2014 ZOO REVIEW - Chester Zoo
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2014 ZOO REVIEW Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society for the year ended 31st December 2014
2 2014 Zoo Review Annual
Annual
Report
Report
of the
of the
North
North
of England
of England
Zoological
Zoological
Society 3 67
Society
Our Vision
A DIVERSE, THRIVING AND APPENDICES ON CD
SUSTAINABLE NATURAL WORLD. CONTENTS
1. Chester Zoo Annual Report Species
Chairman’s Holdings, Roles and IUCN Red List Status
Statement.................................................................... 2
2. Chester Zoo Organisational Structure Director
9. MammalsReview.............................................................. 4
General’s
Managing Director’s Review.......................................................... 5
10. Birds
3. Chester Zoo Staff on External Boards
Our Mission 4. Brief Biographies of the Director Team
Highlights of the Year...................................................................... 6
11. Reptiles
Reflections on the Year................................................................... 7
TO BE A MAJOR FORCE IN CONSERVING 5.
6.
Brief Biographies of the Trustees
Discovery and Learning Members’ Talks
12. 2013
Strategy
Natural
Amphibians
13.Vision
- 2018 ....................................................................... 8
Masterplan............................................................ 10
Fishes
BIODIVERSITY WORLDWIDE.
Progressing our Mission............................................................... 12
7. Zoo Research and Scientific Publications 14. Invertebrates
8. Worldwide Conservation Activities In-Zoo
15.Developments
Plants in 2014...................................................... 13
Key Developments in the Animal
16. Summary of Conservation Status and of Plant Collection.... 13
the Collection
Supporting the Animal and Plant Collection..................... 16
17. About the Chester Zoo Collection Plan
Science Investigations........................................................ 17
18. Summary
Discovery andofLearning......................................................
All Roles 18
Commercial Developments................................................ 19
Chairman’s Statement Marketing and Public Relations......................................... 20
Memberships and Adoptions............................................. 21
BUILDING ON OUR SUCCESS Trusts, Grants and Sponsorship Received ....................... 22
Act for Wildlife...................................................................... 23
Staffing, Organisation, Structure and Training .................. 24
Health and Safety................................................................ 25
Following the completion of the roof of a dramatised version of the founding of formally approved and Malcolm Ardron, Conservation .................................................................................. 26
the Monsoon Forest last October, the Chester Zoo. Angela Pinnington and Simon Venables were Realm of the Red Ape......................................................... 27
sheer scale of the Islands development formally elected as Trustees of the Society. The Assam Haathi Project.................................................. 28
Membership of the Society also continued Protecting China’s Forests................................................. 29
has become even more apparent. This Before the statutory items of business, there
to rise, reaching a record level of 57,835 in Philippines Conservation.................................................... 30
remarkable building, together with the was a review of the events of 2014, and a
2014. This represents an increase of almost
extensive outdoor elements of the scheme, question and answer session with the zoo Saving Species in the Mascarenes.................................... 31
8,000 on the previous year, and 15,000
will soon be providing members and other Directors present. Black Rhino Conservation.................................................. 32
since 2012.
visitors with an immersive wildlife experience Saving Chimpanzees in Nigeria.......................................... 33
Early in 2014 the Trustees formally endorsed
unlike anything that has been seen before in The success of Chester Zoo has been People and Wildlife.............................................................. 34
the second five year Strategic Plan for the
this country. recognised by a number of awards this Frogs to the Fore................................................................. 35
Society for the period 2013-18. Work will
year. TripAdvisorTM awarded the zoo a Conserving British Wildlife................................................. 36
The main contractors, Laing O’Rourke and soon commence on developing an even
2014 Certificate of Excellence, signifying Chester Zoo Conservation Grants..................................... 37
Read Construction, are completing their longer-term strategy, both in terms of the
that it has consistently earned outstanding Global Partnerships for Progress....................................... 38
work on the project, while other specialists masterplan for the zoo itself, and the role of
feedback from their travellers. Significantly, Islands Under Threat........................................................... 39
are finalising the detailed planting and the organisation in worldwide conservation.
the zoo won the 2014 TripAdvisorTM Keeper for a Day Scheme................................................... 40
theming that will bring Islands to life. The Travellers' Choice Attraction Award: Best Zoo Expedition 2014............................................................ 41
last few months of the project will include rated zoo in the UK. It also came second
an acclimatisation and testing phase, during in Europe and sixth in the world in these Trustees’ Report for the Year Ended 31st December 2014............ 42
which animals will transfer to their new awards for zoos and aquariums. Chester Reference and Administrative Details of the North of
accommodation, allowing them to adjust Zoo was voted the UK’s Best Animal or England Zoological Society, its Trustees and Advisors... 42
to their surroundings before the opening in Sea Life Attraction at the Group Travel Professor Peter Wheeler, Chairman, Structure, Governance and Management......................... 43
July. Awards in London in June 2014, and the North of England Zoological Society Objectives and Activities.................................................... 45
Following its construction last year, the Tourism Experience or Event of the Year for Strategic Report for the Year Ended 31st December 2014.. 45
Nature Reserve was officially opened by our Lantern Magic event at the Marketing Statement of Trustees’ Responsibilities............................ 46
the well-known natural history writer and Cheshire Annual Awards 2014. We were
broadcaster, and NEZS Trustee, Professor also awarded the Silver Medal for our Independent Auditor’s Report...................................................... 47
Stefan Buczacki on 13th May 2014. This Summer Garden ‘The threatened islands of
South East Asia’ at the RHS Flower Show at Financial Statements.................................................................... 48
milestone event marked the first phase of a
Tatton Park in July 2014. Consolidated Statement of Financial Activities................ 48
development that we hope will grow within
Balance Sheets.................................................................... 49
the land holding of the zoo, both in area and The German conservationist Roland Consolidated Cash Flow Statement.................................. 50
maturity, over future years. Wirth, who has been involved with the Principal Accounting Policies............................................. 51
zoo since the late 1980’s, was the 2014
2014 was the busiest ever for the zoo with Notes to the Financial Statements..................................... 53
recipient of the NEZS Gold Medal for his
total visitors numbering 1,432,867. The
outstanding lifetime achievements in species
record-breaking numbers in September, Looking Ahead to 2015................................................................. 64
conservation.
