Religious Studies Year 9 | Cycle 1 Curriculum Book - Cycle Topic - Paddington Academy
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Hard work • Excellence • Integrity
2021-2022
Year 9 | Cycle 1
Religious Studies
Curriculum Book
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Cycle Topic
Name: Class:
Teacher: Room: 1Contents
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Muslim beliefs
What is Islam? 3
Nature of Allah 4
Risalah (prophethood) 6
Malaikah (angels) 8
Holy Books 9
Akhirah (afterlife) 12
Muslim practices
5 Pillars 14
Salah 15
Zakah 16
Sawm 18
Hajj 21
Jihad 23
Festivals 26
The Ten Obligatory Acts of Shi’a Islam 30
2Notes
Title: What is Islam?
Islam worldwide
There are an estimated 1.6 billion Muslims in the world today. That is 23 per cent
of the world’s population. Islam is the world’s second largest religion after
Christianity. It is also the fastest-growing religion in the world. Islam originates
from the Middle East (modern-day Saudi Arabia), the birthplace of the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The Middle East and North Africa has the highest
concentration of Muslim population today: 93 per cent of people in this region
are Muslim.
Islam in Britain
In Britain today there are nearly 3 million Muslims, making up more than 4.5 per
cent of the population. Up until the mid-twentieth century there were very few
Muslims in the UK, but from the 1950s onwards significant numbers of people
came from the former colonies, taking up the offer of work in post-Second World
War Britain.
Some of the first Muslims in Britain were East African Asian, while many others
came from South Asia (India, Pakistan and Bangladesh). Britain has one of the
most diverse Muslim communities in the world. The largest groups originate
from South Asia, but many come from Arab and African communities, as well
as Muslims from south-east Asia and Turkey. There are also many Muslims who
have converted from other faiths.
Some Muslims in Britain describe themselves as Sufis. Sufis try to find the heart
of the religion and they practise a more mystical version of Islam. There is also a
significant Ahmadiyyas community in the UK. They believe the long –awaited
Messiah ( Mahdi) has come after Muhammad PBUH) However, many Muslims
regard the Ahmadiyyas as non-Muslims. The majority of British Muslims
are Sunnis ( 95 per cent), which the remaining 5 per cent coming
from the Shi’a tradition.
3Notes
Title: Nature of Allah
1. Revelation: God reveals his truth
Bringing God’s message
Islam teaches that, God does not communicate directly with humans, but
instead he uses special beings (angels and humans, the prophets) to carry his
message to humankind.
2. Revelation of God’s inspired truth
Revelation is the idea that God has made known His special truth to humans.
Islam teaches that the prophets received God’s message, instructing humans
how to live. God’s final and perfect message was given to the Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH), sent down to him over the last 23 years of his life. Each
passage was memorised and recorded by his followers and then later written
down to form the Qur’an, the final revelation.
‘This is the Book about which there is no doubt, a guidance for those conscious
of God.’ [Qur’an 2:2]
3. Fitrah, the need for God
Islam teaches that we are all born with an instinctive need for God. This is
called fitrah. It is the natural spirituality that connects us to our creator,
making Muslims aware of God’s presence and drawing them to worship him.
Muslims believe that this is where our conscience comes from, helping us
discern (recognise) right from wrong.
4. Taqwa, awareness of God
Taqwa is the desire for a personal connection with God. Muslims try to live in a
state of taqwa, the awareness of God. The Qur’an refers to taqwa as the highest
quality of a Muslim, leading them to show worship and submission to
God. Taqwa is often understood as a shield against wrongdoing; it allows
Muslims to live as God would want, protecting them from evil.
5. Hanifs, the devout people
Islam teaches that, long before the birth of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), in
pre-Islamic Arabia, there were groups of people known
as hanifs. The hanifs rejected idol worship (which was common); they believed
in one Supreme God, creator of the universe, the God of the Prophet
Ibrahim (Abraham) who had sent revelations to the prophets through the ages.
4Notes
Title: Nature of Allah
Surah Al-Fatihah – the opening Qur'an [1:1-7]
"In the name of God, the infinitely Compassionate and Merciful.
Praise be to God, Lord of all the worlds. The Compassionate, the Merciful. Ruler
on the Day of Judgement. You alone do we worship, and You alone do we ask for
help. Guide us on the straight path, the path of those who have received your
grace; not the path of those who have brought down wrath, nor of those
who wander astray."
5Notes
Title: Risalah (prophethood)
1. Adam
Muslims believe Adam to be the first human. According to the Qur’an, God
formed Adam from a handful of soil of many colours. This represents the
diversity of people on earth. Eve was created from Adam’s rib and they lived
together in paradise. They were commanded not to eat from a particular tree,
but the devil was able to convince them to taste its fruit. As a result, they
were banished to earth. However, Adam confessed his sin and was forgiven,
becoming the first prophet. Muslims believe that Adam was created as God’s
‘khalifah’ (his representative on earth). It was to be his job to rule in the place of
God. Tradition says that he built the first Ka’ba in Makkah.
2. Ibrahim (Abraham)
Ibrahim is regarded as a hanif (monotheist before Muhammad). He was born
into a family of polytheists, but he rejected these beliefs in favour of
monotheism and became a Muslim (one who bows down to God).
Ibrahim had two sons who were both prophets: Ishma’il and Ishaq. Muslims
remember several messages Ibrahim brought to humanity from God. After God
instructed Ibrahim to sacrifice his son. Satan tried to tempt Ibrahim into
disobeying God, but Ibrahim drove him away by throwing stones at him. After
seeing Ibrahim’s submission to God, God sent a ram to be sacrificed
instead. Therefore during Eid, Muslims sacrifice a sheep and pilgrims
throw stones at the pillars of Mina during Hajj.
3. Dawud (David)
Dawud was Israel’s greatest king, who made Jerusalem a holy place for Muslims.
He received the word of God in the Zabur (Psalms), beautiful hymns of praise to
God
4. Musa (Moses)
Musa led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and into the Promised Land. Islam
teaches that he was given the word of God, known as the Tawrat (Torah), but
the message changed over time.
5. Isa (Jesus)
Jesus was given the Injil (Gospel) and he performed miracles. However, Muslims
deny the Christian teaching of the Trinity and reject the belief that Isa is God.
They say God is ‘one’ not ‘three’.
