Girls Education and Women's Health - Maasai Harmonial Development & Sustainability - Population Connection
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Maasai Harmonial Development & Sustainability
Girls Education and Women’s Health
1
Our community
village
Our Location
Satellite image of bomas and houses showing low population density
Ngorongoro Crater
Mapena, Rhino Ranger
A member of the Maasai Harmonial Team
Tending injured rhino
Because of their expertise in management and conservation of
resources for wildlife and livestock, the Maasai ecosystem is home About 25,000 large
to spectacular assemblages of African wildlife populations. animals are found in the
Ngorongoro Crater, which
contains the highest
density of mammalian
predators in Africa: lions,
wild dog and cheetah.
Also endangered black
rhino, and elephant.
Ngorongoro is the calving
grounds for over 1 million
wildebeest of the Great
Serengeti-Mara
Ecosystem.
This is in contrast to most
of the rest of the world
where the average size of
wildlife populations has
plummeted more than
2/3 in less than 50 years,
according to WWF.
Typical homestead scene
Low population density
Humans & wildlife
live together
Maasai can live with wild
animals, but tourists can’t.
Zebras can graze with cows and wildebeest, but cows get a disease from wildebeest.
Ngorongoro Wildebeest live in the crater and s t a y in t h e c r a t e r , b u t Ma a s a i p e o p le a r e n o t a llo w e d t o liv e t h e r e o r g r a ze t h e ir c a t t le t h e r e
The Crater is only a small part of
the Ngorongoro Conservation Area
Hordes of tourists
Large
assembladges of
wild animals
No livestock,
No houses. OUR CHALLENGES
We of the Emburbul
XXXXXX Community have a lot of challenges, but the main ones are these:
a ) Education / Nursery school
"We wo u ld like t o h a ve a s u s t a in a b le n u r s e r y s ch o o l wh ich m a ke o u r kid s s t u d y e ve r y d a y
a n d in a go o d e n vir o n m e n t ." Yo u t h ge t t in g a n e d u ca t io n : He lp u s ge t go o d e d u ca t e d p e o p le
like Ma p e n a
b ) Poverty: no source of income
"We r e q u e s t t h a t yo u h e lp o u r Mo t h e r s / Wo m e n t o ge t s o u r ce s o f in co m e (b e a d s ) s o t h a t
t h e y ca n fu lfill t h e ir b a s ic n e e d s . Em p o we r in g wo m e n wit h a s o u r ce o f in co m e will h e lp o u r
d e ve lo p m e n t in cr e a s e ."
c) Health care
"We wo u ld like t o h a ve a d is p e n s a r y wh ich will m a ke o u r p e o p le t o b e t r e a t e d n e a r t h e ir
h o m e b e ca u s e it will s a ve o u r live s like o u r Mo t h e r s a n d kid s wh o s u ffe r a lo t ." Fa m ily
p la n n in g t o h e lp Mo t h e r s (a n d b a b ie s ) fr o m s u ffe r in g.
d ) Food Problems (n o cu lt iva t io n )
e ) Cattle disease (t icks a n d wo r m s )
f) Water problemWomen dressed for ceremony
18
Child brides who are married to older men lack the negotiation skills and the confidence to assert their needs to their husbands.
They are isolated and vulnerable. Even where family planning services are available, young brides are difficult to reach with such support
90% of births to adolescent girls in the developing world occur within a marriage or union. Married adolescents have the lowest use of contraception - and the highest levels of unmet need. Complications of pregnancy and childbirth are the leading cause of death to girls ages 15-19
100
Drawdown
...
Solutions
to reverse
Global
Warming
Family Planning & Educating Girls
results in 8 GT* fewer emissions
* 8 billion metric tonsThanks to Population Connection for being the first population organization to make a strong connection between Population and Girls Education
The
. Developing World is catching up on emissions;
- Why population matters “Developing nations, where most of the population growth is happening, are
where consumption is increasing the fastest.” … Michael Brune, Sierra Club
Not so long ago,
China’s emissions
were far less than
those of the US.
26
Links : * Global Carbon Atlas **Wikipedia ***WorldbankFinancing to developing countries for climate urban public transport, or any other strategy now
change has been promised with a publicized being contemplated.
target of at least $100 billion per year.
