Planning of Eco Park Concept Based on Appropriate Environmental Technology Perencanaan Konsep Eco Park Berbasis Teknologi Lingkungan Tepat Guna di
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Planning of Eco Park Concept Based on Appropriate Environmental Technology
in Bandung Zoo
Perencanaan Konsep Eco Park Berbasis Teknologi Lingkungan Tepat Guna di
Kebun Binatang Bandung
1
Yandi Rama Krisna, 2 Herto Dwi Ariesyady
Program Study of Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Jl. Ganesha 10 Bandung 40132
1
yandie_28@yahoo.com, 2herto@ftsl.itb.ac.id
Abstract : In order to improve the environmental management in Bandung Zoo, implementation of appropriate
environmental technology is needed. Based on its function, this technology is expected to be a solution in handling the
existing environmental issues in Bandung Zoo and also become an education facility to people who visit the zoo. The
planned technology is biogas polyethilen reactor which will produce biogas from the anaerobic process and then the
biogas will be utilized. Type of reactor that will be applied is polyethilen type because it has a low cost and easy to get.
Organic matter which will be the primary material is elephant feces. Biogas technology is chosen because it is wished to
be fine solution in handling the energy issue since biogas can be used as one of alternative energy source. Before planning
an appropriate environmental technology, the feasibility study has to be conducted first. This feasibility study will decide
whether the technology can be applied by considering several aspect. Thes several aspect are technology aspect, financial
aspect and public participation. The implementation of Eco Park which is appropriate environmental technology park is
expected to be the solution based on the feasibility study. Eco Park is a park technology where there are so many
appropriate technology is applied. The Eco Park concept is used to support the financial aspect which is one of the
appropriate technology aspect. The purpose is as educational media for the zoo visitor. Eco Park can also attract the
people to come to the zoo.
Key words : Bandung Zoo, Appropriate Technology, Eco Park
Abstrak : Untuk meningkatkan pengelolaan lingkungan di Kebun Binatang Bandung, maka dibutuhkan penerapan
teknologi lingkungan tepat guna (TLTG). Dilihat dari fungsinya maka teknologi ini diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi
dalam mengatasi permasalahan lingkungan yang ada dan sekaligus dapat menjadi sarana pendidikan bagi pengunjung
kebun binatanag. Teknologi yang direncanakan adalah biodigester yang kemudian akan dimanfaatkan biogasnya yang
dihasilkan dari proses anaerob yang terjadi. Biodigester yang digunakan adalah jenis polyethilen. Materi organik yang
akan dijadikan sebagai bahan baku adalah kotoran gajah. Teknologi biogas ini dipilih karena diharapkan dapat menjadi
solusi dalam mengatasi permasalahan energi sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai salah satu sumber energi alternatif.
Sebelum merencanakan TLTG yang akan diterapkan harus dilakukan studi kelayakan. Studi kelayakan ini menentukan
dapat atau tidaknya teknologi tersebut diterapkan dengan mempertimbangkan tingkat efektivitasnya. Penerapan konsep
Eco Park yang merupakan taman teknologi pengelolaan lingkungan diharapkan dapat menjadi solusi dari studi kelayakan
yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan. Eco Park merupakan suatu taman teknologi dimana terdapat berbagai macam TLTG
yang dapat diterapkan di lingkungan masyarakat. Konsep Eco Park bertujuan untuk mendukung aspek finasial ekonomi
sebagai salah satu factor yang mempengaruhi penerapan TLTG. Teknologi yang ada di Eco Park merupakan model dari
TLTG. Adanya Eco Park berfungsi sebagai media pendidikan bagi pengunjung Kebun Binatang Bandung. Eco Park juga
berfungsi sebagai daya tarik baru masyarakat untuk mengunjungi Kebun Binatang Bandung.
Kata kunci : Kebun Binatang Bandung, TLTG, Eco Park
INTRODUCTION
Zoo is a place for recreation in Bandung city with total visitor approximately 1500 persons/day.
Bandung zoo is managed by Yayasan Margasatwa Bandung and Dinas Pariwisata Kota Bandung. In
this zoo, many kinds of animals live here such as Java Rhinocheros, Sumatera Rhinocheros, Giraffee,
Tiger, many species of snake, deer, bear, monkey, etc. The existing number of animal there is 216
species with total of 1135 animals.
EM.1 - 1
Based on its environmental management, the zoo has managed its wastewater which generates from
animal’s feces, animal’s food residue, and other waste by using conventional method. To take care of
the animal, the zoo’s part has utilized water from Cikapundung river directly and water from PDAM
to nurse the animal such as bathing the animal, cleaning the stables, and also as clean water source.