The Qur’an teaches that, although it appeared as if Isa (Jesus) had been
crucified, in fact he did not die. God could not allow evil men to triumph over his
prophet in such a way. Instead, Isa was taken up to heaven and will reappear on
the day of judgement.
6Notes
Title: Risalah (prophethood)
1. Who was Muhammad (PBUH)?
Muhammad (PBUH) was born in Makkah (in Arabia) in 570 CE, by the age of six
he had become an orphan. As he grew up he gained a reputation for
truthfulness, trustworthiness and intelligence, working as a shepherd for his
uncle. In his twenties he started to work for a wealthy merchant named
Khadijah and he impressed her with his honesty and character so much that
Khadijah proposed marriage. They married and had four daughters, and two
sons (who died in infancy).
2. Life in Makkah
As he grew older, Muhammad (PBUH) began to feel troubled by the corruption
and cruelty he saw in Makkah. He believed that the worship of idols by the
people of Makkah was wrong and that there was really only one true God.
3. The revelation of the holy Qur’an
He started to spend more time alone in prayer. One night, while he was praying
in a cave near Makkah the Angel Jibril appeared before him and ordered him to
recite the words that had miraculously appeared before him even though he
could not read. Muslims believe that Allah gave him the ability to read on that
night. Muslims call this event Laylat-ul-Qadr, (the Night of Power) and they
remember it today on the 27th day of Ramadan. It is one of the holiest days of
the Muslim year. These revelations were to continue for the next 23 years, until
Muhammad’s (PBUH) death.
4. What makes Muhammad so important?
Islam teaches that Muhammad (PBUH) is the last and the greatest prophet, sent
by God. He is a role model for Muslims because of the moral way he lived his
life. Unlike Jesus he performed no miracles; he was born, lived and died an
ordinary man, but Muslims see him as the perfect example of a human being.
5. Prophet Muhammad’s message
The message Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) brought to the people of Makkah
was:
• There is one true God, Lord of goodness and power.
• We need to show thanks to God through worship.
• There will be a judgement day where God will judge our lives.
He had managed to bring nearly all the tribes of Arabia into a new community
or ummah. Islamic empires went on to stretch all over the world and founded
unique and advanced civilisation.
7Notes
Title: Angels
1. Communicating God’s message
Islam teaches that angels are heavenly, immortal (they never die) beings, God’s
first creation. According to the Qur’an, angels were made out of light. They are
God’s messengers; they help people learn how God wants people to live their
lives. They are God’s servants, and their role is to worship and obey him. They
are believed to have the ability to take on any form to carry out God’s
commands. They are also believed to have no free will. They are believed to be
without sin and so they are able to enter into God’s divine presence, but they
can also communicate with humans.
The nature of angels
Muslims believe that, although angels are invisible, they exist everywhere,
throughout the whole universe. They are never far away, and they are always in
contact with humans, especially when someone prays or thinks about God. They
have no physical bodies, but the Qur’an describes them as having wings and
they are always described as male.
3. Angels mentioned by name
In the Islam there are countless angels, but the Qur’an and the Hadith mention
some by name:
• Jibreel (Gabriel) is the angel of revelation. He is the archangel (the highest
angel) who is responsible for revealing the Qur’an to Muhammad (PBUH)
and brings messages to God’s chosen ones.
• Mika’il (Michael) is the archangel responsible for keeping the devil out of
heaven and protecting faithful worshippers. He brings food and water for
the body and soul and rainfall for the earth, to water the land.
• Israfil (Raphael) is the archangel who will blow the trumpet on the Day of
Judgement to announce the resurrection of all from the dead.
• Azrail is the archangel that takes souls at death.
• Raqib and Atid are the angels referred to in the Qur’an as the
‘noble recorders’. They sit, one on each shoulder, noting down our good and
bad deeds, to be read from the book on the last day.
• Munkar and Nakir are the two terrifying, judging angels who will question
each person after their death, testing their faith.
8Notes
Title: Holy Books
Title Sources of authority in Islam
Islam teaches that there is divine law (law sent by God) to guide human beings on
the right way to live. They believe that this law is set out in the Qur’an. However,
the Qur’an does not have guidance and explicit instruction on all matters of life
and therefore Muslims look for guidance from other sources of authority.
1. Qur’an
The Qur’an is the most important source of authority in Islam. Muslims
believe that the Qur’an is the complete book of guidance for humans . It was
revealed by God to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) through the Angel Jibril over
a period of 23 years (did not happen all at once) and it was written down
in Arabic by his companions who later compiled it all together into one book.
2. The Sunnah: the example of the Prophet Muhammad
The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was an inspiration to all Muslims and
therefore they try to follow his example by doing things that he did. They get
this information from the Hadith. The habits of the Prophet Muhammad and the
way that he lived his life is known as the Sunnah. This is the second most
important authority for Muslims. The Sunnah
describes the customs, practices and traditions of the Prophet Muhammad and
teaches the perfect path or model of how Muslims should live.
Muslims know what the Sunnah is through the narrations in the Hadith.
In the Hadith there is an account of the Prophet Muhammad’s last sermon (a talk
about religion) which he delivered shortly before his death. He
instructed his followers to be obedient to the teachings of the Qur’an and
the Sunnah. He said:
“I leave behind me two things, the QURAN and my example: the SUNNAH. If
you follow these you will never go astray.”
3. The Hadith: the sayings and actions of the Prophet Muhammad
Muslims love and respect the words of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
because they believe that he is a messenger of God and was such
an outstanding character. He was known as ‘Al-Sadiq’ (the truthful one) and ‘Al-
Ameen’ (the trustworthy one). He had a deep devotion to God, but he was also a
man of enormous wisdom, kindness and compassion.
The Hadith is a collection of things that he said and did in his life which
were compiled together by people who were with him at the time (his family
and companions). There are different collections of Hadith which have been
verified as authentic by scholars of Islam.
9Notes
Title: Holy Books
4. The Shari’ah: the laws of Islam
The Shari’ah law sets out moral and religious rules that Muslims must follow.
It puts into practice the principles set out in the Qur’an, the Sunnah and
the Hadith. So the Shari’ah is a set of laws which brings together the teachings
that are in the Qur’an, the Sunnah and the Hadith.
