Star Gazer News - Inspired by Astronomy

Star Gazer
 News
 Astronomy News for Bluewater Stargazers
 Vol 15 No.3 May/Jun 2021
 May/Jun 2021 SGN Contents
p 1: A BAS “Thank You” and Flight 4 for Ingenuity
p 2: Messages from New BAS President and Vice-President
p 3: Ingenuity’s Second Flight with image from aloft
p 4: Zooming to the Moon
p 5: Part 2: Moon Zoom “Clair Obscur”
p 6: RIP Michael Collins (Oct 1930 - Apr 2021)
p 7: Quetican FoV: Universe in 21 Stars and 3 Imposters Thank you BAS members for stepping up!
p 8: Quetican FoV: Book Review (cont’d) April was a crucial time for the organizational aspect of BAS and
p 9: Constellation: Virgo thanks to our members, we are back on track with a full-staffed
 executive. John Lyons is our happy new president and Devin
p 10: Virgo Cluster Detailed Map
 Glew is our new vice-president who also has duties as our happy
p 11: Ojibwe Sky Lore: Sweat Lodge & Exhausted Bather webmeister. Lorraine, Cheryl, Zoe and the other John continue to
p 12: Sky Sights: May and June be happy in their former positions as secretary, treasurer,
p 13: Eclipses for May and June member-at-large and public outreach coordinator, respectively. All
 happy! No disintegrations forthcoming!
p 14: Image of the Month: Markarian’s Chain
p 15: Miscellaneous Page: Stuff for Sale

Ingenuity takes four flights on Mars
NASA’s Ingenuity Mars Helicopter takes off
and lands in this video captured on April 25,
2021, by Mastcam-Z, an imager aboard
NASA’s Perseverance Mars rover. Link here:
h t t p s : / / w w w. y o u t u b e . c o m / w a t c h ?
v=kNx9hcrUpww&list=PLTiv_XWHnOZpzQKY
C6nLf6M9AuBbng_O8&t=71s

In this second flight, the helicopter flew out of
the camera field of vision while completing a
flight plan that took it 50 meters downrange of
the landing spot. Keep watching, the
helicopter will return to stick the landing. Top
speed in this flight was about 2 meters per
second, or about 7 km/hour.

The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter was built by
JPL, which also manages this technology
demonstration project for NASA Headquarters.
[Check the BAS website Blog page here:
h t t p : / / w w w. b l u e w a t e r a s t r o n o m y. c o m /
blog-2021.html for more details about the
Canadian contribution by Farah Alibay.

The second flight with an image shot by
Ingenuity while it was hovering is described in
more detail on page 3.

SGN BAS Club News May/Jun 2021 pg 2
Disclaimer: SGN reports on the activities of the Bluewater Astronomical BAS Executive 2021&2022
Society (formerly Bruce County Astronomical Society) but any opinions President: John Lynes
presented herein are not necessarily endorsed by BAS. For up-to-date details V-President: Devin Glew
relating to BAS events see the BAS website at www.bluewaterastronomy.com. Secretary: Lorraine Rodgers
SGN is produced and edited by John Hlynialuk and I am solely responsible for Treasurer: Cheryl Dawson
its content. I maintain a web presence at www.johns-astronomy.com. Your Member-at-Large: Zoë Kessler
original articles, images, opinions, comments, observing reports, etc., are Membership: Marian Ratcliffe
 Public Outreach: John Hlynialuk
welcome at SGN. I reserve the right to edit for brevity or clarity. Errors or
omissions are entirely mine. I will not publish your emails or other materials
without your specific permission. No part of this publication shall be
reproduced in any form whatsoever without the editor’s consent. However, the
Sky Events and Constellation pages are free to copy for non-commercial use.
Feel free to forward this issue in its entirety to friends. You are welcome to email
comments and/or submissions to my regular email.

 A Message From the President: …and the Vice-President:
 As the weather in Woodstock has been unfavourable I have been a BAS member since 2017. Eventually I
 the last several weeks, I have had plenty of time to was looking for a way to make a more tangible
 catch up on my reading and to reorganize my contribution to the BAS, and in 2020 I took on the role
 astronomy travel cart. I have come to the conclusion of webmaster, creating our new website which I now
 that I am an Astronomy Hoarder. It appears that I can’t try to fill with content I hope members will find
 part with anything. It is no wonder that I have a hard interesting. Most recently, at the suggestion of a
 time lifting the cart into my van! member, I implemented a picture of the week feature
 on the home page; we have had some incredible
 Therefore, if [when -ed] we get together in the future at submissions from members. I am also being more
 the observatory and you find yourself in need of active with the blog portion of site. It is a work in
 something, I am willing to bet I have it. Please feel free progress, and member contributions are always
 to borrow any thing I have. welcome.
 Over the last couple of months we have been treated
 My first impression of the BAS way back in 2017 was
 to live moon documentaries by John Hlynialuk. Rowan
 how welcoming and helpful everyone was. Since then,
 my grandson and I have enjoyed these presentations
 the quality of the membership is what has kept me
 as John’s natural banter delivers an evening packed
 participating in the club. I have developed several
 with information and laughter. I have also been very
 fantastic friendships which I value immensely, both for
 impressed with the quality of the live moon views.
 their astronomical amount of knowledge (haha) as well
 Rowan and I are going to give it a try next time we are
 as them being kind, genuine, considerate people.
 allowed to visit each other.

 It is my hope that we will continue with these I believe an engaged membership is incredibly
 presentations picking a different phase of Moon each important to the long term success of the BAS; this
 month. With John’s help and with the help of other goes from the Executive down. With that in mind,
 club members (please volunteer) who are able to do thank you to everyone who participated in our most
 live presentations we should be able to follow the recent election which resulted in me being elected VP. I
 terminator as it steadily slides across the moon … a take this role very seriously and will do my best to
 sort of armchair travel documentary that will take a guide our club in a direction that will attract new
 year or more. members, retain current ones, and hopefully be the
 positive experience for others that it has been for me.
 Devin and John have been developing step-by-step
 procedures for making use of the Fox Observatory I value and welcome all of your input. You can contact
 grounds after the stay-at-home order has ended. me anytime. [See note below -ed]
 These procedures should be in your hands by the end Devin Glew
 of May. Zoey has embarked on a long term project.
 Her goal is to develop plans for the BAS’s future
 development and recruitment of youth and women. A note about emails and phone numbers:
 Don’t be surprised if she taps you on the shoulder for Due to privacy regulations, this and future issues of
 some assistance and advice. SGN will no longer publish any email addresses or
 phone numbers or other private information of BAS
 Finally if you have anything that might be of interest to executive, columnists, or regular members. BAS
 the group please feel free to contact me. members will receive an email shortly from the
 President explaining the process of communication
 John Lynes with exec as the need arises.