Meanwhile for the waste water produced in the area, it is disposed to water body without any
preliminary treatment. This action can influence the quality and quantity of Cikapundung River,
disturb the ecosystem around the river and also to community who utilize Cikapundung River. In the
meantime, from the interview, it can be seen that the feces from elephant and buffalo has been treated
to become compost.
To improve environmental management, Eco Park concept based on appropriate environmental
technology will be planned. Appropriate environmental technology can be defined as an application of
a technology which is a solution for any existing environmental issues and can be applied in
community and also fulfill the factors which influence the application itself, starts from technology
technical aspect, financial economy, community participation, and technology affectivity. Appropriate
environmental technology can be found mostly in traditional technology which is applied by low
income community. This community has a small opportunity in utilizing modern and efficient
technology, which is a form of technology from modern society or industry. Technically, Appropriate
Environmental Technology is a bridge which connects the traditional technology and the modern
technology. Therefore, the socio-cultural aspects and also economics are factors that should be
considered in managing the application.
Bandung Zoo Wildlife Foundation is an organization that is oriented to the benefits that will be a
financial economy. Therefore, planning is done for the financial aspects of how the organization can
gain benefits economically. Benefits can be gained from increasing the number of visitors because of
the attractiveness of the implementation of appropriate environmental technologies that are in the
concept of "Eco Park". With environmental management efforts that are applied in the Eco Park will
indirectly increase the credibility of the zoo so that it can be beneficial to gain national certification.
By doing a feasibility study based on the factors that affect the implementation of appropriate
environmental technology (technical aspects, community participation and financial aspects) the
concept of Eco Park is expected to be applied in Bandung Zoo.
According to Ahmadi (2000), the implementation of appropriate technology should consider some
aspects, such as:
Selection of type and level of the technology that will be applied should be made by the user
community with the help, guidance and direction from experts who are competent.
Consideration of the cultural society that includes religion, customs, habits and other social aspects
Division of tasks in the application of the technology among citizens, both based on the level of
education, age groups or between men and women according to the ability of each group.
Consideration of the environmental community, both in natural and human resources, and in the
physical-technical and socio-economic aspect.
Consideration of the availability of facilities needed in the operation, maintenance and repair of the
equipments used.
Consideration of the work safety aspects for the implementer, equipments, and environmental
sustainability
Factors which influence the Appropriate Environmental Technology
Technical aspect
Financial aspect
Community Participation
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In the Eco Park planning, society role are needed intensely. This is related to that sustainable
technology and society accpetance. Society have to involved, start from planning, operational and
technology maintenance in order to implant technology proprietary in the society. In addition, make
society aware of technology that will applicated for their interest and environmental management in
their area is very important. Social change in community participation substantially constitutes an
evolutionary process change of intended change and directional change (Kotler, 1972).
Through the flow of participatory planning process by civil society, through the method of
Community Action Planning (CAP), it is visible that there is the possibility/opportunity that the Eco
Park planning can be use as media or more open area for the involvement of the entire community,
including the involvement of local government and community leaders. Therefore, planning space
based on popular space will be created instead of closed space or invited space (Wijanarko, 2006). Of
course the application of the CAP as a method of participatory approach to the community can not
avoid the role of local government and the system. This participatory approach can not be separated
from the theory of reciprocal causality (as a result of the relationship reciprocal connection) between
the local government and civil society that is increasingly strong (Fox, 1974). Similarly, the casuality
between participatory local governance and poverty reduction through strengthening, accountability,
and capacity development, are indeed required (Wijanarko, 2006).
METHODOLOGY
This research will be conducted based on the factors which influence the technology application in the
existing area. Technical aspect (feasibility of technology application), financial aspect (the benefit
which will be obtained by the Yayasan Kebun Binatang), and community participation (participation
of the zoo staff to the plan, operational, and technology maintenance).
Identification of Environmental Management Problem
In order to apply the appropriate technology, the first thing that should be done is analyze the
environmental condition problem. After the analyses which consist of observation, questionnaire, and
interview, it can be identified the environmental management problem in the Zoo. The methodology of
identifying the environmental management programs are:
Observation, monitoring and analyzing the existing condition of environmental management in the
Zoo.
Questionnaire, finding out the people opinion about the about the environmental management in
the Zoo, generally.
Interview, finding out the efforts that have been done by the Zoo Management.