The
. difference between 0 years of schooling and
It. is education, or more specifically girls’ 12 years is almost 4 to 5 children per woman.
education, that is far more likely to result in
Aid commitments for education projects are about
lower carbon emissions than a shift to
$13 billion annually.
renewables, improved agricultural practices,
https://www.brookings.edu/blog/future-development/2016/02/16/climate-change-fertility-and-girls-education/$46B more is needed for Education & Family Planning According to the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, by closing an annual financing gap of $39 billion, universal education in low- and lower-middle- income countries can be achieved. It could result in 59.6 gigatons of emissions reduced by 2050. … Drawdown.org Enough funding to meet the unmet need for contraception would be $9 billion per year (some part of it is already funded).
How successful have we been in curtailing Consumption?
Language Barrier
Only 10% of Tanzanians
speak Swahili (the national These girls failed
language) as their native their national exam,
tongue. This barrier keeps so they went to a
most pastoral students from
entering secondary school. special school that
caught them up in
Such barriers exist in many English so they could
remote areas of the
developing world where continue with their
fertility rates are highest. education.
Only 50% of students pass
the National exam to get into
high school, where classes Most parents cannot
are taught in English. afford the annual
cost of $500 to send
their daughters to
school.
31In preschool, kids learn Swahili
as a second language.
Without preschool, success in primary
school is difficult and passing the exam
to get into secondary school is rare.
After the new classroom was built, we
had 120 preschool kids in a classroom
built for 45We serve porridge for preschool lunch
A child
learns
better with
food in her
stomach.
$300 a month to feed 120 kids lunch = $2.50/child/monthPhonics lesson. Woman Preschool Teacher. Salary $75/month
Former preschool classroom
To e n co u r a ge m o r e kid s (a n d t h u s m o r e gir ls ), we b o u gh t u n ifo r m s fo r
p r e s ch o o l a n d p r im a r y s t u d e n t s .
In a d d it io n , t h e o ld e r p r im a r y kid s s t a r t e d go in g t o a b o a r d in g s ch o o l.
Uniform cost: $28 eachPrimary ages 7-8
Younger Primary kids
are too young to go to
boarding school.
85 of them walk to and
from school 8 miles
every day.
They need 2 new
classrooms near their
community.
(they are posing by the
preschool classroom)
37Sunrise: Walking 4 miles to school
When it rains, it pours Also these students sometimes have to walk in rainy cold weather. So we bought them rain boots and warm sweaters.
This affects how many girls go to
primary school and beyond.
Our Students
Cape Buffalo
When early primary students walk
to school, there are aggressive
wild animals on the way.
38 boys and only 10 girlsWe found this $5,000
classroom in another area.
$5,000 Classroom
The current preschool
classroom is too costly at
$16,000
But, can they get a permit
to build it? Permits are
being refused, due to
threat of evictionSecondary Students are off to schools far away - a journey of two nights at the cost of $80/trip with three school breaks a year. Few parents can afford this
Menstrual Pads keep girls in school Here are our girls with their
Without pads girls miss school 4-5 days a month new reusable menstrual pads.
There are still many girls that
need them.
Donations would be very
welcome. DONATE here:
bit.ly/MHDSdonate . The
pads are only $4.31 for a pack
of five, and should last for a
year or more. $431 would help
100 girls stay in school.
Menstrual pads will also keep girls from getting pregnant:
they won’t need money from their boyfriends to buy pads.Four Girls in College
Nang’utut wants to
study Laboratory
Naney wants to study Manyari wants
Manyarai to to
wants study
study Einoth is in her 2nd
Tourism Community
CommunityDevelopment
Development year of Tourism schoolMeasurements of Success
When our partner organization built preschools near
communities, children started learning Swahili prior to
going to primary school.
The pass rate from primary to secondary school increased
from 10% to 67.5% from 2011 to 2016
The percent of girls from our community going to school
rose from 38% in 2015 to 82% in 2018.
This year: Primary grade 7 girl students have taken
mock exams for high school, and our students have the
highest scores in their class, and they have been
selected as student leaders - both boys and girls.
47We made a family planning video in 2016
and a girl’s puberty video narrated by
Grace, our
medical student,
who is now a
doctor
https://youtu.be/pIvWV3Riwq8 48
https://youtu.be/LLWZG2AKsBEThe Family Planning video was a
success!
Th e vid e o wa s sh o wn in o u r co m m u n it y a n d n e igh b o rin g
villa ge s.
In Au gu st 2016, wh e n Ma rie St o p e s ca m e wit h t h e ir m o b ile
fa m ily p la n n in g clin ic, 13 wo m e n fro m o u r co m m u n it y, p lu s
10 wo m e n fro m n e a rb y villa ge s, wa lke d fo u r m ile s t o ge t
fa m ily p la n n in g m e t h o d s.