October, November and December were
helped not only by the fine autumn weather The 80th NEZS AGM that took place in Appendices (on CD)............................................ inside back cover
and successful events such as Lantern the Lecture Theatre on 24th June 2014
Magic, but also the publicity arising from was again a well attended event. The 2013 We would like to thank all the kind people who gave us
Cover: We have bred two Black crowned cranes in 2014.
the popular BBC television series Our Zoo, Annual Report and Statutory Accounts were permission to use their photographs for this report.
This page: Grevy’s zebra born at Chester Zoo in 2014.
4 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 5
Director General’s Review Managing Director’s Review
CELEBRATING OUR HERITAGE WHILST LOOKING FORWARD 2014 - A RECORD YEAR!
2014 was always going to be an first ever ‘Chester Zoo Expedition’ where and determination to found our zoo be so
interesting year. Many of our staff we took a few of our in-house experts and beautifully told.
and our Trustees spent a tremendous staff drawn at random from all areas of If you read last year’s Annual Report, I celebration of gardens, birds and UK wildlife. existing zoo and have prepared us for what
There were some very welcome new
amount of time and energy planning, the zoo to the west coast of Ecuador to talked about preparing the zoo for the At the opposite end of the year, Lantern will undoubtedly be the biggest year in
additions to the animal collection in 2014.
designing and building the Islands continue important research into the biology future. In many respects, the future Magic made more records attracting 28,000 our history when it is likely records will be
Details of these can be found on pages 13-
project, which you will read more of the Ecuador amazon parrot, a bird many is here as we work towards opening visitors to a pre-Christmas tour of the site at made again as we make final preparations
15 however I must highlight the arrival of
about later in this Annual Report. This of you will know is close to my heart. It is Islands this coming summer. night. The December event went on to win to open Islands later in the year. Someone
the Aye-aye, an Endangered and enigmatic
work will continue to accelerate as we my intention that there will be an official the Marketing Cheshire “Best Event” Award I met during 2014 said Islands was going
nocturnal lemur. I am delighted that we As Managing Director, part of my
get closer to the opening in 2015 and expedition each year to give as many of our for 2014. to be “game changing” for UK zoos and I
are involved in this European Breeding responsibility is to ensure operational
wrestle with the all important details. staff as possible the experience of assisting Programme. Our dedication to working in the am sure its opening will change the whole
readiness following the long period of Despite unpredictable summer weather, we
Even so, 2014 turned out to be an with our conservation and education efforts field to conserve species and habitats was dynamic of the Upton site forever. Islands is
construction. We have watched a series of also had some record numbers and working
extraordinary year in a number of ways. around the world. demonstrated by us taking over responsibility the start of what we want the future zoo to
grassed fields slowly turn into a landscape with the Girl Guide Association helped
Firstly it was record breaking with our of the Gashaka Biodiversity Project in look like and will shape the creation of future
Early in the year we were all thrilled to hear of accented buildings, planted banks, huge regional Brownie groups break a Guinness
highest ever number of visitors! You Gashaka Gumti National Park, Nigeria. master planning as we move through the
of the BBC’s intention to produce a period enclosures and river crossings that will World Record with over 1,500 sleeping
will find more details of the records forthcoming year.
drama series depicting the Mottershead theme this amazing new experience. under a single roof during September.
broken within Managing Director Jamie It is a great privilege for me to lead this
family’s trials and adventures in buying zoo with our staff who share George My report went onto say that the zoo had We respect and value the views of our
Christon’s report.
Oakfield House and creating Chester Zoo. Mottershead’s passion, drive and to remain focused on the opportunities and members and visitors. The content of social
NEZS, Chester Zoo is a conservation The amazing story of George Mottershead’s determination to make NEZS, Chester Zoo challenges ahead. Although Islands has media channels and websites such as
and education charity. I was delighted to vision and determination to form Chester the best it can possibly be. My sincere been and remains a big part of our life on a TripAdvisorTM form part of the analysis of
see two initiatives finally come to fruition Zoo has up until now, been relatively thanks to the Directors, Trustees, Members, day to day basis, I was pleased that we have our service standards and so in August we Jamie Christon, Managing Director
in 2014 that I have wanted us to do for unknown especially compared to the stories staff and all who visited us in 2014 for their surpassed previous year’s performance right were delighted to be named top zoo in the
some time. Firstly, the opening of the first of other great zoo founders like Gerald tremendous support. across the spectrum within the existing zoo. UK in their traveller’s awards, and the sixth
phase of a Nature Reserve on our very own Durrell O.B.E. That the programme was in the world.
land. This was a hugely significant event, enjoyed by millions of people across the UK The building blocks for future growth
allowing us, in the long term, to get the best with its wonderful authenticity and charm are there, evidenced by having a record With records in spring, summer and winter,
possible value for wildlife from our extensive was in great part thanks to the involvement breaking year welcoming 1,432,867 autumn was no exception with weeks of
land holding and demonstrating that of George’s daughter, June Williams, who visitors during 2014. I reported over 50,000 glorious sunny weather and the founding of
members of NEZS in 2013, this increased to the zoo being dramatised on BBC1 prime
conservation of our local, native biodiversity was wonderfully depicted as an eight Mark Pilgrim, Director General
nearly 58,000 in 2014. Records were even time in a series of programmes called Our
is as important as the often more exotic year old in the series by Honor Kneafsey.
set with over 1,500 animal adoptions in the Zoo. The result boosted visitor numbers to
biodiversity overseas. It was very fitting Honor really captured June’s deep love of
month leading up to Christmas smashing a an all-time high throughout the season and
that wildlife expert, TV presenter and NEZS animals and wonderful sense of fun. June, Left: The Director General Mark Pilgrim and
record last made in 2009. created millions of pounds of PR, promoting
Trustee Professor Stefan Buczacki officially who remained a great friend to the zoo, Professor Stefan Buczacki at the opening
our vision and mission nationally and
opened this first phase. I must thank all sadly passed away in May 2015 but we event of our Nature Reserve. The zoo team have worked towards
internationally.
those volunteers and sponsors who made know she had enjoyed seeing the amazing Right: Honor Kneafsey as June (Our Zoo) a package of year round events and
this possible. The second initiative was our story of her father’s great passion, drive with June Williams. attractions. In spring we saw Bloom, a These records were all set within the Above: Managing Director Jamie Christon.