Alternative of the Appropriate Technology
In order to decide which appropriate technology that will be applied in Bandung Zoo, some influence
factors should be paid attention. The method used was questionnaire with 30 respondents. The
appropriate technology that will be chosen should be easy to use, easy to maintenance, cheap, and
interesting. These are some examples of the appropriate technology alternatives, Green House, Wet
Land, Composting, Infiltration Well, Water Filter, Recycling Paper, Rain Water Container, Bio pore,
and Biogas Reactor.
The form of questionnaire that is used in this experiment is closed questionnaire, where the
answer has been given; therefore the respondents will just have to choose the suitable one for
them. By using this kind of questionnaire, the researcher will be able to control the form,
length, and the content of the answer. Moreover, it is easier to analyze. By considering the
ability of the researcher, time and cost, the sample was taken by cluster sample method. In this
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method, the school was divided according to the education level (Elementary, Junior High, and
Senior High School), and for every level 30 respondent were taken, by the consideration that
the minimum amount of sample in an experiment is 30 (Chadwick, 1984).
Questionnaire divergence is done to take the data about society perception in appropriate
technology application. The benefits survey with quetioner method are (Chadwick, 1991):
o Cost effective. By the questionnaire, we can get the fact or maximum data in economical
cost.
o Respondence can discuss it wit other people, improve the answer, think the question first
before they write down the answer, and if it need, respondence can stop the admission
proccess for a while.
o Useful to get the data that is sensitive because the respondence wanted their name unwritten.
o To get the information about the event that ever happened before and now it acquired to
inspect.
o Enable to collect the data from the respondence in the large amount with brief time and
inexpensive cost.
Whereas the negatives are (Chadwick, 1984):
o Questionnaire has to concise and most of the respondence have not enough time to fill that
questionnaire. In the end of questionnaire, respondece feel tired so that he just see the
question scanningly and answer it quickly, then it is possible if there will be an incorrect
answer.
o Researcher get the information unexhaustively or ask further about the questions in the
quetioner.
o The possibility that the questionnaire will filled with unexpected respondence.
o The probability that respondence will change their answer as they want.
Observation is used to look for the existing conditions directly. Interview is needed to get the
data about the quality of appropriate environmental technology application.
Eco Park Planning
Eco park is a park technology where there are so many apropriate technology is being applied. The eco
park concept is used to support the financial aspect whish is one of the appropriate environmental
technology aspects.Generally Eco Park is devided in to 2 zone:
Education Center
Technology Center
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The discussion about the concept of Eco Park was aimed to analyze the factors that affect the
implementation of appropriate environment technology. The Eco Park was expected to become a new
attraction for the zoo visitor. The Eco Park, a place of technology application is a model of simple
environmental management technology that can be applied by the public in the form of technology
exhibitions. There will be a model of technology describing its functions and how it works. Visitors
can access information directly and see the form of technology.
The planned Eco Park is located around the elephant enclosure, as seen in Figure 1. It is because of the
vacant land located around the elephant enclosure and close to the local material (elephant dung) as
zoo waste which will be processed. The location is an information center of appropriate environment
technology called Eco Park Center, as seen in Figure 2, which consists of 2 zones named as
EM.1 - 4
Technology Center and Education Center. The target of The Eco Park Center is the students from
elementary school students, junior high, high school and schools of the same level.
In the Figure 3a we can see the school planning to visit Eco Park in one semester.For Elementary
School Level 60% respondence will visit Eco Park for once, 20% for twice and 20% for three times.
Whereas for High School level, 50% respondence will visit Aco Park twice, 29% for once , 14% for
three times and 7% still hesitant to visit Eco Park. Senior High School Level, 70% respondence will
visit Eco Park for once, 24% for twice, 3% for three times and 3% still hesitant how much time they’ll
visit Eco Park.
Figure 3b shows about the agreement from the school to pay some money when visiting Eco Park
Center, it can be concluded that more than 86% respondents were agree. This money will be used to
maintenance the technology and the services from the zoo worker. The respondents whom said no are
tend to wish that there will be a corporation between the zoo and the government of the city through
sponsorship, so the visitor can come to the Eco Park Center for free.
The money that will be paid for the school to visit Eco Park can be seen in Figure 4. For the
elementary student and junior high student, it is vary from Rp. 2,000 until Rp. 5,000. However, for the
senior high students, it will cost from Rp. 2,000 until Rp. 4,000. About 65.4% respondent from
elementary student agree to pay for Rp. 2,000, 35.7% junior high school respondent willing to pay
Rp. 2,000 and Rp. 3,000, and about 59.3% senior high school respondent agree to pay for Rp. 2,000.