But!
May 2021
49We beefed up the health clinic
•We bought family planning equipment
and supplies. The doctor received family
planning training.
•Other organizations added a delivery
table, maternity ward & ambulance.
•The Clinton Foundation provided a solar-
powered refrigerator for vaccines.
The use of family planning methods
doubled from 24% to 52% between
late 2016 to late 2017 !!
50Medical Interpreters
In 2020 I discovered
that the use of family
planning had
dropped to 13%.
On investigation I
found that the doctor
had retired and the
new doctor did not
speak the Maa
language.
So we hired these
two women who Medical interpreter helping a
spoke Swahili to patient with a urine sample
become medical Nemburis likes being a medical interpreter. Her life has
interperters changed because she knows the medicine for different
diseases and also she has been advising women to give
birth at the hospital because it saves lives.Common or Potential Barriers to Family Planning Success
1. Language difference
between patient and
provider
2. Remote location
3. Lack of basic
education
4. Lack of information
and/or superstition about
family planning methods
Doctor opening the family planning supplies and equipment
5. Home births (no
opportunity for education
from the doctor) 10. Pressure from the husband or community to
produce babies
6. Long distance from community to the hospital
11. Racial prejudice on the part of medical
7. Failure to take a sick baby to the doctor
personnel (who treat the patient badly)
8. Lack of family planning training for the doctor
12. Suspicion that the doctor is a eugenicist.
9. Lack of family planning methods, supplies & equipmentHealth Classes
Topics
• Family Planning
• Early Pregnancy
• Child Marriage
• Birth Spacing
• Midwife training
• FGC/M & sex ed in
Schools
• HIV
• Gender/social norms
• Maternal Health
• Breastfeeding
• Nutrition
• Hygiene
• Domestic Violence
• Vaccination
Grace, our medical student, teaching health classes
54Happy Health Class
Grace 55Women’s Representatives
Annual Student Celebration “Allow girls to go to school and stop FGM”
Dec 2019
Jan 2021 One side says
“I am boasting
about the
advantage of
going to
school”
The other side
laments “I feel
sorry that I
am not going
to school”Malnutrition, Infant Mortality, & Population Growth
Begging for Maize 2017 was a drought year. We had to buy maize for those who were poor. On top of that, Ngorongoro residents are not allowed to cultivate subsistence crops. They were supposed to get food subsidies, but they don’t get them any more.
When women are malnourished, they
p r od u ce less b r ea st m ilk.
•This has three effects:
1. Breast milk is a contraceptive, and when it
stops, women become fertile again.
1. Babies become malnourished
1. When babies die, women want to have more
babies to insure against infant loss
•Maasai women don’t name their babies until 3
months of age due to high infant deaths.
•FGM also contributes to infant mortality because
the opening to the mother’s womb is narrowed, so
they eat less food to have an easier birth.The higher the
infant mortality,
the higher the
number of
children born.
Source: https://populationmatters.org/news/2021/05/conspiracy-chaos-coronavirus-bill-gates-un-and-populationNovember 2020:
To supplement their maize
diet, we bought sheep and
goats, enough that every
woman has at least three
sheep or goats.
This is better than buying
maize because the sheep
and goats will multiply.
Se ve ra l m o n t h s la t e r: Th e
sh e e p a n d go a t s a re
h a vin g b a b ie s.
A goat or sheep costsWomens Crafts and Livelihood Covid has closed the tourist market, unfortunately, so jewelry is piling up. We will try to sell it on our Facebook page. Traditional Bead work
Sewing ladies making midwife aprons
Fuel Efficient Stoves Benefits of “Maasai Stoves” •Pneumonia and respiratory
1. Uses less wood illness are the number one
2. Less time carrying wood health problem for women in this
area.
home
3. Less indoor smoke pollution •Pneumonia is a common cause
4. Fewer children tripping in of infant death
fire, burning themselves
•Two of the three girls that I first
sent to secondary school got
pneumonia when they came
home, and one of them died.
Stoves $75 eachSecure Your
Family’s Future
Program for Men
That teaches:
“Men and women
should have equal
voice in family
decisions.”
Ending ceremonyTourism & Eviction The tourist vehicles seem to outnumber the wild animals
Who has the biggest footprint: Maasai or Tourist?
Maasai residents’ livestock watering holes are restricted while resorts fill up their swimming pools
Maasai used to burn noxious weeds like this. The authorities refuse to do so. Thus cattle are starving. The zebras are allowed in places where cattle can’t go.