SGN Ingenuity Flies Again,Takes Images! May/Jun 2021 pg 3

This is the first color image of the Martian surface taken by an The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter was built by JPL, which also
aerial vehicle while it was aloft. The Ingenuity Mars Helicopter manages this technology demonstration project for NASA
captured it with its color camera during its second successful Headquarters. It is supported by NASA’s Science Mission
flight test on April 22, 2021. At the time this image, Ingenuity was Directorate, Aeronautics Research Mission Directorate, and Space
17 feet (5.2 meters) above the surface and pitching (moving the Technology Mission Directorate. NASA’s Ames Research Center
camera’s field of view upward) so the helicopter could begin its 7- and Langley Research Center provided significant flight
foot (2-meter) translation to the west – away from the rover. The performance analysis and technical assistance during Ingenuity’s
image, as well as the inset showing a closeup of a portion of the development. AeroVironment Inc., Qualcomm, Snapdragon, and
tracks the Perseverance Mars rover and Mars surface features, SolAero also provided design assistance and major vehicle
demonstrates the utility of scouting Martian terrain from an aerial components. The Mars Helicopter Delivery System was designed
perspective. NASA’s video is here: https://youtu.be/kNx9hcrUpww and manufactured by Lockheed Space Systems, Denver.

 Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech
The winding parallel discolourations in the surface reveal the tread
of the six-wheeled rover. Perseverance itself is located top center,
just out frame. “Wright Brothers Field” is in the vicinity of the During flight No. 4, the Perseverance Rover captured audio of the
helicopter’s shadow, bottom center, with the actual point of takeoff winds and helicopter blades spinning as Ingenuity powered up and
of the helicopter just below the image. A portion of the landing flew it path. Have a listen here:
pads on two of the helicopter’s four landing legs can be seen in on https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y5niGi4k9vQ
the left and right sides of the image, and a small portion of the
horizon can be seen at the upper right corner. From the Editor:
 A Canadian engineer Farah Alibay works at JPL and is currently
Mounted in the helicopter’s fuselage and pointed approximately 22 involved in these test flights. See the Blog on the BAS website here:
degree below the horizon, Ingenuity’s high-resolution color camera http://www.bluewaterastronomy.com/blog-2021.html for more
contains a 4208-by-3120-pixel sensor. details about her contribution.

SGN Zooming to the Moon May/Jun 2021 pg 4
Zoom to the Moon
Recently, the FQ Moon has been
drawing my attention. In the space of
about a month, BAS members have
zoomed to the Moon three times via
telescope from my backyard
observatory in Owen Sound. A fourth
occasion in mid-April was with a
group of my high school friends from
5 decades ago. See the Blog at
www.johns-astronomy.com for that
story.

The Moon is an interesting object to Tycho
observe in its partial phases when
stark shadows along the terminator
delineate its craters and mountains.
The prime Moon viewing time is
during crescent phase as it waxes up
to FM. Around FQ, the Moon is high in
the sky from dark to past midnight
and the views along the terminator are
excellent. When the terminator, the Clavius
line between the sunlit part of the
Moon and the part in darkness is
visible on the Moon, the shadows
cast by mountains and elevated crater
rims are the longest and stand out
most starkly. Even relatively shallow
depressions can be easily picked out
by the contrast between sunlit and
shadowed edges. The shadows are
not softened by clouds or atmosphere
as they are on Earth. The totally
airless environment on our only
natural satellite does not soften the boundary
between dark and light features -you could
correctly describe it as outer space reaching
right to ground level.

With such a sharp contrast even the smallest
depressions and elevations stand out and can
be seen with only modest optical aid.
Binoculars can show some of the larger crater
rims, and mountain ranges will stand out
because they are rather large, but a telescope
even at low power reveals the finer features like
the darkened inner rims of craters and shadows
cast by “wrinkle ridges” produced by ancient
lunar lava flows.

The image at upper right is an Apr 21 telescopic
view (C9.25 EdgeHD) of the rugged southern
highlands of the Moon with the crater Tycho at
centre. Note its central mountain -the LRO
closeup of that feature is shown at right. Clavius
is also in the upper image, with many craters
visible inside of it ranging down to about 10 km
 Tycho’s central mountain peak complex (about 6 km wide) is shown here in a Lunar
across with this magnification. Canon 6D, 1/25 Reconnaissance Orbiter image from 2011. Tycho is 82 km wide and the central peak
s, ISO 100, foc. len. 2350 mm at f/10. Photo by is 2 km above the crater floor. The Moon phase to generate such pronounced
John H. shadows would be first quarter with sunlight just clearing the crater rim. NASA photo

SGN “Clair-Obscur” May/Jun 2021 pg 5
Imagine yourself standing at the terminator on a small
hill on the Moon. Looking down-sun, you see a black
shadow of not just the terrain, but also your silhouette
stretched out for tens of kilometres. Looking up-sun you
would be blinded by the light of the Sun and even a tiny
sliver of the Sun above the Moon would require solar
glasses like those used on Earth during solar eclipses. In
addition, the appearance of the Moon would not change
much even after several hours -not like a sunrise on
Earth where the Sun climbs its own width in the sky in 4
minutes. Even in ten minutes, earthly scenes change
dramatically, -just think about the last time you watched
the Sun set -it is gone 4 min from horizon touchdown!

On the Moon, it takes 14 Earth days or so for the Sun to
cross the entire lunar sky -compare that to the 12 hours
(more or less depending on the season) it takes on
Earth. Sunrises and sunsets on the Moon are
excruciatingly slow since it takes the Sun a whole hour
to move its own width across the lunar sky -a factor of
15 times slower.

The presence of shadows was used to advantage
during all of the Moon landings. The landings were
scheduled for lunar mornings and at the last stage the
Lunar Modules descended with viewing windows
turned away from the Sun. As the LM pitched down to
see the surface, the long shadows of objects made
uneven ground, boulder fields and other obstacles
stand out sharply. Landing during high lunar noon when
shadows are flat is a lot more dangerous.

