POLLINATOR PROTECTION AROUND YOUR HOME AND GARDEN - Laura L. Ingwell and Elizabeth Y. Long Dept. Of Entomology Purdue EMG Advanced Training: ...
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POLLINATOR PROTECTION
AROUND YOUR HOME
AND GARDEN
Laura L. Ingwell and Elizabeth Y. Long
Dept. Of Entomology
Purdue EMG Advanced Training: Pollinator Protection
1
PICTURES COURTESY JOHN OBERMEYER
2
Outline
I) Introduction to pollinators: beyond honeybees
II) Risks to pollinators in the Indiana landscape
III) What can you do to minimize risks and harm?
3
Insect Crop Pollination
Crucial for fruit set in many agricultural crops.
500-1000 grains of pollen required for effectivefertilization of watermelon!
10-20+ pollinator visits required per flower for fruit set.
More visits from pollinators = better fertilization and fruit set!
Commercial Pollinator
Crop Pollinator
product impact
Cantaloupe fruit
Gourd fruit
Honey bees,
Pumpkin fruit Squash bees,
4-essential
Squash fruit Bumblebees, &
Watermelon fruit
Solitary bees
Zucchini fruit
4
Pollination
• Maintains genetic diversity ensuring fruit and seed production
• Wildflowers, Shrubs, and Trees
5
Pollinators
Pollinator Community in Indiana
2% of bee species non-native
(including honeybees)
6
Pollinators
-Bees
There are many important insect pollinators, but bees are a key group!
These include the honeybees, bumblebees, squash bees, mason bees, and other
solitary bees.
7
Pollinators
-Bees
• “Social” versus solitary bees:
- Reproductive division of labor
- Cooperative brood care
- Overlapping of generations
• Colony size
• Foraging habits
Nest guarding
• Habitat (nest sites) honey bee
8
Pollinators
–Honey vs. Bumble
pestech.com
Caste Honeybee1 Bumblebee2 1Queen stings repeatedly, workers only
once, drones not at all.
2Queen & workers can sting repeatedly,
Queen 1 1 drones not at all.
Workers 10,000 - 50,000 up to 400
Drones 100 - 500 0 - 50 9
Pollinators
-Bees
drives caste formation
10
Cridge, et al. 2015, Nutrients 7(3) 1787-179711
Pollinators
-Bees
Solitary bees
• No division of labor.
• Nest sites often in
stems or the ground.
• Colonies are small.
• Rarely sting! ars.usda.gov
12
ohioline.osu.edu wildlifetrusts.orgDigger Bee Exiting Nest Hole
13Leafcutter bee
gathering nest
materials
14Pollinators
-Bees
• All the workers are female
• Ovipositor = the stinger
- egg-layer & weapon in one!
• Use pheromones to communicate
15Pollinators
-Bees
Bumble Bees
Carpenter Bees
16Pollinators
-Bees
Squash Bees Halictid Bee
Halictid Bee
Resin Bee
17Pollinators
-Wasps
Wasp on Dill Scoliid Wasp
Paper Wasps
18Pollinators
-Flies
Bee Fly
Blow Fly
Syrphid Flies
19Pollinators
–Butterflies
Scarlet Peacock Monarch Cabbage White
Buckeye Painted Lady
20Pollinators
–Moths
Hummingbird Clearwing Tobbaco hornworm adult
21Outline
I) Introduction to pollinators: beyond honeybees
II) Risks to pollinators in the Indiana landscape
III) What can you do to minimize risks and harm?
22Why all the Buzz about bees (and pollina
Pollinators are experiencing global declines.
Beekeepers are suffering from overwintering losses far greater than historically
seen.
Native bees are at risk of extinction:
• Rusty patched bumble bee (Bombus affinis) is the first endangered bee species in the U.S.
Photo from USFWS
23
Graphic from USGS UMESCRisks to Pollinators
1. Habitat Loss and Fragmentation
1820 2001
24Risks to Pollinators
2. Pesticide Use
25Risks to Pollinator Health
Herbicides < Fungicides < Insecticides
Increasing toxicity
1. Consider how insecticides 'work' and how long they 'stick around':
-Contact + fast action vs. ingestion + residual activity
-Neonicotinoids (“Neonics”)
2. Synergistic (potent) mixtures exist between certain fungicides and
insecticides = more toxic when mixed together.