Concluded generally, it can be said that for school student the best price for the ticket to enter the Eco
Park is Rp. 2,000 for each student. However, this price is not includes entering the zoo. This value will
be the point to analyze economically, determine the financial planning, and calculate the income. At
the end, the Zoo Foundation will get some financial advantage by applying this eco park concept.
According to the visitor goal of the Eco Park Center, the values regardless the quality management of
the environment must be given in the early age. It is also in accordance with the objectives of the zoo
as a place to facilitate education for the community. Environmental education which is given since the
early age is aimed to encourage and provide children the opportunity to acquire knowledge, skills and
attitudes which in turn can cause concern, a commitment to protect, improve and utilize the
environment wisely, participating in creating new behavioral patterns to the environment, developing
environmental ethics and improving the quality of life.
EM.1 - 5
Figure 1
50
51
53
U LOCATION OF
ECO PARK
52 55
56
Wi t No
h o uScale
t Scale
48
46
49
47
45 44
40 Yandi Rama Krisna
43 15304065
38
42 39
41 Supervisor
Counsellor : :
lecturer
Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady
37 59
58
36
32
33
35
27
28 30
31 29
22 25 34 FINAL TASK
26 Final Assignment
21
23 24
12 18
17
20
19
10 11 16 15 Planning of Eco Park
9 13 14 Concept Based on
8 Appropriate
5
7 3 Environmental
6 4 Technology in
2
1 Bandung Zoo
Note :
Ket :
P i nt u M as u k
- - - - - Eco Park Center
Program Study of Environmental
Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2009
EM.1 - 6
Figure 2
5
U ILUSTRATION OF
ECO PARK
CENTER
4
1
WiNo
t h oScale
u t Scale
6 7
Yandi Rama Krisna
15304065
Supervisor
Counsellor ::
lecturer
Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady
3 2
9
8 FINAL
Final TASK
Assignment
Planning of Eco Park
10 Concept Based on
Appropriate
11 Environmental
Technology in
Bandung Zoo
Note :
Ket :
1. Technology Center “1" 7. Composting
2. Technology Center “2" 8. Environmental education
3. Education Center 9. Location of ECO PARK name tag
4. Green House 10.Biopore infiltration
5. Reactor Biogas Polyethilen 11. Farming
6. Briket of solid waste
Program Study of Environmental
Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2009
EM.1 - 7
100% 1
2 100% 10
1 13.3 6.7
90% 6
4 90%
7
80% 0 80%
6
70% Lain-lain 70%
Etc
60% 2 times
3 kali 60%
Yes
Ya No
Tidak
14 3 times
2 Kali
50% 50%
1 times
1 Kali 93.3 90
86.7
40% 40%
20
30% 18 30%
20% 20%
10%
8
10% N=90
0% N=90 0%
SD SMP SMA SD SMP SMA
(a) (b)
Figure 3. (a) Eco Park Visit in One Semester (b) Agreement to Pay When Visiting Eco Park
100% 3.8 0.0
10.7 11.1
7.7
90%
80% 23.1 21.4 29.6
70% Rp.5000,-
60% Rp.4000,-
32.1 Rp.3000,-
50%
Rp.2000,-
40%
65.4
30% 59.3
20% 35.7 N=90
10%
0%
SD SMP SMA
Figure 4. Ticket Price for Eco Park
Technology Center
Technology Center is located in the north and the southeast of the elephant stable, as shown in Figure
5. This location was the centre of modeling technology to manage solid waste generated by Bandung
Zoo and as a model of water resources management technology. Technologies planned include:
Polyethilen Biogas Reactor
Open Windrow Method Composting
Rice Plastic Bag Method Composting
Plastic Drums Method Composting
Vermi Composting
Waste Bricket
Biopore Infiltration Hole
Infiltration Well
Rain Water Container System
In this research Polyethylen Biogas Reactor Technology will be investigated. This technology was
planned to process 50% total volume of waste from elephants feces or about 0.7 m3 per day, while the
other 50% will be used for composting. These technologies will be placed in green house. In the
preliminary design, 2 green houses sized 500 m2 will be built. Inside these green house many varieties
of fruit plants will be planted. Visitor will see the appropriate technology model as in technology
exhibitions and enjoy the fruits. Hopefully With this technology center visitor will gather informations
EM.1 - 8
concerning appropriate technology so that they will be interested to implement the technology in their
environment. The education element of this technoloy can increase the visitors knowledge about the
environmental management.