6 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 7
Highlights of the Year Reflections on the Year
2014 AT A GLANCE FROM THE EXECUTIVE TEAM
Mark Pilgrim, Director General
“In the future, when we look back on 2014, it will probably be remembered as the year we prepared for
Islands. While this is very much true, a great deal of our focus was on ensuring that every detail of the
Islands project is of the highest standard, 2014 holds many other nice and significant memories for me.
Leading the zoo’s first overseas expedition to the forests of western Ecuador, including a number of staff
randomly selected from across all departments, filled me with pride. In often uncomfortable conditions the
team were excellent and we collected a great deal of very important data on the biology of the Ecuador
amazon parrot that assists us to produce a conservation action plan and we also had a lot of fun. The
opening of the first phase of our very own Nature Reserve on our land holding was a major milestone
for the zoo. Being voted the best zoo in UK and sixth best zoo in the world by millions of visitors on
TripAdvisorTM was a great morale boost to us all, indicating that while we are certainly on the right track as
a fabulous zoo we still have room to improve.”
Jamie Christon, Managing Director
“2014 was my first full year and was jam packed with memorable events. Many of these were achievements
that had been reached in previous years but were then superseded by record breaking results and
outstanding levels of work and commitment in 2014. Examples include record breaking months of
September, October, November and December which led to the year of 2014 achieving the highest
number of visitors ever. Our busiest day ever on record in August, was soon followed by being voted by our
JANUARY MAY SEPTEMBER visitors as the number one zoo in the UK by TripAdvisorTM and sixth in the world. Other highlights include
watching the filming of Our Zoo and then the pride as it was screened on national TV, then in December
A team of staff lead by Dr Mark Pilgrim travel Our two-acre Nature Reserve, created to Our Zoo, a six-part TV drama based on the welcoming almost 28,000 visitors to Lantern Magic, nearly a 100% growth on 2013. Overarching all of
to Ecuador to research the Ecuador amazon help UK native species, opens. inspiring story of the zoo’s founder George this was witnessing the ongoing development of Islands, on a week by week, month by month basis and
parrot. We welcome the arrival of two warthog Mottershead and his family in the 1930s, seeing it grow from nothing into readiness for summer 2015.”
Amphibian experts trial a technique to tag a piglets, the first to be born here. opens on BBC One.
population of 80 of the zoo’s Golden mantella Kifaru, a 29 year old Eastern black rhino,
Primate experts begin a study on
frogs with silicone implants, which could play arrives from Hanover Zoo to bring vital new Simon Mann, Development Director
orangutans’ teeth in a bid to help
a part in helping to save one of the smallest blood to the European population of this rare
conservation projects in Malaysia and “2014 was an exciting and eventful year. Our Islands project developed from a massive civil engineering
and most spectacular frogs in the world. species.
Indonesia. exercise into a site that by the year-end had iconic buildings, bridges and a river largely structurally
We celebrate 80 years as a wildlife charity
FEBRUARY complete. These are the framework for the plants, animals and artefacts that will tell the story of South
by launching Me, You & the Zoo, an online
JUNE East Asia’s ecological diversity and beauty, and capture our visitors’ imaginations from summer-2015.
A rare Grevy’s zebra foal, a female named archive of personal pictures, films and
Many individuals, teams and organisations are contributing to bring this dream to reality and I am
Merida, is born – the first of its kind to be Four year old Spectacled bear Bernardo stories from the zoo’s history.
reminded over and over of the importance of teamwork and cooperation in delivering this milestone project
born at the zoo for over 30 years. Two new arrives from the USA as part of our plans to whilst maintaining the high quality of animal welfare and visitor enjoyment within the existing zoo.”
Komodo dragons arrive from France. breed the animals. OCTOBER
Bloom, a season of events to celebrate Births include a Wide-eyed lemur, yet We hold our annual Go Orange fundraising
gardens, birds and UK wildlife is launched. another first for the zoo. campaign, raising over £16,000 for
We help the Large heath butterfly back to a orangutan conservation.
MARCH Lancashire nature reserve after a 100 year A rare anoa calf – the world’s smallest
absence. Stephanie Sanderson, Science and Education Director
species of wild cattle – arrives after a 282
We release the first video animated fly- day pregnancy for first time mum, Oana. “2014 has been an excellent year. We have made great strides forward in using science to support the
through of how our new £39m Islands
JULY Building work on Islands enters the final animal and plant collection and our skills and expertise have been recognised with a bumper crop of
project will look.
stages, as the roof on Monsoon Forest is scientific publications. Our educational offer grows from strength to strength with even more opportunities
Official figures reveal we are England’s most The Ecuador amazon parrot is given a new for our visitors to engage with our staff and animals. And of course there is the Islands project for which
finished.
visited attraction outside London, for the ‘Endangered’ status from the IUCN with we have been developing a new approach to connecting our visitors with conservation work out in the
third year running. help from findings from our expedition to field. Islands provides a wonderful opportunity to learn more about how exhibit design impacts visitors’
NOVEMBER
South America in January. perception and understanding and this information will be critical in shaping our future developments.”
APRIL Delight as we win Event of the Year for
Lantern Magic at the Marketing Cheshire
Vets, keepers and doctors swing into AUGUST
Annual Awards.
action as orangutan Vicky successfully Delight as we are named the UK top zoo
undergoes a sinus operation – the first time and Europe’s second best zoo in the DECEMBER
the procedure had ever been carried out in TripAdvisorTM travellers’ choice awards. Liz Carnie, Finance Director
the UK. We gear up for the opening of Islands in
Birth of male tapir, Zathras, the first male to summer 2015 by launching a new interactive “Joining in January 2014 I quickly realised that it would not only be an exciting year in itself but that
Four Humboldt penguin chicks hatch be born at the zoo in eight years. website. with significant changes ahead we must continue to ensure our systems and controls evolve with us.
bringing the zoo’s penguin colony of
penguins to over 35. A male Philippine mouse deer described as Christmas comes early for keepers with the Operational achievements and milestones were evidenced in our financial performance for the year and
“not much bigger than a rabbit” moves to very special delivery of a rare Rothschild we were pleased to report both a record income and surplus, with income up 6% on the previous year
the zoo. giraffe calf, Zahra. and net incoming resources before other recognised gains and losses of 19%. Capital investment of our
We finish the year on a high with a record funds in the Islands project progressed at a pace alongside the continued upgrade of existing zoo facilities.