Lunar “Chiaroscuro” aka “Clair Obscur”
Renaissance paintings sometimes used a technique of
creating strong light-dark contrast to make features of a
painting stand out from the flat surface, a technique
called “chiaroscuro”, in Italian. The French equivalent is
“clair obscur” which translates literally into “light-dark”.

On the Moon, the terminator shadows can create
temporary features that resemble letters of the
alphabet, -other than the “O’s” and “Q’s” produced by
crater rims that one would expect. One of the most
popular is the letter X (and there is more than one) and
V produced during the FQ phase by intersecting crater
rims in the first case and by a V-shaped ridge in the
second. Images at right show the X and V but later I
discovered that there was a letter “L” also visible shortly
after our session ended and that a second X, dubbed
“X2” was due to come into view as well.
 The two images above are screen
Clair Obscur features currently number into the hundreds and include most of the English letters, snaps taken of the camera/telescope
numbers and even some Greek letters. Additionally, imaginations of viewers have “discovered” view of the lunar terminator on Mar 20,
features like “Zeno’s Steps”, the "Moon Maiden”, “O’Neill’s Bridge”, “Aries’ Hoofprint” and my 2021. Upper image shows the Lunar X
favourite, the “Long straight dark line crossing a curious curved oval-shaped ring”. Needless to say, formed by the rims of three craters and
none of these are officially recognized but they are listed in detail here: https://the-moon.us/wiki/ lower image is the Lunar V with Aries
Clair-obscur for your observing pleasure. Note that these features require observing at specific Hoofprint, below it, a U-shaped
times, i.e., phase of Moon. Those are provided at the mentioned website. mountainous area in the centre of the
 image. Between the V and the Hoofprint
On nights when the air is steady and transparency good, features (other than the lunar alphabet is the Hyginus Rille with Hyginus Crater
soup) can easily be seen down to 10 km across, and shadows cast by mountains, for example, can (10.6 km diam.) at the slight bend in the
alert you to even smaller structures. There are some in Mare Imbrium to try for. See if you can spot feature. The rille is 220 km long and
Mt Piton, Mt Pico, the Teneriffe Mtns and the Straight Range in the upper part of the Imbrium Basin. only a km or so wide and is partly
And thanks to one of our BAS members -our new president, no less, I am now able to point out two formed by a chain of craters too small to
lunar landing sites -Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 on the surface. Three small craters at the Apollo 11 site be seen here. John H images , Canon
named after the three astronauts are 4.6 km and less in diameter so even the larger Armstrong’s 6D, ISO 100, foc. len. 2350 mm C9.25
crater is a challenge. Still, routinely picking out features between 5 and 10 km in size on the Moon EdgeHD at f/10.
is not bad, especially from 380 000 km away.

SGN Michael Collins Oct 31, 1930 - Apr 28, 2021 May/Jun 2021 pg 6
A m e r i c a n a s t ro n a u t M i c h a e l Collins was born in Rome, Italy, on
Collins, who as pilot of the Apollo October 31, 1930 – the same year as
11 command module stayed both Armstrong, who died in 2012,
behind on July 20, 1969, while Neil and Aldrin, who is now 91. He was
A r m s t ro n g a n d B u z z A l d r i n the son of a US Army major general
travelled to the lunar surface to and, like his father, attended the US
become the first humans to walk Military Academy at West Point, New
on the moon, died on Wednesday York, graduating in 1952.
at age 90, his family said.
 Like many of the first generation of
A statement released by his family American astronauts, Collins started
said Collins died of cancer. out as an Air Force test pilot.

Often described as the “forgotten” Collins’ first voyage into space came
third astronaut on the historic in July 1966 as pilot on Gemini X, his
mission, Collins remained alone in second, and final, spaceflight was the
the command module for more historic Apollo 11.
than 21 hours until his two fellow
astronauts returned in the lunar Collins avoided much of the media
module. He lost contact with fanfare that greeted the astronauts on
mission control in Houston, Texas their return to Earth, and was later
each time the spacecraft circled often critical of the cult of celebrity.
the dark side of the moon. “Not
since Adam has any human known His strongest memory from Apollo
such solitude as Mike Collins,” the 11, he said, was looking back at the
mission log said, referring to the Earth, which he said seemed
biblical figure. “fragile”. “I really believe that if the
 political leaders of the world could
Collins wrote an account of his see their planet from a distance of
experiences in his 1974 100,000 miles. their outlook could
autobiography, Carrying the Fire, be fundamentally changed. That
but largely shunned publicity. “I know that I would be a liar or a fool all-important border would be invisible, that noisy argument
if I said that I have the best of the three Apollo 11 seats, but I can silenced,” he said.
say with truth and equanimity that I am perfectly satisfied with the
one I have,” Collins said in comments released by NASA in 2009. His family’s statement said it knew “how lucky Mike felt to live the
 life he did. Please join us in fondly and joyfully remembering his
President Joe Biden said his prayers were with the Collins family. sharp wit, his quiet sense of purpose, and his wise perspective,
“From his vantage point, high above the Earth, he reminded us of gained […] from looking back at Earth from the vantage of
the fragility of our own planet, and called on us to care for it like the space…”
treasure it is,” Biden said in a statement. “Godspeed, Mike.”

The following is a statement from acting NASA Administrator Steve “NASA mourns the loss of this accomplished pilot and astronaut, a
Jurczyk on the passing of Michael Collins: friend of all who seek to push the envelope of human potential.
 Whether his work was behind the scenes or on full view, his legacy
“Today the nation lost a true pioneer and lifelong advocate for will always be as one of the leaders who took America's first steps
exploration in astronaut Michael Collins. As pilot of the Apollo 11 into the cosmos. And his spirit will go with us as we venture toward
command module – some called him ‘the loneliest man in history’ – farther horizons.”
while his colleagues walked on the Moon for the first time, he
helped our nation achieve a defining milestone. He also The following is a statement from the Collins family:
distinguished himself in the Gemini Program and as an Air Force
pilot. “We regret to share that our beloved father and grandfather passed
 away today, after a valiant battle with cancer. He spent his final
“Michael remained a tireless promoter of space. ‘Exploration is not days peacefully, with his family by his side. Mike always faced the
a choice, really, it’s an imperative,’ he said. Intensely thoughtful challenges of life with grace and humility, and faced this, his final
about his experience in orbit, he added, ‘What would be worth challenge, in the same way. We will miss him terribly. Yet we also
recording is what kind of civilization we Earthlings created and know how lucky Mike felt to have lived the life he did. We will honor
whether or not we ventured out into other parts of the galaxy.’ his wish for us to celebrate, not mourn, that life. Please join us in
 fondly and joyfully remembering his sharp wit, his quiet sense of
“His own signature accomplishments, his writings about his purpose, and his wise perspective, gained both from looking back
experiences, and his leadership of the National Air and Space at Earth from the vantage of space and gazing across calm waters
Museum helped gain wide exposure for the work of all the men and from the deck of his fishing boat.”
women who have helped our nation push itself to greatness in
aviation and space. There is no doubt he inspired a new generation For more information about Collins and his NASA career, visit:
of scientists, engineers, test pilots, and astronauts. https://www.nasa.gov/michael-collins/