The Native Americans used to set fires to control vegetation to conserve the grasslands; so did the Maasai
Invasive weeds in the Ngorongoro Crater
Ngorongoro is the
jewel of the
Ngorongoro
Conservation Area. It
is the main attraction
of nearly all
Ngorongoro tourism.
The NCA Authority
says: “Degradation of
range = “Tipping Point”,
blaming it on the
population of the
pastoralists..
Dr Nagol says it’s unfair that Also too
the government and other many
bodies blame the pastoralists
roads are
for invasive plants -- since
destroying
they have not been there for
over 45 years. the crater
Youtube:“Save the Valley”The Maasai got the blame for having these modern houses, but they belong to Ngorongoro Authority and tourism employees and retirees
December 2020 March 19, 2021 April 7 2021
AllAfrica.com
So-Called Tipping Point
“Sustainability of mutual coexistence
between wildlife and people in the New President: PRESIDENT Samia Suluhu Hassan expressed
Ngorongoro Conservation Area (NCA) is Samia Suluhu Hassan concerns of a threat facing Ngorongoro
at jeopardy as the population soars.” Conservation Area, saying the soaring human
https://allafrica.com/stories/202012290072.html population jeopardises the wildlife in the world's
greatest unbroken caldera.
April 12 Eviction Order April 18 2021 Maasai Appeal April 20 Eviction Called Off
Six days after the President's
statement, the Authority published a
document that would evict certain
illegal immigrants, while hundreds of
Press Conference
others were required to demolish
buildings including government primary
schools, health centers, police stations,
churches, mosques and private homes.Voices from the Maasai Indiginous population
numbers are inflated “Eve n if t h e r e we r e 100,000
p a st o r a list s, t h e r e is n o
“Wildlife has been increasing. There is Th e a u t h o rit ie s ch o s e 100,000, , scie n t ific e vid e n ce t o p r o ve
no sign that it is vanishing” a s t h e m a gic n u m b e r t h a t wo u ld th a t th e n u m be r th re a te n s
m e a n a t ip p in g p o in t wa s a b o u t co n se r va t io n in
t o b e re a ch e d . Ngo r o n go r o .
“Ngo ro n go ro sh o u ld n o t o n ly b e n e fit
Bu t it d id n o t m a t ch t h e gro wt h
t h e t o u rism in d u st ry b u t t h e lo ca l Ngo r o n go r o h a s t h e la r ge st
ra t e t h e y h a d u s e d t o co m p u t e
p e o p le a s we ll.” t h e n u m b e rs , s o t h e y re a ch e d b la ck r h in o p o p u la t io n in
t h e co n clu s io n t h a t a b o u t t h e wo r ld , in clu d in g t h e
40,000 we re im m igra n t s . Se r e n ge t i, wh ich h a s n o
By lim it in g a re a s t h a t re sid e n t s ca n p a st o r a list s.
a cce ss, a re a s a va ila b le fo r t o u rism will Pa rt o f t h a t 40,000 is co m p ris e d
e xp a n d . Wh ile m illio n s o f t o u rist s o f Ngo ro n go ro a u t h o rit y/ De sp it e t h e p r e se n ce o f
co n t in u e t o p o u r in t o t h e NCA, t h e t o u ris m e m p lo ye e s a n d re t ire e s p a st o r a list s in Ngo r o n go r o ,
e n viro n m e n t a l t h re a t t h is p o se s is n o t a n d s t a ff o f s ch o o ls , ch u rch e s t h e p a r k h a s m o r e t o u r ist s
b e in g re co gn ize d . a n d NGOs . Pe o p le wh o wo rk t h a n a n y o t h e r p a r k.”
t h e re , b u t d o n ’t live t h e re a re
a ls o co u n t e d .
Th e p r o b le m wit h t a r ge t in g im m igr a n t s is t h a t fe w p e o p le ca n p r o ve t h a t t h e y a r e n o t a n
im m igr a n t . No r e co r d s we r e ke p t , e ve n t h o u gh p o p u la t io n wa s t h o u gh t t o b e a p r o b le m m a n y
ye a r s a go .Maybe there is hope for this
classroom after all.
$5,000 Classroom Maybe the young preschool
kids won’t have to walk so
far to school.
Maybe more girls can go to
school
But the danger is
not over!