The Shari’ah lays down laws about what is halal (allowed in Islam) and
what is haram (forbidden in Islam). It deals with many everyday topics, setting
out rules for Muslims on personal matters like food, clothing, crime, money, sex
and relationships.
What is the Quran?
1. History: What is the history of the Qur’an?
The Qur’an is the Holy Book of Islam. Muslims believe that the Qur’an was
revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) by God in the Arabic language.
It is believed to have been revealed in stages (parts) through the Angel Jibreel.
The first revelation (revealing) of the Qur’an to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
was his call to become a prophet.
This happened in Makkah in the cave of Hira, where the prophet would often
retreat and meditate (think deeply). It was shown as a help to mankind to guide
them through this world.
All but one of the Surahs (chapters) of the Qur’an begin with the words: ‘In the
name of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate’. In Arabic this is: ‘Bismillahi
Rahmani Raheem’.
2. Treatment and use: How should the Qur’an be treated and used?
Muslims treat the Qur’an with great respect. The Qur’an is always placed on a
high shelf, and never on the floor. Muslims always perform ablution (wash)
before reading it, this is known as wudu.
The Qur’an teaches Muslims a lot about God, and how they should behave if
they want to go to Paradise (Heaven). (Think back to the lesson on the ‘Nature
of Allah’.)
The Qur’an also contains key lessons for moral guidance and teaches Muslims
about the nature of God and allows them to connect with Him on a meaningful
level. With stories from the lives of prophet’s and people of God, it teaches
Muslims key lessons. For example, Muslims learn the importance of patience
in the face of hardship from the examples of the prophets. As the word of God,
it is also a source of comfort to Muslims when they are experiencing difficulties.
10Notes
Title: Holy Books
Muslims also use the Qur’an in almost all Islamic rituals. Muslims recite
passages of the Qur’an when praying which is done five times a day.
Along with being a guide, the Qur’an also provides Muslims with
knowledge about how the world was created. It highlights important
information about some of the key prophet’s of God. It directly addresses the
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) during the key events of his prophethood. This is
important for Muslims as it gives them context to the purpose of creation and
their own lives. It also helps them to understand God’s plan for mankind and
gives them a sense of identity.
3. Preservation: How is the Qur’an preserved (kept the same over time)?
Since the Qur’an is believed to the word of Allah (God), every word, every letter,
is sacred (extremely special) to Muslims. It is therefore considered
very important to keep the Qur’an in the language in which it was first revealed:
Arabic.
Muslims do use translations to understand the Qur’an however, they are aware
that meaning can be lost through translation. Therefore, Muslims
believe translations of the Qur’an to be interpretations rather than the true
word of God because it is believed that the true meaning can easily get lost in
translation. It is for this reason that only original Arabic versions are accepted as
it is too precious to risk losing any of the Qur’an’s meaning.
The Qur’an is the most widely read and memorised book in the world.
Memorising the book was believed to be necessary in order to preserve it. It
was therefore common for the early Muslims to memorise the Qur’an in its
entirety (all of it). After one battle in the early days of the persecution (bad
treatment) of Muslims, about 70 Muslims who had memorised the Qur’an died.
Abu Bakr (the first successor) was worried about maintaining the accuracy of
the recitation after the Prophet’s death. So Abu Bakr ordered that the Qur’an be
compiled into one book. It was completed during the Prophet’s lifetime.
11Notes
Title: Akhirah (afterlife)
For Muslims this world is not all that there is. Muslims believe that our existence
will continue after death; our earthly life is just a preparation for the eternal life
to come (akhirah). Muslims believe that our lives on Earth are a test and we will
be judged according to how we have lived our lives on Earth. As humans we have
been given free will, so we are able to make choices about what we believe and
how we treat others. So, we will be held responsible for our thoughts and actions
when God comes to judge us on the last day.
1. Signs of the end of the world:
Islam teaches that there will be many signs to mark the end of the world, but
the most important event will be the appearance of the man called
the Mahdi. His return will coincide with the second coming of Isa (Jesus). A false
messiah will also attempt to deceive the people. Other signs include: abundance
of earthquakes, the spreading of killing, rejection of Islam, increase in
dishonesty, drunkenness, obscenity, nakedness and fornication. Society will be
full of terrible corruption and chaos.
2. Day of Judgement: the test:
Islam teaches that, on the Day of Judgement, the dead will be raised from their
graves and all people will stand before God to be sentenced according to the
way they have lived their lives. A book which represents everything an individual
has done, is presented to each of them. If the person’s good deeds outweigh the
bad, then they will receive the book in their right hand and pass into heaven. If it
is placed into their left hand, they will be among the damned.
On the Day of Judgement the Book of Deeds will be read, in which ‘every small
and great thing is recorded’.
Qur’an (54:52)
How are people judged?
The Qur’an gives many warnings about the Day of Judgement and Muslims are
encouraged to question themselves: ‘Am I ready to face death? What have I
done to prepare for that day?
3. Judgement: heaven and hell:
- God weighs our deeds
God judges each person’s actions, but intentions (niyyah) are also taken into
consideration. If the person has the intention to do a good deed, but was unable
to carry it out, this is counted as a good deed. If they intended and carried out a
good deed, this is counted as ten good deeds. If the person intended a bad
deed, but did not do it, that is counted as a good deed. If they intended and
carried out a bad deed, God records that as one bad deed.
12Notes
Title: Akhirah ( afterlife)
God tests people’s faith
The two terrifying judging angels, Munkar and Nakir, will question each
person, testing their faith. In order to give the correct answer to their questions,
it is not enough just to learn to recite the Shahadah. If the person has not truly
lived a life of submission to God, following the Five Pillars, they will be incapable
of giving the right response on the day.
Barzakh
Only God knows when the Day of Judgement will come. Muslims believe
that, for those who die before that day, the angel of death, Azrail, will come to
take their souls to await the day. They will be kept in a state of barzakh (waiting)
until the sound of the final trumpet is heard.
Life beyond death
Islam provides the most graphic descriptions of what awaits after death. Heaven
and hell are described as very real places, but some Muslims interpret these
descriptions symbolically, since what exists beyond death must exist in a
different dimension from our own world.
