized, including through the consumption of on board airplanes or stored in the support law enforcement measures. each year into unlawful situations.
meaning the Apes Seizure Database great apes as bushmeat. Some recent hold in crates identified as household Unlike the slow upload of data men- But simply counting numbers won’t
barely hints at the scale and scope Ebola hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in pets, and that requires pay‑offs and tioned earlier that often follows cold mean much unless those numbers
of the crisis. With Grauer’s gorillas, humans have been traced to contact bribes to customs officials and secu- cases where the only option is to tally actually count.
Bornean orangutans and Western with infected great apes that were rity agents along the way. the dead, the Apes Seizure Database
chimpanzees all recently upgraded to hunted for food, while, the SARS‑as- will provide data on trends, hotspots
“critically endangered” by the IUCN, sociated coronavirus has been associ- Yet the markets for great apes con- and other indicators to law enforce-
Chester Zoo, Islands
it would not take long for the illegal ated with the international trade in tinue to drive demand. In the Middle ment, investigative and regulatory
trade to push some populations be- small carnivores. East, private menageries and the agencies on a regular basis, allowing
yond the brink of sustainability. massive pet trade are to blame, and them to act much more quickly if
that region also serves as a vital tran- chimpanzees are being trafficked out
sit point for the sell‑on of apes to Asia. of West Africa or orangutans are be-
The myriad unaccredited zoos and sa- ing smuggled into the Middle East.
fari parks in China and Thailand have
used chimpanzees and orangutans in
8 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 9
Aleah Bowie and Brian Hare – Duke University
Effects of Using Great Apes
in Advertising
On August 24, a Chinese woman took Many articles condemning the Er Images, the framing of messages,
three‑year‑old Er Mao on a shopping Mao spectacle shared the photos in and numerous psychological influ-
trip to a mall in Kunming, China. The order to emphasize how orangutans ences impact our decisions to support,
three‑year‑old spent the afternoon suffer in these types of situations. oppose, or neglect conservation
trying on dresses, skirts, cheerleader Essentially, “Try to take Er Mao’s per- efforts. We wouldn’t know about
outfits, and sunglasses – all the things spective, and you’ll realize its cruelty.” these influences without insights
that little girls might love. However, there is another message from the study of human psychol-
these experts may have overlooked: ogy. Our research team at Duke
Mall‑goers crowded around to take the effect the photos have on the University, is conducting some of the
pictures of Er Mao because she’s not psychology of humans. Unfortunately, first experiments to test ideas about
the typical three‑year‑old. Er Mao is caring individuals around the world how attitudes and behaviors regard-
an orangutan from the Yunnan Wild sharing photos like these may unin- ing conservation might vary across
Animals Park and the woman with her tentionally be harming orangutans as development and cultures. In this
is her keeper. well. Several peer‑reviewed scientific field, known as conservation psychol-
publications show that viewing great ogy, the ultimate goal is to better
The photos and videos of Er Mao apes in clothes and around humans understand how we can encourage
quickly made the rounds on social increases the likelihood that people behaviors that promote conservation.
media. Syndicated sites ran the imag- believe great apes make good house- Our initial work has relied completely
es, so the story of the adorable oddity hold pets. Even when promoting on collaborations with AZA zoos and
reached broad audiences. Within a conservation or welfare, using images PASA sanctuaries.
week, anyone in China with a social of people together with apes may
media presence had likely seen the do more harm than good (cf Fig). It © Aleah Bowie, Lola Ya Bonobo
photos of the young orangutan in appears people are not encoding the Conservation education program at the Lola Ya Bonobo Sanctuary in DRC.
human clothes. intended conservation message, and
instead only paying attention to the
Most of the press about Er Mao photos. In cases like that of Er Mao,
simply shared the photos with some the best thing we can do to protect What is rise. As a complementary approach and benefits of supporting conserva-
added captions. Less prominent were her and her species is to share eco- Conservation Psychology? to curbing these illegal markets, we tion initiatives while considering how
articles by conservationists, research- logically appropriate media featuring propose examining the psychology of our support may affect our personal
ers, and zoo personnel decrying the apes in their natural habitat while For the past decade, our research people involved in the crisis. What are resources, our friends or family’s
Er Mao spectacle and working to pre- also discussing the damage inappro- group has conducted behavioral stud- the social influences and cognitive well‑being, and our own reputations.