Education Center
Education Center is a part of eco part center functioned as education information media about
environmental management for the visitors. From Figure 6, it can be seen that visitor will be able to
increase their knowledge and insight about environmental management. The target of this eco park
center is students from elementary, junior high school and high school or other same level schools,
therefore the presentation method will be presented in form that while interesting to the students. The
presentation of this information will be presented in audio visual animation.
Subjects and methods delivered to the students will be planned an adjusted to the young generation.
Environmental management subjects can be delivered with applicable and interactive package to pull
the attention of young generation and implement the awareness inside them about the importance of
environmental management in general.
Some methods that can be done are :
Playing movies (movies as audio visual media to inform the facts of environmental
conditions).
Games (game is one of the most effective ways to draw the interest of the students).
Discussion and inovation (Students can dig their potential in them and their creativity,
also their critisism)
Philosophy of Eco Park
Generally, every element of environmental management is being saw from economic, social, politic
and culture point of view. It is very seldom that when there is a problem in environment, the society
saw it from belief or religion point of view. In contrary from religion point of view, all the things on
earth is every human being responsibility that’s dwell in it.
One of the philosophy that described the effort of environmental conservation is “ Respect for nature”
or explained by view lines : to treat the environment and all of His creation with responsibility. To
preserve and to maintain the balance of nature and always do efforts to make the environment a
comfortable place for the society that lives in it. Thats why, eco park can be implemented by treating
the waste produced by animals in the zoo by designing septic tank in each cage. Garbage bins also
classified into different types so that the employees and visitors will be familiar to the habits of
preserving nature in form of throwing waste into the facility provided.
EM.1 - 9
Figure 5
2 1
U TECHNOLOGY
CENTER
Wi t hout Scale
No Scale
3
4 Yandi Rama Krisna
15304065
Supervisor : :
Counsellor lecturer
Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady
5 FINAL TASK
Final Assignment
6
Planning of Eco Park
Concept Based on
8 Appropriate
Environmental
Technology in
Bandung Zoo
7
Note :
Inf :
1. Rotary Composting 5. Rain Water Container System
2. Briket of Solid Waste 6. Green House
3. Reaktor Biogas Polyethilen 7. Biopore infiltration
4. Windrow Composting 8. Farm
Program Study of Environmental
Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2009
EM.1 - 10Figure 6
U
ILUSTRATION OF
ILUSTRATION OF
1 EDUCATION
EDUCATION CENTER
CENTER
2
Wi tNo
h o uScale
t Scale
3 4
Yandi Rama Krisna
15304065
Supervisor :
:
Counsellor lecturer
Dr. Herto Dwi Ariesyady
5
6 FINAL
Final TASK
Assignment
Planning of Eco Park
Concept Based on
Appropriate
7 Environmental
Technology in
Bandung Zoo
8
Note :
Ket :
1,4,7,8 : Ilustration of Environmental Education to Students
2 : Ilustration of Environmental Education to Childs
3,5,6 : Ilustration of Environmental Education to Visitor
Program Study of Environmental
Engineering
Faculty of Civil and Environmental
Engineering
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI BANDUNG
2009
EM.1 - 11CONCLUSION
It can be concluded Eco Park concept based on appropriate environmental technology in Bandung Zoo
will give benefit for Bandung zoo to become a new attraction for the zoo visitor. This concept also
have economic point that can increase Bandung zoo’s income and increases consciousness and society
care about the importance of appropriate environmental implementation technology in environmental
management.
Reference
Ahmadi, Partowiyoto, 2000. Pemberdayaan Teknologi tepat Guna untuk Menumbuh kembangkan
Industri Pertanian. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Teknologi Tepat Guna : Jurusan Teknologi
Pertanian Unpad.
Chadwick, Bruce A., Howard M. Bahr, and Stan L. Albrecht (1984). Social Science Research
Methods. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. Engleweood Cliffs.
Fox, W.F. 1974. Strategic Options for Urban Infrastructure Management. Urban Management
Program.
Kotler, P. 1972. Creating Social Change. New York : Hold Rinehart and Winston Inc.
Wijanarko, W. 2006. Peran Masyarakat Sipil Dalam Perencanaan Pembangunan Partisipatif
Mendorong Terwujudnya Tatanan Sistem Pemerintahan Yang Lebih Baik. Yogyakarta :
Yayasan Griya Mandiri (YGM)
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