Heaven (Jannah): a state of joy, happiness and peace. After judgement, people
will pass over the very narrow bridge of As-Sirat. Those who have been blessed
by God will successfully cross to heaven (Jannah) on the other side. This will
include those who have lived faithful and moral lives, those who have been
persecuted for their faith in God and those who have fought for God. Muslims
believe that heaven is a reward for living a good life, so everything that one
longs for on earth will be found in paradise: beautiful gardens, delicious food,
gently flowing rivers, lovely serving maidens and reclining couches.
Hell (Jahannam): a state of torment and suffering. The wicked, those whom God
has damned, will fail to pass over the As-Sirat Bridge. In trying to cross they will
fall into hell. Hell (Jahannam) is a place of terror, where the damned will face
boiling water, scorching fire and black smoke. As well as experiencing the
physical torment, those condemned to hell will suffer because they are
separated from God, without hope of return.
‘These are two adversaries who have disputed over their Lord. But those who
disbelieved will have cut out for them garments of fire. Poured upon their
heads will be scalding water’ Qur’an (22:19)
13Notes
Title: Worship ( Ibadah)
Shahadah
‘There is no God but Allah and Muhammad (pbuh) is His messenger’.
The shahadah re-emphasises the importance of monotheism, and the
importance of prophethood. This statement is accepted by all Muslims, and the
words of the shahadah appear in every day life; through the adhan, recited in
salah, the first and last words that a Muslim hears, and stated when anyone
reverts to Islam.
‘The Prophet said: “Whoever says: there is no God but God enters
Paradise.” [Hadith]
Ibadah: worship
For Muslims, actions speak louder than words and it is not enough just to have
faith in God; they believe it is necessary to show religious commitment
through the way they live their entire lives. Every action is a form of worship; this
is called ibadah.
Niyyah: intention
Niyyah means having the right intention to worship God. Muslims believe that it
is important to think about God all the time(taqwa). They may not always be in
the right mood to worship God, or they may feel unworthy to meet him, but
when praying it is important to dedicate that time to being in his presence.
Sometimes there may be a strong feeling that God is present and at other times
he may seem distant, but God is merciful and judges the desire to communicate
with him, even if we feel we do not succeed.
Shirk (associating other beings/things with God)
Allah states in the Quran that there are some actions that are unforgiveable.
These things include shirk, which is the sin of worshipping someone or
something other than Allah.
Allah is beyond human understanding and therefore cannot be portrayed in
image or idol form. Pictures or statues of other human figures are avoided
because they could mistakenly be worshipped (shirk). This is one of the gravest
sins in Islam.
14Notes
Title: Prayer ( salah)
The second pillar of Islam is Salah, the practice of prayer. It is a form of ibadah –
a way to worship God. It is a duty for all Muslims to pray five times a day. It is a
physical, mental and spiritual activity that draws believers close to God.
1. Preparation for prayer
Preparation for prayer is vital because coming into the presence of God requires
a deep sense of respect. Prayer begins with a declaration of intention (niyyah).
It must be a deliberate act. Prayer is a time to focus on God and enter into a
state of taqwa (God consciousness). This allows Muslims to concentrate on
God’s greatness, to thank and praise him and ask for his forgiveness.
2. Wudu
Before Muslims pray, they believe that they need to be in a state of purity, both
physically and spiritually. In order to achieve this they
perform wudu (ablution/washing).
This is the practice of washing specific parts of the body: hands, mouth, nose,
face, arms, head and feet in a particular order.
3. Salah times
The Qur’an and the Sunnah give Muslims clear guidance on how and when to
pray. Salah takes place five times a day:
Fajr (just after at dawn)
Duhr (just after midday)
As’r (late afternoon)
Maghrib (just after sunset)
Isha (after dark).
4. How to pray
Muslims must find somewhere with room to
stand, bow and prostrate themselves (kneeling with their face to the ground).
This can be at the mosque, at home or anywhere safe and clean.
Muslims pray facing Mecca; this direction is called Qibla.
Rak’ah
A rak’ah is a sequence of movements, following a set pattern, which make up
the prayer routine. The different prayers during the day require different
numbers of rak’ahs.
15Notes
Title: Salah ( prayer)
Source of authority 1:
"Recite, [O Muhammad], what has been revealed to you of the Book and
establish prayer. Indeed, prayer prohibits immorality and wrongdoing, and
the remembrance of Allah is greater. And Allah knows that which you
do.“ Qur'an [29:45]
Source of authority 2:
"So exalt [Allah] with praise of your Lord and be of those who prostrate [to Him].
And worship your Lord until there comes to you the certainty (death).” Qur'an
[15:98-99]
Source of authority 3:
“Truly, those who believe and do righteous deeds, and perform Salah, and
give Zakah, they will have their reward with their Lord. On them shall be no fear,
nor shall they grieve.” Qur’an 2:277
1. Daily prayers (Salah)
Salah is the obligatory prayer, performed five times each day by Muslims. It is
the second Pillar of Islam. Muslims believe that God ordered them to pray at five
set times of day. This helps Muslims to connect and focus their minds on God,
which, in turn is believed to promote a moral lifestyle that avoids immorality.
2. Congregational prayers (Jumu’ah)
In Islam, Friday is the day when Muslims come together at the mosque to pray
as a congregation. Muslim men are expected to gather for the Friday midday
prayers. Women may attend these community prayers, but traditionally they
pray at home. One of the main features of the Jumu’ah prayers is the sermon
given by the imam. This is what Mr Ali does on a Friday lunchtime in the
Sports Hall.
3. Personal prayers (Du’a)
The Salah prayers are a duty for all Muslims, five times a day, but Muslims will
often choose to find time to make their own personal prayers. There are no set
times for Du’a prayers; they are spontaneous opportunities to spend time in the
presence of God and to ask God for whatever that person desires or needs.
People tend to make Du’a after their set salah.
4. Missed prayers
Muslims should try to pray at the five allocated times, but if they miss a prayer
then it is acceptable to catch up later.
‘If one of you sleeps and misses a prayer, or forgets it, let him offer the prayer
when he remembers.’ Hadith
16Notes
Title: Zakah ( Charity)
The third pillar of Islam is Zakah/zakat, the practice of charity; giving money to
the needy. All Muslims are expected to be charitable as a regular duty, and give
2.5% of their annual wealth to good causes. Muslims believe that Allah will
reward them for these acts of giving.