vent these incidents from happening priate media representation can have ies with chimpanzees and bonobos in biases that provoke people to exploit Governments and corporations make
in the future. Experts agree that great on conservation efforts. an effort to understand the evolution these animals? How do images and decisions using these same consid-
apes can become stressed when sub- of humans’ unique social cognition messages affect people’s willingness erations, although at a grander, more
jected to situations unnatural for their and behavior. Having worked with to adopt pro‑conservation behav- detached scale. Conservation, in
species. Such events occur almost ex- these species for so long in captivity iors? Subsequently, can we use our essence, is the just another study of
clusively for human viewership with and in the wild, we feel an obligation understanding of human behavior to human behavior.
little understanding or consideration to contribute to their protection in encourage people to adopt behaviors
of the apes’ welfare. their natural habitats. that will protect great apes? Biodiversity conservation relies on
…The three-year-old spent the convincing people not to consume
Each year, thousands of great apes Currently, psychologists have con- certain products or to break certain
afternoon trying on dresses, skirts, are taken from the wild and illegally tributed little to conversations about habits. Psychologists have the tools
transported within and across bor- conservation. However, everything to determine how best to encourage
cheerleader outfits, and sunglasses… ders to wealthy patrons as meat or as about conservation – from the such behavior. Armed with insights
pets. Despite the number of NGO’s condition of desecrated forests and from human psychology, we can
working to curb the selling of great species within them, to the solutions improve communication and persua-
apes and the destruction of their to stop or reverse such destruction- sion to reduce exploitation of species,
habitats, the issue of the internation- -is a product of human cognition and incentivize people to donate
al bushmeat and pet trades is on the and decision‑making. Consciously or time, money, or effort to conserva-
subconsciously, we weigh the cost tion causes.
10 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 11
For our study, we tested the effective- The Role of Zoos from various grants. Conservation
ness of these psychology‑informed in Conservation Psychology psychology research at zoos is inex-
strategies against the conventional pensive, is non‑invasive, and does not
factual messaging. We created Zoos can take the field of conserva- necessarily require additional work
different brochures for a fictitious tion psychology from the fringes of of keepers or staff. Studies at zoos
great ape conservation website. All academia to a widely used applied can be simple in scope‑for instance,
brochures were identical in terms of science with tremendous conserva- changing signage around displays in a
layout and images, but the text was tion implications. Researchers can controlled, experimental manner and
different for each. Participants saw conduct studies with student popula- measuring observable short‑terms
one brochure and were then asked a tions and general populations, but conservation behaviors. We can use
Figure series of questions measuring their zoos provide a forum where we can trackable behaviors like observing
Effect of human presence on perception attitude and behaviors. We found examine the effects of conservation whether people complete additional
of chimpanzees as appealing pets.
that compared to the brochure that psychology in real time and with real surveys or help keepers with a mun-
The top bars display the proportion of survey
respondents that agreed that wild chimpan- used factual messaging, the reputa- effects. dane task – the simple completion of
zee populations were healthy/stable when tion‑enhancing messaging strategy which can be compared between ex-
viewing one of four versions of a composite significantly increased viewers’ likeli- As a study of human behavior, studies perimental manipulations and signify
image: those with an anthropomorphic
(office setting) background, a jungle back- hood to engage in pro‑conservation in conservation psychology ought to behavior change.