Left: The opening of our two-acre Nature Behind the scenes we upgraded our finance system and developed our website and management
Reserve in May. breaking 2014, visitor figures reach
1,432,867 the highest in our 84 year history! information systems in preparation for the opening of Islands.”
Right: The first UK orangutan sinus
operation.
8 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 9
North of England Zoological Society Strategy 2013-2018
A NATURAL VISION
Throughout 2014, the Trustee-approved strategy ‘A Natural Vision’ informed and guided the management team in planning, achieving and
developing our mission and supporting business activities.
Strategic objective 1 Strategic objective 2 Strategic objective 3 Strategic objective 4 Strategic objective 5 Strategic objective 6
To ensure that our To be a world class ‘must To be a centre of excellence To ensure long term To ensure that our staff are To ensure an excellent
conservation and see’ visitor attraction, in for animal and plant care commercial viability recognised as being at the external reputation that
educational activities, both terms of quality, service and based on sound scientific through excellent business heart of the organisation builds trust and allows us to
in the zoo and globally, enthralling experiences. principles. practices. and influence the success influence our stakeholders.
achieve the greatest of everything we do.
conservation impact.
This means: This means: This means: This means: This means: This means:
• having more control and influence over our • providing immersive, authentic experiences, • providing best practice animal and plant • broadening our income base via new • helping people innovate, assessing • developing and creating a clear brand and
field programmes; for visitors across all sectors of society, so husbandry and care; markets, products, funding and land use; leadership and capability and producing a awareness of what we want to be known
increasing the reach; people development plan; for;
• ensuring that we get the most conservation • ensuring our facilities are fit for the purpose • developing better intelligence and market
impact from the collection; • providing a personalised visitor experience; of providing excellent care; analysis and exploiting this data to better • ensuring we have excellent recruitment, • receiving industry recognition across
understand our customers; selection and induction processes; multiple disciplines through awards;
• understanding the expertise and • establishing and evaluating what it means • focusing our science to support
specialisms of our staff and development of to be ‘world class’; conservation and animal welfare; • working smarter to drive down costs; • improving staff facilities and staff welfare; • protecting our reputation and having robust
new skills required; crisis management processes;
• consistently provide high quality visitor • sharing our skills and experience both • increasing winter revenue; • developing a culture that means that
• empowering people to make facilities; internally and externally. everyone is an ambassador for our work; • developing strategic lobbying on the issues
environmentally positive life style changes; • revision of the pricing strategy. that we feel strongly about;
• maintaining year-round, high quality visitor • training and development including
• evaluating the conservation impact of our experience; succession planning and building capacity; • ensuring greater public engagement with
activities; our science and technology, conservation
• continuous improvement of site • developing a system of reward and and commercial activities;
• ensuring that we consider the presentation standards. recognition that includes performance
environmental sustainability of all that we management, pay and benefits; • continuing liaison with our partner
do. organisations and peers, e.g., BIAZA,
• initiating cross-functional working groups EAZA, WAZA, IUCN, ALVA;
that build in flexibility.
• providing support and expertise to targeted
zoos throughout the world in partnership
with like-minded organisations to improve
the general public perception of zoos.
1. Logo of our Gashaka Biodiversity 5. Our staff getting involved with the Go 6. Chester Zoo winning Event of the Year
Conservation Project in Nigeria. 2. Our immersive Butterfly exhibit. 3. A young orangutan. 4. Products on sale at the zoo’s Ark shop. Orange campaign. Award.
10 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 11
Natural Vision Masterplan
DEVELOPMENT DURING 2014
Rock Bridge and Bamboo Bridge for The zoo’s Maintenance Team have continued reduced from 0.31 kg per visitor to 0.26kg
example – and each bridge is thematically to support all core activity including the per visitor. Sustainable procurement and
linked to an island. decommissioning of the Bugs! exhibit and environmental behaviour change are other
the set-up of the Christmas Lantern event. key aspects promoted within the EMS,
The 50,000 plants within Islands will be
To deliver improved animal welfare the and the Green Team continues to promote
distinctive, and many are unique to specific
team have performed pool modifications at initiatives and support colleagues with policy
islands in the scheme. They will include
Wetlands, made animal transit crates and implementation in these areas across the
some large trees and a variety of palms
executed additional containment works at business.
and bamboo species as well as shrubs and
Monkey Islands and mixed Asian and sloth
ground cover. The water channel for the A modified Type 2 Carbon footprint was
exhibits. Thousands of scheduled servicing
Lazy River Boat Trip passes through different undertaken in 2014, covering our emissions
and responsive repairing and maintenance
terrains and the planting selected for the from energy, water and waste/recycling. This
activities have also been carried out.
waterside will help retain the soil along the evidences a footprint of 4,565 tonnes CO2e
Mechanical, drainage and electrical upgrades
steeper stretches. Truly exotic species will which is a reduction of 10% on the 2013
have also occurred to support commercial
be located in the Monsoon Forest where figure.
activity and deliver infrastructure to serve 1.4
the canopy trees will rise to a height of nine
million visitors. On 1st May 2014 auditors for
metres (and continue to grow each year)
the Green Tourism Business
providing habitats for tree-dwelling and forest Oakfield House has been subject to particular
Scheme (GTBS) undertook
floor birds and other fauna. attention in consideration of the expected
a comprehensive audit of
The 14 river boats have been built in Germany increased interest in the building following the
our environmental practices
and will be themed with seven different Our Zoo TV series, with a full refurbishment
and we were delighted to
designs in North Wales. Four of them have planned for the future.
receive the scheme’s Gold
access for disabled visitors. They will be Award following ratification by
guided by pulley around a 450 metre channel, Environmental Management
the GTBS.
passing through misty gullies, stony river On 1st October 2014 we were re-
beds, and sandy beaches and taking in Our Environmental Manager is vice chair of
accredited to the ISO 14001 standard for
unique views of the animals, some at eye the BIAZA Environmental Sustainability Group.
our Environmental Management System
level, across dry and wet moats. Evidence of The most notable input in 2014 was his work
(EMS). We remain as proud today of our
Sunda gharials, turtles and other species as on the development of BIAZA-wide KPIs
continued accreditation to this internationally
well as fishing, hunting and conservation work for environmental performance and revision
recognised standard, as when we became
will be visible from the safety of the boat. of the BIAZA guidelines for environmental
the first UK zoo to achieve it in 2004.
business best practice.