In Islam, all wealth is a gift from God – humans are caretakers (khalifahs) of
God’s wealth and will be judged by their use of it. Wealth is given by Allah, and it
should be used for the benefit of all humans. Muslims have a duty to support
others and care for the poor and those in need. It is important that a family’s
needs are met first and that Zakah is collected on surplus (extra) money.
The Qur’an makes a clear command: to give to those in need, to widows,
orphans and travellers. It is an obligation and a form of worship, to be generous
and kind for the benefit of humanity.
Zakah is closely associated with prayer; what value is it to pray for others if you
are not prepared to share with them?
How should Zakah be spent?
The Qur’an identifies a number of people who should receive Zakah: the poor,
the needy and travellers. Today there are many Muslim aid agencies that
distribute Zakah to support development in community projects in areas such
as: water supply, sanitation, healthcare and education.
Sadaqah
Giving from the heart. It is a duty for all Muslims to pay Zakah once a year, but
Islam also teaches that voluntary giving is important too. Sadaqah is any good
deed done out of compassion or generosity; it could be a gift of time, helping
others or a donation to a charity.
Sources of authority
1 - “They ask you as to what they should spend. Say: Whatever wealth you
spend, it is for the parents and the near of kin and the orphans and the needy
and the wayfarer, and whatever good you do, Allah surely knows it.” Qur'an
[2:215]
2 - "Be steadfast in prayer, practice regular charity, and bow down your heads
with those who bow down (in worship)" Qur’an [2:43]
17Notes
Title: Zakah ( charity)
Zakah is purity
It is a Muslim’s duty to share their wealth with those who are less
fortunate, through zakah and sadaqah. Giving to others is a sign of cleansing and
purity. Some people see money as having a corrupting influence; wealth can be
an evil thing, because it may cut Muslims off from each other and from Allah.
Zakah gives Muslims the opportunity to share wealth and Muslims believe that
Zakah cleanses their heart of greed. The importance of charity is emphasized in
this quote:
“The believer’s shade on the Day of Resurrection will be his charity.” Hadith
604 (Al-Tirmidhi)
Wealth is not ours to keep
According to Islam, our wealth and our property are not ours; wealth is given
to Muslims by Allah; for the benefit of all humans. It is a Muslims duty to share
their good fortune, not to hoard it or spend selfishly.
Islam disapproves of gambling. Money should be shared, not wasted for
personal satisfaction. Gambling is seen as a great sin, because it makes people
dependent on chance rather than relying on Allah to provide.
Humans are stewards
The Qur’an teaches that humans are khalifahs (God’s representatives on
earth). This means that humans are stewards or trustees of the world; we do not
own it, we are looking after it in trust for Allah, to hand it on to our children and
to future generations. Therefore, we should not view our possessions as our
own; they are on loan to us from Allah; Muslims do not have the absolute right
to spend our money as we choose.
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) practised zakah
The practice of giving zakah began when Prophet Muhammad was the caliph
in Madinah. After the first battles, there were many orphans and widows and
the prophet instructed people to care for all those in need.
“The one who looks after and works for a widow and for a poor person, is like
a warrior fighting for Allah’s cause....” Hadith 6006 (Bukhari)
Islamic Relief
Inspired by our Islamic faith and guided by our values, we imagine
and work towards a caring world where communities are empowered, social
obligations are fulfilled and people respond as one to the suffering of others.
"Whoever saved a life, it would be as if they saved the life of all mankind."
(Qur'an 5:32)
The work of Islamic Relief reflects the key values of Islam:
✓ Compassion – giving support in disasters
✓ Justice – raising awareness of marginalised voices through the media
✓ Custodianship – recycling and selling donated clothes in the UK
✓ Sincerity – sponsoring over 30,000 orphans in one year
✓ Excellence – signing the Red Cross Code of Conduct, an international set of
18
standards on working in disaster zonesNotes
Title: Sawm ( fasting)
What do Muslims believe about Ramadan?
The Qur’an revealed
Ramadan is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar, and the period in which
the Qur’an was first revealed. The actual night that the Qur'an was revealed to
Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) by Angel Jibril is called Laylat-al-Qadr, and to stand
in prayer on this one night (usually the 27th night) is said to be better than a
thousand months of worship.
“The night of al-Qadr (Decree) is better than a thousand months” Qur’an [97:3]
Ramadan is often called 'month of the Qur'an' because of this, and
Muslims attempt to recite as much of the Qur'an as they can during the month.
Month of purity
During daylight hours in Ramadan, Muslims are expected to refrain from
multiple acts (e.g. eating and drinking) from sunrise to sunset. It is a month
when Muslims try to live especially good lives, so they will often try to give up
any bad habits and stop doing things they know are wrong.
For some this is quite a struggle and they have a name for it: Jihad. This word
literally means “to strive” or “to struggle” and describes anything a Muslim has
to do for Allah that they find difficult.
Gates of heaven open
Muslims believe that their good actions bring a greater reward during this
month than at any other time of year, because this month has been blessed by
Allah.
Ramadan is believed to be a holy month when shaytaan is not allowed to
tempt humans to commit sins. This means that Muslims have no excuse to act
badly. This doesn't mean that Muslims will not behave badly, but that any evil
that they do comes from within themselves, without additional encouragement
from shaytaan.