ground, a captive (zoo setting) background, behaviors after viewing the brochure. be conducted with a diverse range of
or a neutral (blank white) background. The populations. For all of our research The field of conservation psychology
bottom bars display the proportion of survey
respondents that agreed that chimpanzees We conducted this study at Duke, group’s studies, including the previ- will need to be increasingly interdis-
were appealing as pets after viewing one but working with zoos and sanctuar- ously described messaging study, we ciplinary in nature. We encourage
of the same images with one of the four ies provides an opportunity to test collected data from populations in more researchers in psychology,
above‑listed backgrounds (Stephen R. Ross,
Vivian M. Vreeman and Elizabeth V. Lonsdorf, whether our findings translate to the three of the countries that have the conservation sciences, education
2011, PLoS ONE 6(7): e22050. doi:10.1371/ real world. We ran the same study on greatest stake in the future of African and related fields to embrace the
journal.pone.0022050) the website of a PASA sanctuary for great apes: the Democratic Republic study of human behavior as it relates
rescued bonobos. We created differ- of the Congo where all three African to biodiversity conservation. Zoos
ent homepages for the website, and greats are found; China, which in- around the world interested in
the text of each homepage corre- creasing has an economic presence in augmenting their contributions to
sponded to one of the different mes- Central Africa, and the United States great apes and other species ought
What Role Has Conservation The clear‑cut results from these stud- An ongoing study in our research saging strategies. We used software which has contributed significantly to to include or encourage researchers
Psychology Played in Great ies kick started a movement among group uses experimental methodol- commonly used by marketing compa- conservation of great apes over the working with them to conduct more
Ape Conservation? researchers and conservationists to ogy to examine how messages used nies that randomly routed visitors to past few decades. By working with studies in this field. Zoos can partner
only use photos of apes in natural by conservation organizations affect one of the homepages and anony- zoos in each of these countries to local universities, invite speakers to
Research in conservation psychology settings not only for more formal viewers’ attitudes and behaviors mously tracked visitors’ engagement conduct studies, we can help NGO’s come and discuss how their work
is already improving conservation ef- promotional materials for zoos and towards great apes. One commonly in the site. Like our first study done and zoos around the world improve in the social sciences can apply to
forts for great apes. In 2008, Dr. Ste- the press, but on personal social used strategy to solicit help for great at Duke, our real‑world experiment communication about great apes for conservation, and provide resources
ve Ross of Lincoln Park Zoo and media profiles. The same researchers apes in brochures, in discussions, and found that psychology‑informed broader audiences. The more zoos and small grants to encourage under-
colleagues conducted the previously and conservationists campaigned to on websites is what we call factual strategies were more effective in become involved in this research, the graduate and graduate researchers
mentioned study among zoo‑visitors decrease the use of apes in advertise- messaging – conveying numeric or increasing actual engagement among more knowledge we will collectively to collaborate on projects. In addi-
that found that common media ments and movies to decrease the geological information about great visitors compared to the convention- have about how humans make deci- tion, zoos can work with researchers
portrayals of chimpanzees negatively downstream effects on the demand apes’ conservation status. However, al factual messaging strategy. sion about conservation. to publish their findings in accessible
distort the public’s understanding for great apes as pets. plenty of research suggests that the peer reviewed journals in order to
of their endangered conservation average person’s attitudes and be- The elegance of all these experiments Zoos that we have worked with, share their findings with other zoos
status. A separate study conducted The studies mentioned above were havior does not change when faced is that they both further our under- including Zoo Atlanta and the North and sanctuaries around the world.
by our research group demonstrated not just simple surveys. They had with facts and figures about a species’ standing of human behavior and they Carolina Zoo, support research in Sharing best practices, derived from
that people actually donate less experimental designs, meaning the conservation. Why would it? Unless provide suggestions and recommen- numerous areas of study, and this has thorough experimental testing, is
money to chimpanzee conservation researchers tested strategies that involved in conservation work, the dations to actual NGO’s and conserva- contributed to their reputations as how zoos around the world can play
after they viewed chimpanzees in an they predicted would encourage average person does not have a refer- tionists working to improve great ape pioneers in conservation. Supporting a bigger part in conservation.
entertainment context compared to pro‑conservation behaviors against ence point when told the number of conservation efforts. All of these ex- research that has clear conservation
when they viewed chimpanzees in conventional strategies or neutral animals left in the wild or approxi- periments could not have happened implications can open doors for zoos
naturalistic settings. strategies. Only with experimental mate years until a species’ extinction. without the support and collaboration to receive more financial support
designs can we truly know whether Instead of continuing to use this inef- of zoos. Zoos and Aquaria potentially
interventions we put in place are fective tactic, why not appeal to psy- have a large role to play in furthering
working. These studies tested chological mechanisms that we know of the field of conservation psychol-
implicit measures of attitude, and can change behavior? For instance, ogy, and therein improving conserva-
real measures of behavior, instead of we know from published psychology tion efforts for numerous species.