!Quetican Field of View by Doug Cunningham May/Jun 2021 pg 7
 “History of the
 Universe in 21 Stars
 and 3 Imposters”
 “Astronomy is both the oldest of the
 sciences, and the most engaging for one
 very good reason: its accessibility.
 This is a book about STARS. If you find
 yourself well away from light pollution …
 you can see as many as 4500 of them.
 The night sky is full of the things. Pick up
 a half-decent pair of binoculars and the
 number of stars in your sky will instantly
 leap to more than 100,000. A small
 telescope will raise that number to
 2.5 million … enough to keep the
 most obsessive stargazer busy f o r
 several lifetimes. I’ve tried to ensure
 that as many of these stars as
 possible are within easy reach.
Author: Giles Sparrow- “History of To see most of them you n e e d
the Universe in 21 Stars and 3 nothing more than a clear, dark,
Imposters” (2020) Welbeck sky. A handful of others can be
Publishing Co. London spotted with binoculars and a
 small telescope.” Author: Giles

Paula and I drove into Owen Sound on April 7th, to do some last
minute shopping before the “COVID-19 Stay At Home Order” took
effect later at midnight. We both were experiencing COVID-19
fatigue. What has bothered us the most was our separation from our
family and friends! It has been more than a year since we hugged
the family. Our daughter is an emergency doctor in London and she
has seen and treated more than her fair share of cases of COID-19.
As she said during a Zoom visit: “This is a disease you really want to
avoid!”

Because COVID-19 is one tenacious, mutating, and deadly virus, we
expect another “Circuit Breaker Lockdown”. Hopefully, will break
the COVID-19 cycle of infections, hospitalizations, and deaths. to the lights in the night sky and gauging the scale of the cosmos is
Paula and I put on our masks, and went into Coles Books, located critical to understanding the structure of universe, dark matter, and
in Owen Sound’s Heritage Mall, to purchase a few books to read dark energy, and the root of our beginnings. I bought the book and it
during the coming lockdown. I came across this wonderful is a gem!
astronomy book, entitled “History of the Universe in 21 Stars and 3
Imposters”. I thought, “WOW!, that’s an ambitious title“. There was So, what did the study of 61-Cygni, teach astronomers about stars?
only one copy left. The book is a small, hardcover book, the size of To appreciate the story of 61-Cygni you might first like to locate it.
an average paperback, and 327 pages long. It is written by Giles The star map from Sparrow’s book is included above. The first step
Sparrow, who studied Astronomy at University College in London, is to find the Northern Cross pattern of Cygnus. The top of the cross
and Science Communication at Imperial College, London. This is his is marked by the bright star Deneb, the foot of the cross is marked
most recent of 40 astronomy books which include stargazer’s by Albireo, and the middle of the cross is marked by Sadr. The
handbooks, books on the HST and Mars. simplest way to proceed is to move from Sadr, left towards equally
 bright epsilon. Make a right angled turn at epsilon and move up
I opened the book and quickly came to Chapter 2, on 61-Cygni , along that line about the same distance that epsilon is from Sadr. In
aka “Piazzi’s Flying Star of the Swan”. I knew this star and have that area is a small right-angled triangle grouping of visible but faint
observed it many times using various telescopes. Even in a small naked eye stars. Three of the stars making the corners of the right
telescope, it shows its true nature, -a beautiful binary star, easily triangle are of similar brightness and labelled on the star map shown
resolved into a pretty pair of orbiting stars, -two orange dwarf stars, below as zeta, nu, and tau-Cygni. 61-Cygni is midway between tau
locked in an orbital embrace! I usually showcase it for any guests and nu with an orange hue. These stars are around magnitude 5 and
who happen to be stargazing with me. I thought, “If Giles Sparrow just visible to the unaided eye and enhanced using averted vision.
has included this star, 61-Cygni, in his list of 24 historically important
stars in the science of astronomy, then he has certainly done his The secrets of 61-Cygni began to be revealed when, in 1753, the
homework.” English astronomer, James Bradley, discovered its double star
 nature. This discovery was followed in 1792 when the Italian
In a universe of hundreds of thousands of binary stars, the role astronomer and Catholic Priest, Giuseppe Piazzi, using state of the
played by 61-Cygni in determining the distance to the nearest stars art measuring equipment, noticed that the twin stars of 61-Cygni
is an important milestone in astronomy’s history. Knowing distances together had shifted position. Piazzi was puzzled and continued his

SGN History of the Universe Book Review (cont’d) May/Jun 2021 pg 8
measurements. He found that 61-Cygni was moving 4.1 arc Astronomers had now passed through what John Herschel had
seconds per year. Astronomers call this motion “proper motion” called, the impossible barrier … knowing the actual distance to a
and 61-Cygni had the largest proper motion of any star then star. However, 61-Cygni is not the closest star to the Earth. That
measured. (Note : Proper motion in astronomy is the angular motion honour belongs to Proxima Centauri.
per year a star makes on the celestial sphere in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of sight.) That meant 61-Cygni was We now know that Bessel almost lost the race to a Scottish
covering an angular distance equal to the diameter of the Full Moon astronomer, Thomas Henderson, working from the Cape of Good
every 440 years, -an amazing stellar motion! The only conclusion Hope in South Africa. Henderson announced, after Bessel’s
was that 61-Cygni must be closer to our Sun compared to more measurements were reported, that he had measured the even larger
distant stars having smaller proper motions. Hence, 61-Cygni parallax for Alpha Centauri, of 1 arc second, which translated into a
became known as Piazzi’s Flying Star! Today, only 6 stars have distance of about 4 light years. Henderson didn’t rush to report his
larger proper motions than 61-Cygni, but they are all very faint and results because he was concerned about the reliability of his
challenging to use in parallax studies. methods. As well, around the same time, the astronomer, Wilhelm
 Struve, working at Dorpat Observatory, in Estonia, measured the
To show this proper motion I have included two images of 61-Cygni, parallax of the brilliant star Vega.
shown below, taken 8 years apart, Nov 20, 2012, and Nov 3, 2020.
 At last count, there are 14 stars
 closer to our Sun than 61-Cygni.
 But, here is the point: -61-Cygni was
 the first star to have its distance
 from the Sun measured and Bessel
 was the first to “cross that finish
 line” and report his results. Being
 published first in science always
 counts! Giles Sparrow concludes his
 Chapter 2 on 61-Cygni:

 ”Parallax still remains our only
 method of directly measuring the
 distance to objects in the wide
 cosmos and provides a happily
 secure first rung on a distance
 ladder that gets increasingly
 rickety as it extends further from
Over a time interval of almost 8 years the shift in the position of 61- the certainties of Earth. We now have extended our parallax
Cygni, though small, has been confirmed. reach into deep space by using parallax satellites, like the
 current Gaia satellite, which is designed to measure the
Astronomers of the time thought that you could use a star’s distances of one billion objects right to the centre of our Milky
measured proper motion as a representative measure of a star’s Way. We should be thankful for the certainties we have - and
relative distance from Earth. 61-Cygni’s largest proper motion of any spare a thought for a faint, obscure double star in Cygnus.”
star measured suggested that it was one of the closest stars to the
Earth. It would be a perfect candidate to use for a distance This book is a gem with an ambitious thesis: to understand the
measurement, but though simple in History of the Universe and the Birth, Life, and Death of
theory, it turned out to be a challenge in the Stars within it. I highly recommend it! To tell this
practise. story, Giles Sparrow has chosen 21 Stars and 3 stellar
 Imposters. He starts with Polaris in Chapter 1, and
The German astronomer, Friedrich progresses over the next 23 Chapters to consider, what
Wilhelm Bessel, began carefully to his mind, are the most interesting stars and stellar
calibrated angular measurement in imposters in the history of astronomy.
1837, and over a 13 month period,
became the first astronomer to From a faint star in the constellation of Pegasus, called
measure 61-Cygni’s parallax angle as Helvetios, that marked the location of the first
seen from opposite ends of the Earth’s discovered exoplanet, 51 Pegasi; to RS Ophiuchi, a
orbit. According to Sparrow, Bessel recurrent nova, that occasionally goes “bang” and will
managed to complete 98 parallax one day go BOOM; to Cygnus X-1, the first discovered
measurements of 61-Cygni during black hole in a dark universe; to finally ending, in
these 13 months! Using the diameter of Chapter 24, by considering Supernova 1994D and what
the Earth’s orbit about the Sun (298 it reveals about dark matter and dark energy. Each one
million km) as a baseline, Bessel of the 24 Chapters is devoted to a specific star, or
measured a parallax angle of 1/3 of an Friedrich Wilhelm Bessel grouping of stars, and can be read in about 45 minutes.
arc second. With that value and the 1784-1846 In this month’s column I have highlighted one of the
r u l e s o f t r i g o n o m e t r y, B e s s e l early and pivotal chapters featuring 61-Cygni because I
determined the distance to 61-Cygni as like its story and always enjoy its appearance in my
10.3 light-years and he wasted no time in announcing his results in telescope. After I bought the book I placed it on my bed table and
a letter to Sir John Herschel, President of the Royal Astronomical usually, each night, I would read one chapter, and share its ideas
Society in London, on October 23rd, 1838. with Paula.

SGN Constellation May/Jun 2021 pg 9
 The Virgo Cluster chart on page XX is a copy of the detailed map
 Virgo (Vir) provided in the appendix of the Sky&Telescope Pocket Sky Atlas,
 α-Virginis - Spica ε-Virginis - Vindemiatrix -an enlargement of the Virgo/Coma Berenices region of chart 45
 β-Virginis - Zavijava η-Virginis - Zaniah in that atlas. You may wish to print out a copy of the chart for use
 γ-Virginis - Porrima ι-Virginis - Syrma at your telescope or with binoculars.

 Virgo is both a zodiacal and equatorial constellation. Spica, its The Virgo Cluster contains upwards to 2000 galaxies. In the
 brightest star, is about 30° southwest of Arcturus in Bootes and brightest 160, there are only 19 ellipticals. The view through the
 forms the southernmost point of the Diamond of Virgo. Spica is telescope, to the eye, however, shows a preponderance of
 magnitude 1.2 and14th of the 20 brightest stars in the sky. The “ellipticals” and only a few spiral types. The reason is that there
 autumnal equinox, where the sun crosses the celestial equator on are a large number of S0 galaxies (the rounded spirals with no
 its journey south, is located close to the star η-Virginis. In the obvious arms) which masquerade as ellipticals in telescopic
 rough square formed by Denebola in Leo and ε, γ and β-Virginis views. Of the top 160 galaxies, 40 are S0 types and many more
 lies the "Field of the Nebula", [Realm of Galaxies -ed] where are Sa spirals with tightly wound spiral arms so they resemble
 Herschel discovered 323 “nebulae”; some of these are visible in a ellipticals as well.
 small telescope. [aka Virgo Cluster @ 54 Mly distance. -ed]
 DOUBLE STARS There are 19 Messier objects in this area: 11 galaxies in Virgo and
 Mag. Sep (s) Remarks 7 galaxies and a globular, M53 in Coma Berenices. M64 in Coma
 γ 3.6-3.7 5 Both Yellow: beautiful pair. is the Blackeye Galaxy and M104 on the border of Corvus is the
 θ 4.0-9.0-10.0 7-72 White-Violet-Grey. Sombrero Galaxy, -both are worth a look. Another favourite is
 τ 4.0-9.0 80 NGC 4565 in Coma near the star γ-Com. This is a beautiful edge-
 17 6.2-9.0 20 Pale Green-Orange on spiral with a prominent dust lane. The chart does not show
 Σ1627 5.9-6.4 20 M53, M64, M101, M104 or NGC4565. Check your other atlases
 or apps for these. The chart on the next page also shows 51 NGC
 MESSIER OBJECTS objects. Lots to see! Not all are labelled on the IAU chart below.
 Mag Remarks
 M49 8.6 Elliptical Galaxy. Large, bright, between two bright Hunting Messier Objects in Virgo and Coma Berenices
 telescopic stars. Virgo’s Messiers are listed at left; below are the Coma Messiers:
 M 58 9.2 Spiral Galaxy.
 M 53 7.6 Globular Cluster. [60 000 ly] M 91 10.7
 M 59 9.6 Elliptical Galaxy.
 M 64 8.8 Spiral ”Blackeye” galaxy. M 98 10.7 Spiral Gal.
 M 60 8.9 Elliptical Galaxy.
 20 Million LY away M 99 10.1 Spiral Gal.
 M 61 10.1 Spiral Galaxy.
 M 85 9.3 Spiral Gal. Large, bright.
 M 84 9.3 Elliptical Galaxy. [see Virgo Cluster below]
 M 88 10.2 Spiral Gal. M 100 10.6 Spiral Gal.
 M 86 9.7 Elliptical Galaxy. [see Virgo Cluster below]
 M 87 9.2 Elliptical Galaxy.
 M 89 9.5 Elliptical Galaxy.
 M 90 10.0 Spiral Galaxy.
 M 104 8.0 Spiral Galaxy. [The Sombrero Galaxy]