"The month of Ramadan (is the month) in which the Qur’an has been sent down
as guidance for mankind containing clear signs which lead (to the straight road)
and distinguishing (the truth from falsehood)“
[Qur'an 2:185]
19Notes Title: Hajj ( pilgrimage) The history of Hajj The valley of Mecca was a dry and uninhabited (people did not live there) desert. It was only used by nomads (people who regularly travel for basic necessities) to camp on their journeys. Muslims believe the Prophet Ibrahim was instructed to bring his wife, Hajar and their son Ismaeel to Arabia from Palestine. Allah told Prophet Ibrahim to leave them on their own, with some supplies of food and water. However, when the supplies ran out, Hajar and Ismaeel were suffering from hunger and dehydration. In her desperation Hajar ran between two hills: Safa and Marwa trying to find some water. She did that seven times, then she turned towards Ismaeel and saw water gushing from beneath his feet. She drank some, and gave some to her son to drink, they had been sent water by Allah. This is Zam Zam water. Then a tribe came to Hajar and asked her permission to settle by the water. She gave them permission and they settled beside her. When Ismaeel grew up, he married a woman from the tribe. The Prophet Ibrahim visited them in Mecca from time to time, and was told by Allah to build the Kaaba. Ibrahim and Ismaeel then constructed a small stone structure (the Kaaba) which was to be the gathering place for all who wished to strengthen their faith in Allah. When they were building the Kaaba, Ismaeel would lift the stones to his father. When the walls grew higher, Ibrahim stood on a rock, and this is the Station of Ibrahim (Maqam Ibrahim) which is to be found next to the Kaaba. Gradually, the people began to adopt polytheistic ideas, and worship spirits and many different gods. The Kaaba of Prophet Ibrahim was used to store idols (statues of gods). Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) was born in Mecca, received the revelation of the Qur’an in Mecca was commanded by Allah to restore the Kaaba to the worship of one God alone. Today, all Muslims pray towards Mecca, as it is the holiest site in Islam. Sources of authority ‘Indeed, the first House [of worship] established for mankind was that at Mecca’ Qur'an [3:96] ‘…And [due] to Allah for the people is a pilgrimage to the House - for whoever is able to find thereto a way…’ Qur'an [3:97] ‘…worship Allah, say your five prayers daily (salah), fast during the month of Ramadan (sawm) and give your wealth in zakat. Perform hajj if you can afford to…’ [Prophet Muhammad – the Final 20 Sermon]
Notes
Title: Hajj (pilgrimage)
What do Muslims do during Hajj?
1. Ihram
On the eighth of Dhul-Hijjah, pilgrims enter ihram (a state of purity). All men
wear the same clothing: two sheets of plain white, unhemmed cotton. Women
are expected to dress modestly. This dress is a mark of equality between all
humans. Pilgrims also follow rules based on behaviour, such as not giving in to
anger or engaging in sexual activity.
2. Tawaf
Tawaf is the Arabic word for the circling of the Kaaba. Pilgrims will circle the
Kaaba seven times anti-clockwise.
3. Safa and Marwa
Pilgrims then walk between two hills called Safa and Marwa (this is called saee),
which are a distance of around 500 yards apart, seven times. This
in remembrance of Hajar, who searched between these mountains looking
for water for Ismaeel, before the Zam Zam water was found.
Pilgrims then drink from the Zam Zam well. This well is believed to be the
one Ismaeel and Hajar, son and wife of Prophet Ibrahim, drank from when
they were left in the area.
4. Head to Mina
The pilgrims then set out from Mecca to the city of Mina, whether by foot along
pilgrim paths or by buses and cars. It is an 8 km journey.
The pilgrims will spend the day in Mina, only setting out the next morning
at dawn. Most of the time in Mina is spent in prayer and remembering Allah.
5. Mount Arafat
The Day of Arafat is considered one of the most important days, not just of Hajj,
but of the Islamic calendar. Mount Mercy at Arafat was the scene of the Prophet
Muhammad's final sermon. After making the 14.4 km journey from Mina,
pilgrims spend the day here in prayer. Elsewhere in the world, many Muslims
choose to fast on this day.
21Notes
Title: Hajj (pilgrimage)
6. Jamaraat
After leaving Muzdalifah (which Muslims go to after Arafat), pilgrims make their
way over to the Jamaraat. The Jamaraat are three tall, stone pillars which
represent shaytaan, sin and temptation. The pillars remind pilgrims of the three
temptations that were presented to Ibraham as he was getting ready to sacrifice
his son. Just as Ibraham resisted the temptations, pilgrims symbolically reject
shaytaan and all of life's temptations, by throwing pebbles at the pillars.
7. Sacrifice
On the day of Eid-al –Adha is on the 10th day of Dhul Hijjah. All over the world
Muslims slaughter a sheep which is done to commemorate the Prophet Ibrahim
going to sacrifice his son. Pilgrims must slaughter a sheep, goat, cow or camel -
or more likely, pay for it to be done in their names. The meat is given to the
poor. Muslim men will also shave their heads, to follow the sunnah and start
afresh.
8. Farewell Tawaf
The final act of Hajj is the farewell Tawaf, and after this hajj is complete.
Many people then visit the city of Medina, which is where the Prophet
Muhammad and some of his companions are buried.
22Notes
Title: Jihad
The greater jihad is the spiritual struggle with oneself. It is the desire and
commitment to strive to live the perfect Muslim life:
✓ To perform the Five Pillars with devotion
✓ To practice the path set out by Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) – the sunnah
✓ To seek fairness and justice for all
✓ To rise above one’s greed and selfishness
The need to control desires.
Islam teaches that Muslims need to control their own desires and behaviour, to
follow the Five Pillars and live a life that is pleasing to Allah. This will ensure that
when the Day of Judgment arrives, and they are brought to judgement by Allah,
they will be worthy to receive Allah’s forgiveness and therefore enter Jannah.
Battle against bad habits.
There is a prayer of Prophet Muhammad which says:
‘O Allah, I take refuge (safety) in You from anxiety and sorrow, weakness and
laziness, miserliness and
cowardice, the burden of debts and from being over powered by people.’
[Hadith]
This describes greater jihad. It is the commitment to make the effort to be a
better person and live as Allah has instructed. The greater jihad is the spiritual
struggle against the tendency to be lazy: to get up for prayers before dawn (fajr),
to only eat food that is halal, to show kindness and generosity towards other
people.
Encourage what is right.
The Qur’an tells Muslims to: ‘Encourage what is right, and forbid
what is wrong…’ [Qur’an 3:104]
This process is partly about removing evil from yourself, but also about making
the world a better place. Prophet Muhammad said:
‘Whoever amongst you sees an evil, he must change it with his hand. If he is not
able to do so, then with his tongue. And if he is not able to do so, then with his
heart…’ [Hadith)
Respect for the beliefs of others.