hypothetical responses. The experi- research that humans are universally
mental designs were also grounded in protective of their reputations and
knowledge from published research the reputations of their social groups. journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0022050
in psychology. By building on what So, why not highlight how supporting journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0026048
we already know, we have a better conservation could improve people’s
chance of coming up with strategies status within their social groups?
that we know will work.
12 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 13
Lilian Pintea – the Jane Goodall Institute
Combining High‑tech
and Low‑tech Mapping Tools
to Protect Chimpanzees
More than fifty five years ago, on This article discusses the role of natural resources on the village lands
July 14, 1960, Jane Goodall stepped high‑tech mapping technologies outside Gombe. TACARE staff quickly
onto the shores of Lake Tanganyika combined with low‑tech participa- learned that community buy‑in was
and, through her groundbreaking dis- tory approaches to help plan, imple- essential for success. Therefore, the
coveries about chimpanzees in what ment and monitor land uses that TACARE project added agriculture,
is now Gombe National Park (Gombe) resulted in landscape restoration and health, social infrastructure, com-
in Tanzania, opened a new window positive change. munity development, and clean water
to the natural world and to ourselves. components to the range of conser-
This unique long‑term research Putting people, vation strategies it employed.
continues today with chimpanzee chimpanzees and forests
behavior data collected daily, every on the same map In 2000, JGI started to use satellite
15 minutes, by the Jane Goodall Insti- imagery and Geographic Informa-
tute’s (JGI) Gombe Stream Research Gombe National Park was estab- tion Systems (GIS) to complement
Center and digitized, managed, and lished in 1968 and covers a land its long‑term chimpanzee behaviour
analyzed by Duke University, Uni- area of 36 km2 and 20 km2 of aquatic dataset with habitat change informa-
versity of Minnesota, Arizona State habitats, approximately the size of tion as detected by historical satel-
University, George Washington Uni- Manhattan in total, along the Lake lite imagery inside and outside the
versity and other research partners. Tanganyika. Although small, Gombe park. More than 400,000 chimpanzee
is rich in biodiversity. behaviour observations were mapped © the Jane Goodall Institute, Rob Sassor Tabora at Gombe.
In addition to being the longest con- into a geo‑database using Esri’s GIS
tinuously running great ape research Over the last few decades, however, software. Analysis of images from
site in the world, Gombe is also at there has been significant deforesta- space acquired by various satellites From Maps to Smarter chimpanzee presence, potential suit- At the end of the land use planning
the forefront of exploring innovative tion and environmental degrada- such as Landsat and SPOT confirmed Land Use Plans able habitats, deforestation, steep process in 2009, 13 out of 14 villages
solutions to complex conservation tion outside the park. In addition to that while forest cover improved in- slopes, footpaths, roads, streams, within GGE completed their partici-
challenges. In 1992, whilst flying over habitat loss and fragmentation, other side Gombe National Park more than The Institute in 2005, started to use watersheds, and density of human patory village land‑use plans, which
Gombe, Jane witnessed the almost threats – primarily disease – have put 64% of forests and woodlands were Geodesign and Conservation Action structures mapped from historical became ratified by the Tanzanian
total loss of forest and woodlands the chimpanzees at an even higher lost between 1972 and 1999 in core Planning (CAP) using Open Standards satellite, high resolution 60-centim- government. Local communities vol-
outside the park, and realized that risk. While internationally renowned, chimpanzee range outside Gombe. to bring people, indigenous and sci- eter QuickBird DigitalGlobe imagery untarily assigned 9,690 hectares, or
“there’s no way we can even attempt the chimpanzees of Gombe became entific knowledge, data and mapping and participatory mapping of expert 26%, of their village lands as Village
to save the Gombe chimpanzees one of the most threatened wild The first 1-meter high resolution technologies together to develop knowledge. Forest Reserves. Guided geographi-
unless we improve the lives of the chimpanzee populations in the world. imagery acquired from space in 2002 more effective conservation strate- cally by one conservation vision and
people living around that last little Deforestation in hilly terrain of the by IKONOS satellite opened a new gies. One of those strategies was Informed by the Greater Gombe plan, these reserves were intercon-
oasis of forest.” ecosystem also resulted in unstable era for the Institute’s community cen- participatory village land use plan- Ecosystem (GGE) CAP, participatory nected across village boundaries to
watersheds, threatening local settle- tered approach. For the first time JGI ning to establish zones for agriculture village land‑use plans were devel- minimize fragmentation and covered
For more than twenty years JGI has ments with more frequent and severe staff and community representatives and community‑managed village for- oped by the communities according 68% of the priority core conservation
been working with individual farmers, landslides and flash floods. Daily lives could see on the same satellite image est reserves that benefit watersheds, to Tanzanian land policy and with full area defined by the GGE CAP.