To accommodate the additional visitors It provides a methodical, auditable and
attracted by Islands the zoo negotiated independently accredited structure for Members of the zoo’s Green Team
release of some 16 acres to provide managing environmental legal compliance participated in events to promote its work
parking for extra vehicles and has invested and driving performance improvement. including the Local Authority Green Day held
significantly in approved highways works to at the Chester Town Hall.
In 2014, in consideration of the zoo’s
promote better traffic flow to and from the Natural Vision strategy, (in particular
site. We are also delivering infrastructure to strategic objective one which encompasses
support sustainable travel choices and will be environmental sustainability) the EMS was
constructing a cycle path along the A41 in the subject to a full revaluation to ensure its
next 12 months. objectives remained harmonious with both
strategy and mission.
Nature Reserve
The Nature Reserve, with trees and a dipping Key Objectives
pond, opened in spring 2014 and provides
Success was achieved in each of the key
a home to a variety of native wildlife. It is
EMS objectives. Those most notable when
intended that this will form the nucleus of
Islands buildings including enclosures housing authentic buildings and a permit office comparing to 2013 to 2014 were:
a larger reserve in years to come as funds
tigers, babirusa, cassowary and other where the visitor’s expedition concludes. become available.
As expected, the past year has been an
species and visitor facilities: the shop, toilets 12% reduction in whole site energy
exciting and at times challenging period, Other contractors have performed a range
and restaurant. They are also completing all
given the complex nature of the Islands of specialist services. These include glazing Existing Zoo 26% reduction in mains water use in the
the public visitor spaces.
project both architecturally and technically. for the Sunda gharial underwater viewing targeted ‘primary user group’
Although the main focus of activity has been
Contractors Laing O’Rourke Ltd continued The restaurant will in fact be a ‘street within the Monsoon Forest and for other
the Islands project, the existing zoo has 5% reduction in single car occupancy for
to deliver the Monsoon Forest building, kitchen’ taking inspiration from South East viewing windows, rockwork to reflect not been neglected over the past year. In staff commuting to work.
and the extensive infrastructure for the Asian cuisine with eating terraces giving different geographical features across the 2014 investment was made in renewing the
site. They were joined on site by Read views of anoa, the children’s play area and islands and construction of ten bridges. Humboldt penguin decking and redecorating
Construction Ltd in August 2014. The latter Manado Town, which comprises a Sulawesi The names of the bridges describe their 40 site buildings and structures including On-site recycling rates continue to increase
are contracted to construct 17 themed street scene complete with tuk tuk vehicles, very different appearances - Dragon Bridge, catering kiosks and toilets. and waste sent off-site for recycling Left: Islands site.
12 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 13
Progressing our Mission
CONSERVATION AROUND THE WORLD In-Zoo Developments
KEY DEVELOPMENTS: ANIMAL AND
PLANT COLLECTION DURING 2014
Mammals
2014 saw a continued focus on the Islands
development. With construction under way,
the team has been working to make sure all
new enclosures are built to allow the highest
standards of animal welfare and to ensure
keeper and visitor safety.
Breeding management and the import and
export of stock has also been essential
preparation for this exciting project and the
zoo celebrated the birth of a female Lowland
anoa calf in October, the first female to ever
be born at the zoo and a great success for
this Endangered species. Other breeding
success for Islands stock this year included
a Visayan warty pig and a Babirusa piglet.
With two Javan banteng females imported
from European zoos, and two calves born,
the current herd has increased to seven
individuals. The zoo brought three adult warty
pigs from the European Breeding Programme
and a new species in preparation for Islands:
Through the implementation of our strategy, directly to conserving biodiversity can be While we can be justly proud of our the tiny Philippine mouse-deer arrived in July
all of the activities of NEZS Chester Zoo divided up into three activities: breeding results and our work in the field from Rotterdam Zoo.
either directly or indirectly support our protecting species and habitats at grass
The breeding of species within a There have also been some key births and
mission ‘to be a major force in conserving roots level, perhaps our most important role
captive environment for which there is in long term conservation of biodiversity is arrivals for core zoo stock this year including
biodiversity worldwide’. Throughout the
a real need as part of an action plan for in inspiring people to care enough about a female Grevy’s zebra born in February.
pages of this Annual Report you will find
some wonderful examples of activities that species. nature to take some action. The more Highlights over the summer months included
throughout the year in support of this One nice example of the breeding success than 1.4 million people who visited Chester the birth of two Critically Endangered
mission. of Critically Endangered species in the zoo Zoo in 2014 and especially our members, primates (an Alaotran gentle lemur and
provide us with a wonderful opportunity for a Buffy headed capuchin), a male South
Tragically the need is greater than ever in 2014 was the Baer’s pochard, a small
engagement. Through our zoo exhibits and American tapir and two Red panda cubs.
and while habitat destruction remains the duck whose wild population is suffering an
extremely rapid decline. We were delighted our messages we need to connect people In the summer we also saw the departure
greatest threat to biodiversity an extremely with wildlife, inspiring them to appreciate
worrying trend is the accelerating growth to successfully rear 30 of these birds in our of two longstanding zoo residents: 46 year
specially developed waterfowl breeding it and the value it brings to our lives and old female Asian elephant Jangoli moved
of the illegal trade in wildlife. This trade the lives of other people. Biodiversity is
is having enormous adverse effects on facilities. There are many other examples to Madrid after 20 years at the zoo and 15
of breeding successes that occurred crucial to human wellbeing, sustainable year old Eastern black rhino male Sammy Birds
biodiversity. It is of such a scale that wild development and poverty reduction. But
populations of some charismatic species throughout the year which can be found left after 12 years to go to his new home in Our Curator of Birds and a Bird Keeper
later in this report. people - particularly those in the developed Port Lympne as part of breeding programme
such as rhinos, elephants, tigers and apes world - have become so far removed from spent two weeks at the end of January in the
may be traded to extinction within a few recommendations. Cerro Blanco Forest in Ecuador, participating
Direct support of conservation nature that they have forgotten how much
years. This trade is behind the highest projects and programmes in nature they, and others, rely on it. The Bornean orangutan group, temporarily in the zoo’s first field expedition, the focus of
rates of poaching of rhinos and elephants to protect endangered species or housed at the zoo, returned to their new which was to gather data on the biology and
recorded in recent history. It is not only the The delivery of these activities relies heavily facility at Blackpool Zoo in July and a new conservation measure for insuring the future population of the Ecuador amazon parrot
habitats.