The Qur’an encourages Muslims to be tolerant
And respectful towards the beliefs others:
‘To you be your religion, and to me mine’ [Qur’an 109:6]
Muslims should live in peace and harmony in society, celebrating differences and
obeying the law. The Qur’an makes it clear that every single life is precious,
and should be protected. ‘If anyone kills a person … it would be as if he killed all
of mankind; and if anyone saves a life, it would be as if he saved the whole of
mankind’ [Qur’an 5:32]
23Notes Title: Jihad The lesser jihad (holy war) There are certain circumstances in which Islam accepts that force needs to be used, but only ever in self defence. While the greater jihad is the personal struggle against sin, the lesser jihad or holy war is the struggle to remove evil from society. This involves the whole community, rather than the individual, and there are strict rules for the use of force in jihad. ‘To those against whom war is made, permission is given to fight, because they are wronged.’ Qur’an 22:39 The origin of lesser jihad The concept of lesser jihad arose during the Prophet Muhammad’s lifetime, when he gave his faithful followers authorisation to fight. Muhammad’s enemies in Makkah planned to wipe out all Muslims and so they believed that there was no choice other than to engage in conflict. ‘Permission [to fight] has been given to those who are being fought, because they were wronged. And indeed, God is competent to give them victory.’ Qur’an 22:39 This passage from the Qur’an shows the permission given by God for the Muslims to defend themselves against their enemies. Some argue that war with such a pure motive (to establish the principle of religious freedom) is a true jihad. Jihad must never be aggressive The Qur’an lays down the condition that the Muslims must not be the first to attack; a war of aggression is prohibited. However, if it can be agreed that a war is a ‘jihad’, then it is a duty to fight back, but only against those who are attacking you, never to kill civilians. ‘Those who believe fight in the way of Allah, and those who disbelieve fight in the way of the Shaitan.’ Qur'an 4:76 ‘Fight in the cause of God against those who fight you, but do not transgress limits. God does not love transgressors.’ Qur'an 2:190 Who can declare a jihad? Muslim law is clear that jihad can only be declared by a Muslim leader who is holy and pure and who has the support of the whole Muslim community. Some Muslim communities do believe their leaders are able to declare jihad. However many Muslims today say that it is difficult to see how these conditions for jihad could be met, because there is no one, indisputable Muslim ruler who would be eligible to declare it. For example, some Islamic extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda justify the attacks on the world trade center in New York City as an act of Jihad. However, most moderate Muslims would say that because this was an act of aggression which results in the deaths of innocent civilians, this would not pass the test set by the Qur’an, and would not count as Jihad., In recent years, ISIS has tried to set up an ‘Islamic state’. The Muslim Council of 24 Britain believe this is not jihad, as their actions are horrific and brutal and do not represent Muslims. As ISIS do not have the support of the whole Muslim
Notes
Title: Jihad
For example, some Islamic extremist groups such as Al-Qaeda justify the
attacks on the world trade center in New York City as an act of Jihad. However,
most moderate Muslims would say that because this was an act of aggression
which results in the deaths of innocent civilians, this would not pass the test set
by the Qur’an, and would not count as Jihad.,
In recent years, ISIS has tried to set up an ‘Islamic state’. The Muslim Council
of Britain believe this is not jihad, as their actions are horrific and brutal and do
not represent Muslims. As ISIS do not have the support of the whole
Muslim community, this is not jihad, and would therefore not past the test of the
Qur’an, which describes the conditions for lesser Jihad.
25Notes
Title: Festivals
Eid: The two most important festivals in Islam.
Eid-ul-Adha is the festival of sacrifice. It is the most important event in the
Muslim calendar and, to many, it is known as the Greater Eid or the ‘Big Eid’. It
marks the end of the annual Hajj pilgrimage and it is a chance for all
Muslims, across the world, to worship and celebrate together. For
the Hajjis/Hajjahs, who have just completed Hajj, it is the culmination of five
intense days of worship, but it is also special for those who have been unable to
travel to Mecca, who will celebrate in their home communities.
At this time Muslims remember the story of Ibrahim, told in the Qur’an. Ibrahim
was willing to sacrifice his son, Ismaeel, to show his love for God. Just in time he
heard a voice telling him to spare his son and sacrifice a sheep instead. Today an
animal, such as a sheep or goat is killed at Eid-ul-Adha as part of the
commemoration. The meat is shared among family and friends, as well as
being distributed to the poor. The Qur’an is very clear that it is not the
physical act of killing an animal which is pleasing to God. What is truly valuable is
the personal sacrifice that each individual makes in their heart, offering their life
in service of God.
‘Their meat will not reach God, nor will their blood, but what reaches Him is
piety from you.’[Qur’an 22:37]
2. Eid-ul-Fitr
Eid-ul-Fitr is celebration which takes place at the end of Ramadan. It is a
celebration for the completion of a month of fasting, when Muslims thank God
for giving them the strength and self-control needed to give up food and water
over so many days. The festival begins with the new moon being observed in the
sky. A special day in Muslim-majority countries, Eid-ul-Fitr is a public holiday;
in Britain, many Muslim businesses close and Muslim children are often given a
day off school. It is an occasion when people feel a strong sense of generosity
and gratitude towards each other and to God.
On the day of Eid, Muslims will: decorate their houses with colourful lights,
banners and flags dress in their finest, new clothes gather early in mosques or
outdoors to perform congregational prayers and listen to a sermon, usually on
the subject of sharing and community. They will visit family and friends to share
food and festivities. They will give gifts and money to children, share a delicious
meal and give generously to the poor.
Zakat-ul-Fitr: festival tax:
Islam places a high value on the whole community (ummah) experiencing the
blessings and mercy of God, so in addition to the duty to pay the annual 2.5 per
cent Zakah tax, Muslims are expected to pay Zakat-ul-Fitr. This donation, given at
the end of Ramadan, goes to the poor. It allows everyone, even those in poverty,
to eat a generous meal at Eid-ul-Fitr.
26Notes
Title: Festivals
Other festivals in Islam
1. Laylat-ul-Qadr: the Night of Power
Laylat-ul-Qadr is one of the holiest days in the Muslim calendar, marking the
date when the Qur’an was first revealed to the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH).
Muslims do not know exactly when Laylat-ul-Qadr is. They believe that it can fall
on any of the last ten days of Ramadan. So, Laylat-ul-Qadr is remembered
throughout the last ten days of the month of Ramadan where Muslims will
increase in worship, Qur’an recitation, prayer and good deeds. It is often
celebrated on the 27th day of Ramadan, although there is no proof for it falling
on that day.
This night is so important in Islam that there is a whole surah about it in the
Qur’an: Surah Al-Qadr. “Laylat-ul-Qadr is better than a thousand months” [Quran
97:3]
2. Muharram
Muharram is the first month of the Islamic calendar and it remembers the
Hijrah, when the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers fled from
Mecca, to establish the first Muslim community in Madinah. Sunnis fast on
the tenth day of Muharram. Shi’as observe Muharram as the month when
Husayn (Prophet Muhammad’s PBUH grandson) was martyred and so they
refrain from joyous events in his memory.