local communities, and governments for many people become increasingly map, trees used by chimpanzees people and chimpanzees. involvement of government and com-
along with science and technology difficult as water quality and quan- along with farms and other land uses munity stakeholders. JGI facilitated
partners to learn how to design tity was reduced and wood for fuel important for people’s livelihoods. The Geodesign and CAP efforts the process and provided technical
landscapes that better work for both became increasingly scarce. This enabled everyone, from villagers helped prioritize spatially where vil- support, including maps and mapping …26% of their
people and chimpanzees. Today to scientists, conservation practition- lage forest reserves should be ideally tools to record and manage land use
many of those woodlands outside JGI began working with the local com- ers and government decisions makers, located. A core conservation area data. The planning process followed village lands as
Gombe are coming back thanks to munities in 1994 through the Lake to develop a common understanding was defined that, if protected, would seven steps and required villagers
natural regeneration in village forest Tanganyika Catchment Reforestation of the landscape, agree on the major substantially increase the viability of to settle any existing land disagree- Village Forest
reserves established and managed and Education (TACARE) project. threats and work together towards a chimpanzees inside and outside the ments and agree on village bounda-
by the local communities with sup- TACARE’s focus is to seek ways of vision and plan to save Gombe. park and stabilize the watersheds to ries and how land resources located Reserves…
port from JGI. arresting the rapid degradation of support human livelihoods. This core within the villages should be used to
conservation area was delineated meet specific human livelihood needs
by overlaying historic distribution of and conservation objectives.
14 WAZA 4/16 WAZA 4/16 15
Recent developments in remote
sensing and cloud computing enable
the use of Earth satellite observations
to provide a synoptic view of chim-
panzee habitats at finer spatial and
temporal resolutions that are locally
relevant and consistent across the
entire species’ range. JGI partnered
with scientists from the University of
Maryland (UMD), NASA, and others
to develop a Decision Support Sys-
tem (DSS) to monitor and forecast in
near–real time chimpanzee habitat
health in Africa. The system inte-
grates fifteen years of Earth obser-
vations from 30-meter resolution
Landsat data with a species‑specific
© the Jane Goodall Institute, Lilian Pintea habitat suitability model, and a
Developing a Conservation Action Plan for model forecasting future land use
the Gombe Mahale Ecosystem in western change, enhanced by crowd‑sourced
Tanzania using participatory mapping of field data collected by local com-
expert knowledge and Open Standards
for the Practice of Conservation. munities and rangers using mobile
Scaling up smartphones and tablets.