Other Objects of Interest in Virgo
NGC4762 - A nebula resembling a kite, grouped with three stars. A
 beautiful sight.
R Virginis - Long period (146 days) variable, maximum magnitude
 6.9.
S Virginis.- Long period (378 days) variable, maximum magnitude
 7.0.

 The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies
T h e Vi rg o C l u s t e r i s a t a d i s t a n c e o f
approximately 53.8 ± 0.3 Mly away. With 1300 to
2000 member galaxies, it lies in the heart of the
Virgo Supercluster, of which the Local Group is an
outlying member. The cluster is approximately 8°
across on the sky.

Many of these galaxies were discovered in the
late 1770s and early 1780s by Charles Messier
who described them as “nebulae without stars”.
Their true nature was recognized in the 1920s.

The cluster is a fairly heterogeneous mixture of
spirals and ellipticals. It is believed that the spirals
are distributed in an oblong prolate filament,
about 4 times as long as wide, stretching along
the line of sight from the Milky Way. The elliptical
galaxies are more centrally concentrated than the
spiral galaxies. See pg 14 for an image.

SGN Virgo Cluster May/Jun 2021 pg 10

Ojibwe Star Lore May/Jun 2021 pg 11

 Sweat Lodge and
 Exhausted Bather
The Ojibwe, one of the largest groups
of N. American indigenous people,
has a rich history of star lore from
which SGN has been taking excerpts
in recent issues. The material here is
from a star guide called Ojibwe
Constellation Guide -Ojibwe Giizhig
Anung Masinaaigan written by
Annette Lee, William Wilson, Jeff
Tibbets and Carl Gawboy © 2012.
Lee, an artist as well as native
historian, also did the drawings of the
star figures.

It is still available at amazon.ca at a
very modest price.

The painting right is part of an Ojibwe
star map done by Annette Lee,
assistant professor of astronomy and
physics at St. Cloud State University
in Minnesota and member of the
Dakota-Sioux tribe. Lee also directs
the planetarium at the university and
researches Ojibwe and Lakota star
lore and mythology. She is currently
involved with the Native Madoodiswan -Sweat Lodge-(Corona Borealis) and
Skywatchers Project, an initiative to Noondeshin Bemaadizid -Exhausted Bather- (Hercules)
revive and celebrate indigenous Quote from the book: “The sweat lodge is a purification ceremony. It is returning
peoples' connection to the stars. She to the womb and remembering/renewing our spirit. The person is exhausted after
has created both an Ojibwe and participating in the sweat. He/She is exhausted on the outside but full of life and
Lakota star map and her drawings strong on the inside. The Sweat Lodge is seen overhead in late Spring and the
have been featured in SGN in past Exhausted Bather is an early summer constellation.” In Annette Lee’s drawings,
issues on this constellation page. the indigenous constellations are highlighted in colour over the regular stick
 figures of Greek mythology so it is possible to make modern connections with the
 indigenous constellations. By accident or maybe not, the Exhausted Bather’s eye
 is right about where M13 the Great Hercules Cluster
 is located. Image left is M13 by Stuart Hegge (2006).

 My all-time favourite image of the Great Hercules
 Cluster, M13, is the one hanging on my wall. It is a Stuart
 Hegge image (left) from 2006 and was exhibited in the
 Cosmic Images astrophotography show that toured
 Bruce and Grey counties during the 2009 international
 Year of Astronomy. From a small backyard observatory
 outside Flesherton ON, Stuart used a superb 6-inch
 AstroPhysics refractor with ED glass on an equally
 excellent AstroPhysics 900GTO mount. The camera was
 a ST-10XME CCD and he took a total of 85 minutes of
 exposure (self-guided) through RGB and Luminance
 filters. Software used was CCDSoft5, and PhotoshopS.

 M13 is one of the 200 or so globular clusters that circle
 our Milky Way and a favourite in northern skies. The
 cluster is 145 LY across and between 22 000 and 25 000
 LY away (M5 is only 5,500 LY). Would you believe M13
 has between a half million and a million stars and that
 they are so close together in the centre that they
 sometimes collide to create “blue stragglers”? All true.

SGN Sky Sights May/Jun 2021 pg 12
 Notable Sky Sights Sky Events May/June 2021
Visit the BAS website here: www.bluewaterastronomy.com or May
 www.johns-astronomy.com for a detailed listing. Planet 03 17:02 Saturn 4.2°N of Moon
 viewing opportunities are listed below.
 03 19:50 LQ Moon rises 02:57 EDT at Owen Sound ON