3. Mawlid an-Nabi: the birth of the prophet
Mawlid an-Nabi is the celebration of the birth of the Prophet Muhammad
(PBUH). It is a public holiday in many countries.
4. Laylat-ul-Miraj: the night journey
Laylat-ul-Miraj remembers Prophet Muhammad’s (PBUH) miraculous journey on
a winged horse to Jerusalem and then up through the heavens into the presence
of God. It was on this journey that the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was told
how many times a day Muslims should pray. Today Muslims commemorate
these events by telling the story to their children.
5. Laylat-ul-Bara’at
Laylat-ul-Bara’at is the night of the full moon in the month before Ramadan. This
is the night on which Muhammad (PBUH) used to begin his preparations for
Ramadan and many Muslims do the same.
27Notes
Title: Festivals
Ashura: day of sorrow and inspiration
Ashura is an important festival for all Muslims, but it has enormous significance
in Shi’a Islam. It is celebrated (or commemorated) on the tenth day
of Muharram. This day is celebrated in different ways and for different reasons
by Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims.
Sunni Islam: day of fasting
Many Muslims today fast on the day of Ashura. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH)
established Ashura as a day of fasting, based on the Jewish day of atonement,
when sacrifices are made for the sins of the people.
Ashura is an occasion to thank God for saving the Israelites from the Pharaoh.
Sunni Muslims remember how Musa (Moses) fasted in gratitude to God
for opening up the Red Sea to allow his people to escape from the Egyptian
chariots.
Shi’a celebration of Ashura today
For Shi’as, Ashura is an emotionally charged day, remembering the
martyrdom of Husayn, the grandson of Muhammad and it is celebrated
with processions, plays and public displays of grief in the streets. Blood is
often spilled and people cry and wail.
Shi’a Islam: the martyrdom of Husayn
Ashura is of particular importance to the Shi’a Muslim community, because it
remembers the death of Husayn in battle at Karbala in 680 CE. Shi’as believe that
Husayn was the rightful successor to the Prophet Muhammad, (PBUH) so the
massacre of Husayn and his followers carries great significance. They refer to
Husayn as the third Imam, following his father Ali and his older brother Hasan.
Still today they remember his betrayal and death with a deep sense of injustice.
How is Ashura celebrated around the world?
The death of Husayn gave rise to the Shi’a cult of martyrdom and to a sense of
betrayal and struggle against injustice and oppression. Ashura is a day of great
sorrow, mourning and self-mutilation, where much public grief is expressed.
Central to the events is the need to share in the sufferings of Husayn.
Ashura is celebrated in communities across the Shi’a world (for example, in Iran
and Iraq), but many Shi’a Muslims feel the need to make the pilgrimage to
Karbala every year to take part: Men and women dress in black and march
through the streets, slapping their chests and chanting. There are processions
and religious gatherings. Plays re-enact the martyrdom. Fervent men beat
themselves with chains and cut their heads with swords.
28Notes
Title: Festivals
Ashura in Britain today
Ashura is not a public holiday in Britain, but Shi’a Muslim children can be given
permission to have the day off school. Many people will fast and pray on this
day. In cities such as Manchester and London Shi’as gather in large crowds and
take part in public marches. The men often slap their chests violently, in time to
their chanting, but it is uncommon to see them drawing blood through whipping
and beating themselves, as happens in many countries in the Middle East. Those
who feel that they should lose blood may be encouraged, by Shi’a leaders, to
donate to the blood transfusion service.
29Notes
Title: The Ten Obligatory Acts (Furu ad-Din)
1. Salah (prayer) – These are five daily prayer (Salah), where Muslims face
towards the Ka’ba in Makkah (Qibla), but many Shi’as combine these into three.
These prayer times are:
• Between dawn and sunrise
• Just after noon
• At dusk, just after sunset
They do this because they say that Prophet Muhammad allowed the
combination of prayers: Zuhr with As’r and Maghrib with Isha.
2. Sawm (fasting) - Like Sunni’s, Shi’as practice fasting (sawm) during the month
of Ramadan, but from the 20th day of Ramadan, they remember the death of Ali
(son-in law of the Prophet).
3.Hajj (pilgrimage) – Like Sunni’s, Shi’as go on the annual pilgrimage to Makkah
(Hajj) in the 12th Month of the Muslim calendar (Dhul Hijjah). However, Shi’a
Muslims make additional pilgrimages to Shi’a shrines/graves, for example visiting
the grave of Husayn in Karbala (in modern-day Iraq).
4.Zakat (charity) – Like Sunni’s, Shi’as make a charity (Zakat) payment of 2.5% of
their wealth every year. This goes to support the poor and those in need.
5.Khums (wealth tax) – In addition to Zakat, Shi’as are expected to pay Khums, a
wealth tax of 20% of their savings. This money is paid to Muslim scholars and
community leaders for the welfare of the community.
6.Jihad (struggle) – Jihad is the duty to struggle in the way of Allah. There are
two types of Jihad, greater and lesser Jihad.
7.Amr-bil-Maroof (encouraging others to do good) – The central purpose of
Islam is to create a society where people can live in peace and harmony.
Therefore, it is the duty of all Muslims to encourage others to do good, for the
sake of Allah. In the Qur’an, it states: ‘And let there be (arising) from you a nation
inviting to (all that is) good enjoining what is right and forbidding what is wrong
and those will be the successful.’
8.Nahil Anril Munkar (discouraging the bad) – It is the duty of all Muslims to
forbid evil; when someone sees a wrong, they should correct it. It is the
responsibility of the whole Muslim community (the ummah) to discourage
others from harmful actions, such as bribery and dishonesty.
9.Tawalia (to love the friends of God) – Tawalia means having love for God and
for the Prophet Muhammad. We should try to associate ourselves with people
who are kind and trustworthy. For Shi’a Muslims, it also means having love for
the ‘Ahl al-Bayt,’ the 12 infallible Imams, who are the descendants of the
Prophet Muhammad.
10.Tabarra (to hate the evil-doers) – Muslims believe that it is important to
dissociate themselves from the enemies of God. We should separate ourselves
from people who are impure and those who oppress others.
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