charismatic mega fauna that is effected, the on sound science as well as passionate male arrived from Apenheul Primate Park a of this Critically Endangered species. in the dry forest and adjacent mangroves.
wildlife trade is having disastrous effects Not only do we need to manage and breed committed people. It is this essential three few weeks later. We also welcomed a male During the latter part of the year work
As the year drew to a close, we received an
on populations of many and varied taxa species in the zoo, if we are to conserve pronged approach to nature conservation Spectacled bear to the zoo in June with a started to re-landscape the on-show parrot
that we believe places zoos uniquely as the early Christmas present with a female giraffe
including corals, song birds and owls, these species in nature for the long term we two year old female joining him, and our aviary at the Parrot Breeding Centre into
also need to play an active role in protecting only organisations with an ability to do all calf born on the 23rd of December, the first
particularly in South East Asia, pangolins, existing resident female in October. an Ecuadorian habitat resembling the dry
their habitats. During 2014 our long term three. calf to be sired at the zoo by our new bull. forests of Cerro Blanco.
lorises and many species of lower
field programmes went from strength to Another important arrival in the latter half
vertebrates. Additionally, climate change, New species for the zoo during the year
strength as you can read on pages 26 to 41 of the year was a 29 year old male Eastern Top: A new male Spectacled bear arrived at
and the introduction of invasive species are included Aye-aye, Naked mole-rats, Short-
of this Annual Report. black rhino from Hannover Zoo. Having the zoo in June.
also responsible for huge biodiversity loss. eared elephant shrews and Luzon cloud
only sired three calves previously, he is Top Right: The tiny Philippine mouse deer, a
We strongly believe that modern Inspiring our visitors about the natural an important animal within the European rats. We also now house a female Scottish new species for Islands.
progressive zoos can play a large role in the world such that they care enough Endangered Species Breeding Programme. wild cat (off-show) with hopes for a male to Bottom: A female Lowland anoa calf, a first
fight against the loss of biodiversity given about nature to make changes in their Left: Critically Endangered Baer’s Pochards It is hoped that, by breeding with the zoo’s eventually join her as part of an essential in the zoo’s history.
the necessary resources and leadership. daily lives that benefit nature and the hatched at Chester Zoo. existing female rhinos, he will add genetic breeding and reintroduction effort for this Bottom Right: Ecuadorian habitat on-show
The areas of zoo activity that contribute environment. Right: Bird market in Java. diversity to the zoo population; a vital ex situ native species. parrot aviary at the Parrot Breeding Centre.
14 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 15
In-Zoo Developments
KEY DEVELOPMENTS: ANIMAL AND
PLANT COLLECTION DURING 2014 (CONT)
laughingthrush and a Mauritius pink pigeon breeding units. Our team has been carefully
master-planning meeting were attended by working on settling everything in, and have
our Curator of Birds. This latter Endangered had some breeding successes too! The new
species re-joined the collection after an arrivals held in the support facilities include,
absence of seven years and the team amongst others Giant asian mantis, Jewel
converted an old off-show aviary block into wasp, Malaysian dead leaf mantis, Asian
a new Mauritius pink pigeon rearing facility, forest scorpions, and a large variety of stick
including a foster dove room and weaning insect species.
aviaries.
In the lead up to Islands the reptile collection
Our Bird Assistant Team Manager gave a has also increased. Our quarantine facility
presentation on our Critically Endangered currently holds a whole group of Asian forest
Grey-breasted parakeets and one of our Bird tortoises, in addition to Malaysian giant turtles
Keepers gave a presentation on techniques and Asian pond turtles due to be moved to
for controlled parent-rearing of our waterfowl Monsoon Forest within Islands. Other new
at the BIAZA annual bird meeting at the Hawk species settling in include the Javan sun skink
Conservancy Hampshire. and the Mountain horned dragon, both of
has also seen improvements to the Leaf which are hoped to be included in a mixed
Following on from their previous field work, species exhibit alongside amphibians and
cutter ant exhibit; visitors are now able to view
two of our Keepers spent three months fishes.
Our Curator of Birds also attended the World different areas of the interior of the colony.
working on the Mauritius cuckoo-shrike at Glorious Grasses; Rock Garden, Tropical Working Groups. The conference was
Pheasant Association (WPA) conservation Other new species that arrived during 2014 During this already busy period we have also
project. This involved finding nests and Realm and the Sunken Garden. held over two days and focused on native
meeting at the Cotswold Wildlife Park, that are now on display include the White- had great success behind the scenes with
rescuing chicks or eggs from nests, the plant and animal conservation subjects. A
where a number of issues were discussed banded cleaner shrimp and the Upside-down the breeding of some highly unique species A team member visited the Gashaka Gumti
majority of which are normally otherwise number of speakers from zoos and other
including the plight of the Edwards’ pheasant. jellyfish. including the Cinnamon frog, Mao-son frog, Biodiversity Project in Nigeria, working with
predated by introduced mammals. The chicks conservation organisations gave a range
This species is managed by a number of were hand-reared at the Black River Aviaries, The dozens of new species destined for the and the Tentacled snake. The Aquarium Team taxonomists from Kew Gardens studying of stimulating and thought provoking talks.
European zoos, however its status in the wild in Mauritius, where they will be established Islands collection have been slowly arriving have also experienced positive results with the flora of the National Park. They were Workshops were also held and a visit to the
in Vietnam is bleak and its extinction may and all are settling in well. The project their new groups of species such as Betta able to identify and collect plant material and Nature Reserve took place.
during 2015. The intention in the future will
be imminent. We are supporting the WPA in has been a long time in the planning, key pallifina, Liquorice gourami and Giant pipefish. train local plant rangers to take herbarium
be to re-introduce this species to a newly The Horticulture and Botany Team designed
genetic studies into the purity of the captive aspects of this have included husbandry and specimens. It is hoped that this is the start
protected nature reserve known as Ferney In the Butterfly House we have increased and built a Show Garden at the RHS Tatton
population. functionality of exhibits, support facilities, of long term collaboration with Kew in this
Valley. the diversity of the visitor experience by Flower Show. The garden was called ‘The
managing sustainable colonies within the zoo, region.