 Planets MERCURY in early May becomes the second 04 03:03 Mercury 2.1°S of Pleiades
 Evening Star joining Venus above the western 04 21:00 Jupiter 4.6°N of Moon
 horizon. On May 17 it reaches Greatest Eastern 06 02:00 Eta-Aquarid Meteors 60/hr peak at 22:00 EDT
 Elongation, then starts back towards the Sun, missing Venus by a
 May 5 Moon 28% waning
 half degree on May 28. Then, in late June, Mercury reappears in
 the morning sky. VENUS, emerged from behind the Sun in late 11 19:00 NM rises 6:06 am EDT at Owen Sound ON
 April and in May is an obvious Evening Star shining at magnitude 11 21:54 Moon at Apogee: 406 512 km
 -4. Venus is 9° east of Sol by the end of May and 18° by the end 12 22:00 Venus 0.7° N of Moon (occultation in N.Zealand/
 of June. MARS, (magn. 1.5 fading to 1.8) stays well up at dark S.Pacific)
 and crosses Gemini into Cancer this month. It passes right 13 17:59 Mercury 2.1°N of Moon
 through the Beehive Cluster on June 23. Venus does the same on
 16 04:47 Mars 1.5°S of Moon
 July 2 and has a rendezvous with Mars on July 13 (separation
 17 00:39 Pollux 3.1°N of Moon
 0.5°). Both JUPITER, and SATURN, appear in the dawn sky
 17 06:00 Mercury at Greatest Elongation 22.0°E
 (about 4 am) ahead of sunrise by several hours in May and June.
 18 01:08 Beehive 2.9°S of Moon
 Saturn leads Jupiter by about 15° and they are rising by midnight
 in the east by the end of June. URANUS, (5.7) NEPTUNE, (7.8) 19 17:28 Regulus 5.0°S of Moon
 and Dwarf planet, Ceres (8.3) follow Jupiter and Saturn in the SE 19 19:13 FQ Moon rises 12:29 EDT at Owen Sound ON
 rising in the wee hours of morning. None are above the horizon at 23 13:07 Spica 6.5°S of Moon
 midnight even at the end of June. Asteroid, Vesta (6.5) is in Leo
 26 01:52 Moon at Perigee: 357 310 km
 one constellation over from Mars in the evening sky and sets by 4
 am EDT in early May. It sets by midnight (after Mars) in late June. 26 11:14 FM rises 21:36 EDT at Owen Sound ON, 2nd
 PLUTO (mag.14.4) continues to stay close to the Teapot in “supermoon” of 2021 coincides with a lunar eclipse
 Sagittarius in May/Jun skies. Finder charts for planets in 2021 are 26 11:19 Total Lunar Eclipse; mag=1.009 -NOT visible from
 now on the BAS website. The table below gives the sunrise/ E. Canada -best in Alberta & BC
 sunset times and Sun’s altitude for May and June. The moon 26 16:55 Antares 4.8°S of Moon
 phase dates and moonrise times for Owen Sound are in the Sky 29 03:00 Mercury 0.4°S of Venus
 Events listing at right. For Moon and Sun times for other locations
 31 01:22 Saturn 4.2°N of Moon
 check https://www.timeanddate.com.
 31 11:41 Mars 5.2°S of Pollux
 June
 Sunrise/set times: Owen Sound 44°35‘N 80°55’W
 01 08:57 Jupiter 4.6°N of Moon
 Times in Eastern Daylight Time (EDT)
 Summer Solstice is at 11:32 pm EDT June 20 02 07:24 LQ Moon rises 14:29 EDT at Owen Sound ON
 Date Rise Noon altitude Set 08 02:27 Moon at Apogee: 406 230 km
 May 10 6:01 am 63.2° 8:39 pm 10 10:42 Annular Solar Eclipse; mag=0.943 Last half vis.
 May 20 5:50 am 65.6° 8:50 pm here at sunrise 05:40 EDT
 May 30 5:42 am 67.3° 9:00 pm 10 10:53 NM rises 05:38 EDT at Owen Sound ON
 Jun 10 5:38 am 68.5° 9:08 pm 11 01:00 Mercury at Inferior Conjunction
 Jun 20 5:38 am 68.9° 9:12 pm 12 06:44 Venus 1.5°S of Moon
 Jun 28 5:42 am 68.6° 9:12 pm 13 06:19 Pollux 3.1°N of Moon
 Data from www.timeanddate.com 13 19:52 Mars 2.8°S of Moon
 14 06:47 Beehive 2.9°S of Moon
 15 23:28 Regulus 5.0°S of Moon
 18 03:54 FQ rises 12:40 EDT Jun 17 Owen Sound ON
 BAS Zoom Meeting June 2 21 03:32 Summer Solstice (23:32 EDT June 20)
 BAS Zoom meetings continue via Zoom June 2 (and 21 15:57 Venus 5.1°S of Pollux
 July 7) at 7 pm. Secretary Lorraine will send out zoom 22 20:36 Mercury 1.8°N of Aldebaran
 links as necessary. Fox Observatory is closed until 23 03:26 Antares 4.8°S of Moon
 further notice and all club viewing events are 23 05:21 Mars 0.3°S of Beehive (Mars passes through
 cancelled. BAS members will be informed about club M44 Jun 21-24)
 events as the restrictions are lifted. Please note that
 23 09:58 Moon at Perigee: 359 960 km
 access to the observatory will continue to require pre-
 registration even when we are out of lock-down. 24 18:40 FM rises 21:38 EDT at Owen Sound ON
 27 09:30 Saturn 4.0°N of Moon
 28 18:38 Jupiter 4.5°N of Moon

SGN Sky Sights May/Jun 2021 pg 13
June 10 Annular Solar Eclipse Lunar Eclipse May 26
Given a clear eastern horizon at dawn on June 10, local residents will This lunar eclipse is a western Canada event and you need to be
see a very unusual sunrise. Two horns will appear at the sunrise point, in BC to see it in its entirety. If you are stuck here in Grey-Bruce
rather than the usual circular arc of the Sun. This is an annular (ring) under Covid-19 stay-home rules, then you are out of luck. In
eclipse beginning at 4:48 am EDT with the Sun still below the horizon Hawaii, the entire eclipse will be happening with the Moon half-
for Owen Sound, By 5:38 am, sunrise occurs locally, and the Moon way to the zenith. For Ontario, the umbral phase starts at the
has reached the half-way point of its path across the Sun's face by moment the Moon is setting in the west!
that time. If you are farther north (Lake Nipigon would be a good spot)
will the Moon silhouette be lined up exactly with the centre of the
Sun. There you would see a thin ring rising above the horizon. In
Bruce and Grey counties, the Moon is off-centre to the north enough
that we do not see a ring but a pair of cusps on the top edge of the
Sun. The diagram below shows the view.

 In Owen Sound, the Moon sets at 5:49 am EDT (see diagram
 above) only 4 minutes after the predicted time the umbral
 shadow starts obscuring the Moon. In decades of observing lunar
 eclipses (my first photos were of a total lunar eclipse in 1975
 while on the Bruce Trail with students and I even packed in a
 small telescope!), I have never seen such a close coincidence in
 times.