3. Adjuvants (wetters/stickers/spreaders) can be toxic too!
26Risks to Pollinator Health
How do pollinators come into contact with pesticides?
Directly (body contact)
-Flying in path of spray/sprayers or planters
-Body hairs trap dust particles too!
Indirect (secondary contact) with treated plants
-Ingestion of contaminated pollen, nectar, & water
-Contact with contaminated surfaces (weeds, flowers, leaves, or soil)
28Risks to Pollinator Health
Insecticides (remember, they kill all insects, including bees
)
Lethal Effects (happen immediately)
-Acute poisoning & Death
Sublethal effects (happen over time)
-Impaired ability to fly & return ‘home’
-Impaired learning ability
-Increased foraging time
-Increased susceptibility to pathgens
-Reduced lifespan
-Reduced egg laying Photo: John Obermeyer, Purdue University
-Reduced queen production
29Risks to Pollinators
3. Parasites and Diseases
30Risks to Pollinators
https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9130.pdf
3. Parasites and Diseases
31Outline
I) Introduction to pollinators: beyond honeybees
II) Risks to pollinators in the Indiana landscape
III) What can you do to minimize risks and harm?
32Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
What are our tools and how do we best use them?
1. Provide Habitat
2. Minimize Pesticide Use
3. Manage Pathogens and Parasites
33What can
youdo?
34What can
youdo?
Consider how flowers/mixes are managed:
• Pesticides
• Mowing/Burning
Plant ‘useful’ flowers, not just ornamental ones:
• Use native flowers if you can
• Include a range of colors, shapes, and flowering times
• Incorporate pollen and nectar producers
Spring Hill Nurseries
• Tolerate “messy” plant stands/stems
• Add additional habitat, like “bee hotels” during the
season 35Have fun with-nesting
stem mason bees!
36
Photo: E. Y. LongWhat can
youdo?
Spray only when you need to!
Don’t spray when pollinators are active.
- Apply pesticides in the late evening, night, or early morning.
Don’t spray when the crop, or nearby plants (including
weeds), are in bloom.
entnemdept.ufl.edu
Be mindful of pesticide drift:
- Don’t spray when winds favor drift.
- Use ground applications instead of air whenpossible.
37Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
Cultural Controls
Time (delay) planting to avoid damaging life stage of
pest, or favorable conditions for pests
Exclusion netting/row covers
Grow resistant varieties
Carolyn Teasdale, ES Cropconsult
Pest Monitoring
Baited traps (food item or synthetic lures)
Scouting for pest signs/ symptoms
Jim Jasinski, Ohio State University Extension
38Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
Best Practices: Reduce the Risk
Frequency (%) x residue dose
Risk =
Toxicity (LD50)
1. Limit exposure through strategic applications
2. Reduce the residue through application rates
3. Choose products that are bee-safe
39Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
Limit exposure through strategic applications
Avoid making applications during bloom (including to flowering weeds)
Minimize drift
Apply in evening, when flowers are closed and fewer bees are foraging
Maintain a ‘refuge’ that is not treated (i.e. pollinator strips)
40Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
Reduce the residue through application rates
Mix the lowest rate that has efficacy against the target pest.
• Save your product and money
• Prolong the effectiveness of the chemistry
41Strategies to balance pests and pollinator
Choose products that are bee-safe
Know where to find this information on the label
4243
Look for new bee advisory box!
44Take-home message:
Select insecticide application
type (foliar, seed treatment, or
drench) and timing that reduce
exposure risks for pollinators.
Adopt monitoring tools and use
bee-safe insecticides when
possible.
Always use pesticides judiciously!
45What can
youdo?
46What can
youdo?
https://catalog.extension.oregonstate.edu/sites/catalog/files/project/pdf/em9130.pdf
47Bee Responsible!
48Resources
49
https://extension.entm.purdue.edu/publications/pubs/PollinatorProtection.htmlTHANK YOU!
eylong@purdue.edu lingwell@purdue.edu
765-496-1918 765-494-6167
@DrEliLong @Ingwell_VegIPM
Purdue Fruit & Veg IPM
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