Emerging new Unmanned Aerial The work completed and the lessons This dynamic and complex model-
Vehicle (UAV) or drone technologies learned from the GGE have been ling system continuously updated
© the Jane Goodall Institute, Lilian Pintea could also be a powerful and locally successfully applied to other areas via Earth observations will provide
Training village forest monitors to use Android smartphones and Open Data Kit (ODK) to patrol their Village Forest Reserve available participatory tools that in Tanzania as well as to other JGI pro- critical and cost‑saving informa-
and collect data on wildlife, illegal human activities and threats to wildlife and forests in western Tanzania. could acquire village scale imagery ject sites in Uganda, Congo, DRC and tion to decision‑makers to inform
to support evaluation of ongoing now across Africa. What happened to village scale land use efforts similar
implementation of village land use Gombe is happening to many other to Gombe or monitor the entire
Monitoring Village Forest Measuring Conservation plans and measure conservation forest patches around the world. chimpanzee range in Africa. And like
Reserves Success success. JGI in collaboration with Chimpanzee’s, are threatened across in Gombe, by combining high‑tech
the local communities, Conserva- their entire range by habitat loss perspectives from space with the
The newly established village land In collaboration with Blue Raster, Evaluating the effectiveness of con- tion Drones, Liverpool John Moores and fragmentation, illegal bushmeat on‑the‑ground conservation in
use plans for the first time recog- JGI developed a Community Forest servation strategies is an important University and Ugalla Primate Project hunting, disease and the illegal pet practice we will be more effective
nized local communities land tenures Monitoring dashboard that was built step for any conservation organiza- have been assessing the feasibility trade. It has been estimated that to convert big geospatial data into
and rights to resources outside the using Esri’s ArcGIS Online mapping tion. It helps review our assumptions of using UAVs to map chimpanzee more than 70% of chimpanzee tropi- useful management information to
Gombe. JGI continued to support platform to publish and visualize on how the world works and adapt nests and complement ongoing vil- cal forest habitats are now threat- protect chimpanzees.
village governments helping to community patrol data on maps and and fine‑tune our efforts to abate the lage forest monitoring efforts using ened by infrastructure development
establish community‑based organiza- interactive charts accessible online most important threats to chimpan- mobile technologies and from high and conversion to agriculture and This work is made possible by the
tions (CBOs) and develop bylaws to even with low internet connectivity. zees. Thanks to a generous partner- resolution satellite images. In June settlements. generous support of the American
implement these plans. Communi- Thanks to the dashboard, local deci- ship, DigitalGlobe has been using its 2015 Conservation Drones with finan- people through the United States
ties set up Village Forest Monitoring sion makers can use now community powerful constellation of satellites to cial support from United States Fish The Institute’s main conservation Agency for International Develop-
programs. Each community identi- monitoring data towards evaluating acquire very high resolution imagery and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and objective is to stabilize and protect ment (USAID) and the government
fied up to two Forest Monitors per the implementation of village land over Gombe and the larger GGE. the National Aeronautics and Space wild chimpanzee populations by ad- of Tanzania. Special thanks to Esri,
village. With support from Google use plans. For example, they can Using 2005 and 2014 DigitalGlobe Administration (NASA), trained JGI dressing the most important threats Digital Globe and Google Earth
Earth Outreach, JGI equipped and zoom in to the Kigalye village and see satellite data and Esri’s ArcGIS Online staff in Kigoma. In two days with the to their survival, such as habitat loss. Outreach for support with geospatial
trained Village Forest Monitors to that Kigalye Forest Reserve has been platform we can visualize and share participation of local communities JGI is a global community conserva- technologies.
use Android smartphones and tablets very well patrolled compared to other with the world that Kigalye Village we successfully acquired very high tion organization that advances the
and Open Data Kit (ODK) to collect villages. Decision makers could use has been very successful in imple- resolution imagery from UAVs cover- vision and work of Dr. Jane Goodall.
and report data on wildlife presence the dashboard also to see encounter menting its land use plan minimizing ing three village forest reserves in By protecting chimpanzees and in-
for more than 20 species, including rates of wildlife and illegal activates, farming, tree cutting and fire to allow very rugged terrain along Rift Valley spiring action to conserve the natural
chimpanzees, as well as more than print maps or browse the pictures re- woodlands to regenerate naturally in north east of Gombe. In May 2016 we world we all share, JGI improves the
30 different types of illegal human ported by the Village Forest Monitors. their Village Forest Reserve. repeated the flights and were able to lives of people, animals, and the
activities or threats. map changes in land use. environment. We welcome Zoo’s to
get involved with our groundbreaking
conservation work in Africa.
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