 Normally in a dark sky, the approach of the umbra is visible as a
 darkening of the Moon's edge before the predicted time (image
 below), but this time the Sun is rising at umbral contact and so
 the sky will be bright. It is doubtful if any such shading will be
 visible given the brighter sky this time around.

Because of the alignment of the Moon, Sun and Earth when eclipses
occur, there is always a solar eclipse two weeks or so before or after a
lunar eclipse. Because this time around the Moon is also at the farthest
reach of its orbit (apogee), it is too small to completely cover the Sun and
there is a ring of light even at maximum. This is referred to as an
annular eclipse (in Latin annulus means ring). Note that you should take
precautions viewing the Sun because with a clear sky at sunrise, even
the thinnest ring of sunlight is too bright for safe naked eye viewing.
SOLAR ECLIPSE GLASSES ARE REQUIRED.. BAS has a supply of
solar eclipse glasses and there are larger sheets of Baader solar film
available for DIY solar filters for telescopes and camera lenses -contact
the editor for either of these.

The visibility of this event, as for any solar eclipse, will be determined by
your location on the Earth, -this time about half of the northern
hemisphere will see some portion of the eclipse. Eastern Canada is
where the eclipse shadow first touches down. See Fred Espenak’s
website for more details. Table below gives the Owen Sound contact
times and the Sun’s elevation for those times. Image above was taken Aug 28, 2007 and shows the umbral
 shading visible on the left limb of the Moon prior to the
 predicted time of contact. During a 1977 partial eclipse I
 observed, umbral shading was noticed visually 10 minutes or so
 before the official contact time. The 2007 image above was
 made at 4:47 am EDT, four minutes before predicted contact at
 4:51 am EDT. With the May 26 eclipse however, the sky will
 probably be too bright due to the Sun rising in the east.
 Image above made with a TV NP101 at 540 mm focal length, at
 prime focus, Canon 50D, ISO 100, f/5.4, exp. = 1/750 s.

 Visit the BAS website here: www.bluewaterastronomy.com
 or www.johns-astronomy.com for more details of these
 and other May and June events.

SGN Image of the Month May/Jun 2021 pg 14

Markarian’s Chain
by Frank Williams
The Virgo Cluster of Galaxies is a spring
viewing treat and Frank W. took advantage
of a night of good seeing to capture the
image above (actually a stack of 59) of the
central portion called Markarian’s Chain.

Frank writes: It’s galaxy season, and while
I had a large scope working on Caldwell
galaxies, I set up my Dad’s Televue 85 on
his EQ5 mount and tripod and with
unmodified Canon 60D camera. I was able
to collect just shy of 3 hours worth of data
(59 x 3 minute @ iso 1600) on the weekend.

The scope does have a bit of distortion at
the edges, as it is not a full apochromat.
But you get the idea, you can capture a lot
with a small scope and unmodified camera.
[Yes, indeed. I counted about 3 dozen
galaxies in Frank’s image! -ed]

Details: Televue 85 mm refractor with 0.8
focal reducer for 480 mm focal length, f/5.6. Markarian’s Chain annotated map is by Joe Renzetti from his S&T article (link below). M84 and
Canon 60D unmodified, uncooled, guided M86 are two giant elliptical galaxies (E1 and E3) that “anchor” the view in a telescope. The pair
by Starlight Express camera (ST4 port). of galaxies to the left of M86 are often referred to as “The Eyes” with NGC 4438 more lenticular
Software: Image Capture: Back Yard EOS than the much smaller NGC 4435. The former does look a bit like an eye. A lot of interesting info
Software guiding: PHD2 can be found at Renzetti’s article: https://skyandtelescope.org/observing/yanking-markarians-
Software processing : Pixinsight chain/ including the fact that M86 has a 1.5 billion-solar-mass black hole in its nucleus. The
 third Messier galaxy, M87, lower left, has a black hole nucleus over 4 times larger!

SGN The Miscellaneous Page May/Jun 2021 pg 15

 BAS Member Loaner Scopes
 Our Solar H-alpha scope is on long-term SGN
 loan presently.
 Our Lunt solar scope can be borrowed by BAS members for an Classified
 extended period. Contact John H. if you wish to book it. It
 comes with a suitable mount and short training session is
 provided on pickup.
 Ads Section
 Several Dobsonian telescope are available. See For Sale page
 Several dobsonian loaner telescopes are available for free loan www.johns-astronomy.com
 to members. Although we are not using scopes at the Fox
 because of the necessity for disinfecting afterwards, long term
 loaner scopes are available once we can access the
 observatory.
 Contact John H. for selection and availability.

 Contact stargazerjohn@rogers.com for any of these items. FOR SALE: NEW PRICE! 12.5 inch f/6 Dobsonian
 See the complete list on Homebuilt by experienced telescope maker in 1980. See Sep 2014
 www.johns-astronomy.com For Sale page. SGN pg 9 for build details. Truss tube design with full thickness
 Coulter mirror -one of their best, recently re-aluminized. Focuser and
 secondary mirror/spider is a Novak unit. Alt-azimuth mount (3/4-inch
 ply) is a nice wood grain finish with coating of Varathane. This is a
 large telescope and probably would be happy in a relatively
 permanent location, but is portable if you have lots of trunk space.
 Loading into and out of a car trunk is easier with two people. Can be
 seen at the Fox Observatory. Asking $759 but willing to negotiate.
 Contact John H. at 519-371-0670 or stargazerjohn@rogers.com.

 Minolta 35 mm film camera
 XG-SE, plus Makinon 80-200
 mm f/4 zoom lens. Asking $25
 FREE to any student!
 Home-made
 Crayford Focuser
 1-½” Flat base
 suitable for refractor
 or can be adapted Logitech
 to a round tube. QuickCam
 Asking $40. Express USB
 video cam.
 Model V-UB2
 (video res
 640x480,
 asking $10.
 Right: Lumicon off-
Tube rings. Three sizes avail.
 axis guider body -
To fit 5”, 6”, and 12 inch tubes. Meade 2x-3x variable
 nylon screw fittings
Clamshell-type that open up Barlow (1.25”) asking $20 $25
and clamp down with knurled
knobs. Asking $20 for small,
$50 for large set.
 Very rare Meade 4-inch Schmidt camera Model 2066: See
 page 5 for original Meade catalog listing.
 Meade illum. reticle (double (1980 price was $435) Asking $100
 cross-hair) 1.5 V req’d $25