Notable arrivals during the year were a female introducing staff presentations which provide threatened islands of South East Asia’ and
Lower Vertebrates and Invertebrates compatibility of species for mixed exhibits,
Great argus pheasant, two female Cabot’s opportunities for interaction with a variety of 72 Black poplar trees, grown at the zoo, were was designed to showcase the Islands project.
tragopan and four Collared partridge. We Creating a balance between maintaining visibility of animals, veterinary considerations, invertebrate species such as; Giant African taken by partners to plant at various locations The garden was centred on a ruined Buddhist
also successfully parent reared two Black the zoo, providing fresh experiences for our feasibility of similar species rotation between millipedes, African praying mantis, and throughout Cheshire and North Wales. These temple and also featured a traditional fishing
crowned cranes. A new species to the visitors, developing strong links with in situ exhibits, educational value of exhibits, Hercules beetles. included 30 trees to a site near Macclesfield boat on a stream. The planting was lush and
collection is a pair of Luzon lowland scops- conservation projects, and preparing for the research/conservation roles, and collaboration where it is hoped a field gene bank of this contained orchids, Nepenthes, ferns and a
owl which arrived from Wroclaw Zoo in opening of Islands has resulted in a very busy with other institutions involved in breeding Our staff have been busy in terms of training locally threatened tree. wide range of large leaved and unusual exotic
Poland and Plzen Zoo in the Czech Republic. year in the lower vertebrate and invertebrate programmes. and providing support for other programmes,
The next phases of the planting of Common looking plants. The garden was awarded a
departments. running a series of internal workshops, on
These birds will be housed in one of the As the invertebrate collection has grown Silver Medal and was seen by an estimated
topics such as culture of live food, enrichment barberry, for the Barberry carpet moth
aviaries in the Tropical Realm. so much in preparation for Islands we have 80,000 visitors to the show. Additionally Monty
We continued to expand the Tropical Realm in aquariums, water quality, and in the project, took place on the Shropshire Union
modified two new rooms to act as support Canal. Don did a short piece on the garden which
Our Curator of Birds spent the first part through the addition of two new amphibian herpetological department a workshop about
appeared on the BBC.
of August in Singapore and Java working displays this year. These new exhibits house individual marking techniques and theming
Site visits were undertaken to monitor the
on the long term strategy for a number of large groups of Marañon poison frogs, from work. Planting started on the Islands project with the
populations and condition of four rare native
highly endangered Indonesian passerines. the high altitude mountains of Peru, and planting of the Visayan warty pig, Babirusa,
With the combination of all of these plants that the zoo is working with including
Following a series of bird thefts at Cikananga Golden mantella frogs from Madagascar. Anoa and Macaque enclosures. We were very
components we have been able to make a the Isle of Man cabbage, Southern horsetail,
Conservation Centre, Java, in June we The latter species being a key focus of proud to win the North West in Bloom trophy
substantial progression this year with our Limestone woundwort and Common juniper.
are now working with colleagues there to our amphibian conservation programme. and be awarded a Gold Medal.
husbandry standards and in our ambitious In all cases there was evidence that the
disperse some of the birds to other good The team also had great success with the
preparations for Islands. reintroduced plants were doing well and
breeding facilities in the region and establish breeding of native Sand lizards - a total of 31
some natural regeneration was occurring. Far Left: A Cabot’s tragopan, a new species to
insurance and conservation-breeding were released at Talacre sand dunes in North Horticulture and Botany
populations in EAZA institutions including at Wales as the second part of an annual release Working closely with the Herpetology Team a the zoo in 2014.
Horticulture and Botany staff were involved new Leaf cutter ant exhibit was constructed Far Right: New off-show Bug Breeding Centre.
Chester Zoo. onto the site.
in a number of events associated with the by the theming team in the Spirit of the Far Right Bottom: Our Curator of Lower
Several bird conservation meetings during The aquarium within the Spirit of the Jaguar zoo’s Bloom campaign. Meet the expert Vertebrates and Invertebrates with a Golden
Jaguar exhibit. In the past this was always a
2014 including the 4th Threatened Songbirds exhibit saw the arrival of waves of new sessions were arranged for visitors every mantella frog.
very popular exhibit and it was exciting to get
of Asia working group (TWASG) meeting species, the tank now holds more than 3,500 fortnight from February to June. Talks Top: The Silver Medal was awarded to the
this species back on show.
at Whipsnade Zoo, the second global fish of 21 species. The tank is also home to included three separate nursery tours, looking ‘threatened islands of South East Asia’ garden
management species planning meeting for a large group of turtles, and the occasional at the specialist plant collections and native The zoo hosted the joint annual conference of created by our Horticulture Team at the RHS
the Critically Endangered Blue-crowned visiting sloth! The Spirit of the Jaguar exhibit plant conservation projects, as well as talks the BIAZA Plant Working and Native Species Tatton Flower Show.
16 2014 Zoo Review Annual Report of the North of England Zoological Society 17
Supporting the Animal and Plant Collection Science Investigations
ENSURING EXCELLENT STANDARDS OF ANIMAL EVIDENCE IN SUPPORT OF APPLIED
HEALTH, WELFARE AND HUSBANDRY CONSERVATION, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
School and delivered conservation medicine Endocrine Service Knowledge and understanding
courses and ape health workshops abroad Monitoring of reproductive and underpins the zoo’s mission, in both
in association with organisations such adrenalhormones enables us to adapt our our field and on site activities. Scientific
as OVAG (Orangutan Veterinary Advisory husbandry practices to support animals method provides the evidence base
Group). better through pregnancy, birthing and for decision making, evaluation and
the post-partum period. The endocrine refinement.
The veterinary department also continues to
service routinely completes reproductive In 2014 over 200 research projects were
support Chester Zoo’s conservation projects
hormone monitoring of four key species
in Malaysia, Indonesia, Montserrat and the conducted on site in partnership with over
within the collection, Asian elephant, Black
UK and represented the zoo in multiple fora 80 organisations. Of these, over half were
rhino, Okapi and Onager. We also offer
including BIAZA, British Veterinary Zoological projects we had commissioned to help
an endocrine service to other collections
Society and the European Association of us with evidence based decision making.
and institutions across Europe. In 2014 we
Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians and the United A small sample of these are highlighted
worked with over 30 institutions, analysing
Nations World Parks congress. below:
samples from 60 different species.
Animal Moves and Records Animal Welfare and Wellbeing
Animal Feeding Programme
Accurate record keeping and inter- As well as purchasing proprietary feed stuffs, Providing the right thermal environment
zoo animal transfers are critical animal animal food is also produced and harvested for large captive reptiles such as Komodo
The Animal and Conservation Medicine management tools and vital to our by our Animal Supplies Department (ASD). dragons can be a real challenge. With the
staff work closely together and with contribution to international breeding During 2014, ASD sourced, stored and help of thermal imaging equipment we
programmes. 2014 saw a 50% increase compared the body temperatures and skills in the areas of psychology, sociology projects.
external partners to ensure excellent distributed the 400 stock lines and 2000
in animal moves as we gear up for the responses of our dragons to heat panels and behaviour change.
standards of animal health, welfare tonnes of animal food, bedding, browse Our success in science also hinges on
and husbandry. Their activities are opening of the Islands zone in 2015. The (cut leafy branches) and fresh grass. This and the more commonly used heat lamps. Population Management our ability to communicate findings and
audited by the Animal Health, Welfare team moved 6,747 individuals in 197 includes 800 vehicle loads of browse, 450 Heat panels proved more effective due to support and influence stakeholders
Hormone monitoring is an important tool
and Husbandry Sub-Committee of the separate transactions (42% of these being tonnes of forage and bedding, 300 tonnes of to the relative spread of heat coverage both nationally and internationally. During
in successful population monitoring. The
Conservation and Education Committee international moves) including over 5000 fruit and vegetables, 250 tonnes of bagged produced and as a consequence we 2014, zoo staff and academic associates
major limiting factor to the endocrinology
– a committee of the zoo’s Council. fish, reptiles and invertebrates for our new foods, 35 tonnes of meat and fish and have moved over to this heat source contributed to over 80 publications (see
service we can provide both to our own
Some of the key support services are exhibits. As well as the logistics of arranging 80,000 chickens, rabbits, rats, mice and and will pass on this information to other Appendix 6 for key publications) and over
projects and external organisations
highlighted below: their safe transport and providing well day old chicks. Additionally its invertebrate institutions. 100 conference presentations. We peer-
is the time and cost of the assays.
designed travelling boxes, permits must be breeding colony produced over three million reviewed 30 papers for scientific journals
Veterinary Service Emerging Diseases and Biosecurity During 2014 our Endocrinology Team
obtained, animal health regulations met and crickets. and participated in a number of animal
As part of a multi-disciplinary PhD on has worked with an industrial partner,
Chester Zoo has an in-house team of stringent quarantine of all incoming animals Thermo-Fisher Scientific, to develop liquid management and conservation committees
Our Nutritionist works closely with the teams amphibian health and conservation we
vets and nurses to provide clinical care undertaken. chromatography-mass spectrometry (see Appendix 3 and 7).
to ensure that the animals are fed diets assessed the efficacy of established
to the collection. As well as providing methods that will enable us to increase
Developments in record keeping include optimised for their health and wellbeing. husbandry practices. We compared Further details of our activities can be found
care for sick animals the department also capacity of the lab up to five-fold and future
transfer of our medical records to the Over 425 diet sheets have been produced two marking methods routinely used in in our annual Science Review (see www.
manages a comprehensive preventative proof the service going forwards.
Zoological Information Management and 2014 saw the addition of another 50 captivity and the wild (injection of a visible chesterzoo.org/conservation-and-research/
health care programme. 2014 was a busy
System (ZIMS) in November 2014. This is a for species new to the collection. Another elastomer under the skin versus injection of resources).
year with a variety of challenging cases, Visitor Studies / Behaviour Change
significant advance allowing effective transfer 50 are in preparation for species going a microchip transponder). Injection of the
both at individual and population level. into the Islands exhibit. Our Nutritionist is We were commissioned to work with
Examples include the echocardiographic of all animal records from one institution transponder led to significant change in the WAZA on the design, implementation and
also leading an international team in the frogs’ skin bacteria. We do not yet know
examination of our 90 kg Reticulated to another when an individual moves and analysis of a three year project to see what
production of FAUNA, modern, efficient and the significance of this change and whether
python, the first recorded successful ensuring better continuity of care. roles zoos are playing in achieving the UN
intuitive software to boost the effectiveness
treatment of a case of pox virus in a Giant it might change in animals’ susceptibility Aichi biodiversity target: By 2020, at the
of budget management, record-keeping
anteater and, in cooperation with our local to infectious disease. This warrants further latest, people are aware of the values of
and all communication associated with zoo
species programmes, the vaccination study. The PhD also demonstrated that biodiversity and the steps they can take to
animal feeding.
of Badgers in neighbouring zoo land, as boosting baseline UV light provision had no conserve and use it sustainably. We have
part of a comprehensive programme for Applied Ethology Programme effect on growth or breeding success and analysed data from 30 WAZA institutions so
the protection of the zoo and local wildlife In 2014 we monitored animal behaviour this costly addition to husbandry protocols far and have shown that zoos can make a
against bovine tuberculosis. A total of 1,816 and enclosure use of six species moving has been stopped. positive contribution.
clinical cases where handled and 552 post to our new Islands exhibit. These projects Human-Wildlife Conflict Engagement with Science
mortem examinations where carried out in will continue in 2015 both before and after
A doctoral study investigating conflict Capacity building in science is also a key
a wide variety of species and sizes, ranging the move to enable us to assess how the
between livestock farmers and Jaguars activity. We delivered 50 training workshops
from frogs to hoofstock. animals are using their new exhibits.
across 19 countries in Latin America and provided training placements to
The department is committed to training. demonstrated that social, rather than 30 participants covering a range of
During 2014 it hosted 16 visiting veterinary Top: ECG being taken of our 90kg environmental factors were the key conservation skills including hormone
graduates and undergraduates, provided Reticulated python. determinant of conflict. This finding has analysis methods, field survey techniques
a residency programme in Conservation Bottom: Vaccination of Badgers on major implications for managing human and zoological medicine. At the 2014 BIAZA
Medicine, maintained ongoing teaching neighboring zoo land against bovine wildlife conflict across our programmes and Research Symposium two of our placement Above: Thermal images of Komodo dragons
collaboration with Liverpool Veterinary tuberculosis. as a consequence we will be building our students won prizes for their research under different heat sources ©Ryan Boyle.
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