They have been
threatened with
eviction and
attempts to force
them to leave for
many years.Education in Ngorongoro Conservation Area is extremely insufficient. Hea lt h ca r e is sa d ly la ckin g . Ca t t le a r e r est r ict ed , su b sid ized g r a in h a s en d ed , n o cu lt iva t ion is a llowed , p a st u r e is d eg r a d ed . Rig h t t o food is g on e. Alt h ou g h socia l ser vices wer e p r om ised t h e Ma a sa i, t h ey a r e sa d ly u n d er fu n d ed wit h lit t le or n o p r ofit fr om t ou r ism g oin g t o t h e r esid en t s. Th ese t h in g s a r e n eed ed t o slow p op u la t ion g r owt h . If t h e Au t h or it ies h a d p r ovid ed t h e t h in g s t h a t t h ey p r om ised st a r t in g wh en t h ey for ced t h e Ma a sa i t o lea ve t h e Ser en g et i a n d m ove in t o a m u ch sm a ller a r ea , t h en t h er e wou ld b e n o p r ob lem wit h p op u la t ion . However , t h er e is n o g u a r a n t ee t h a t t h a t wou ld b e t h e en d of colon ia l con t r ol over t h e Ma a sa i.
From Special Rapporteur’s Statement About Biodiversity & Indigenous Peoples
In d ige n o u s kn o wle d ge is vit a l t o sa vin g t h e
Bu t o u r e ffo rt s t o p ro t e ct t h e b io d ive rsit y o f
wo rld ’s b io d ive rsit y—a n d co n se q u e n t ly, t o
h u m a n it y’s fu t u re . It fin d s t h a t la n d s m a n a ge d p la n t a n d a n im a l life o n o u r la n d s a re o ft e n m e t
b y In d ige n o u s Pe o p le s a n d lo ca l co m m u n it ie s wit h vio le n ce . We a re crim in a lize d a n d kille d a n d
e xp e rie n ce le ss b io d ive rsit y lo ss t h a n o t h e r ru n o ff o u r t ra d it io n a l t e rrit o rie s b y p o we rfu l
la n d s, su gge st in g we a re t h u s vit a l t o t h e p o lit ica l a n d e co n o m ic a ct o rs wh o se e k t o
su rviva l o f h u m a n it y. An d it p ro p o se s e xt ra ct we a lt h fro m t h e la n d sca p e s we h a ve
re co gn izin g o u r t ra d it io n a l kn o wle d ge —a n d o u r
in h a b it e d a n d ca re d fo r, so m e t im e s fo r
le ga l righ t s t o o wn o u r la n d s a n d fo re st s—a s a
ke y so lu t io n t o t h e b io d ive rsit y crisis. ge n e ra t io n s. In t h e p ro ce ss, t h e y o ft e n d e st ro y
t h e la n d s we h a ve lo n g p re se rve d .
Th is co n sist e n t , a ll-e n co m p a ssin g a p p ro a ch t o
b io d ive rsit y p ro t e ct io n is t h e re a so n wh y Iro n ica lly, we a re o ft e n e xclu d e d fro m t re a su re d
In d ige n o u s Pe o p le s live in a re a s wit h t h e rich e st la n d sca p e s b y t h o se wh o se go a l is co n se rva t io n .
b io d ive rsit y a n d le a st d a m a ge d e co syst e m s. Wo rld wid e , a t le a st 40 t o 50 p e rce n t o f p ro t e ct e d
Ab o u t 80 p e rce n t o f a ll t h e wo rld ’s b io d ive rsit y is a re a s h a ve b e e n e st a b lish e d o n la n d s
lo ca t e d o n in d ige n o u s la n d s. t ra d it io n a lly o ccu p ie d o r u se d b y In d ige n o u s
Pe o p le s—wit h d e va st a t in g co n se q u e n ce s.
http://www.aman.or.id/2019/05/special-rapporteurs-statement-about-biodiversity-report-and-indigenous-peoples/Email me for a repeat of this presentation + Q&A on June 30: masai-harmonial@gmail.com
Maasai Harmonial Development
and Sustainability
Girls Song
G
Website: Masai-Harmonial.org
New: Maasai-Harmonial.org
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Email:
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Donate: bit.ly/MHDSdonate
Transition-Earth.orgBackground: Maasai History and Ngorongoro Maasai Rights Indigenous People's Rights International Population, Carrying Capacity, and Racism Oa kla n d In st it u t e : Th e Lo o m in g Th re a t o f Evict io n Vie w Fro m t h e Te rm it e Mo u n d Blo g- Wa r o n t h e Ma a sa i A Pla ce Wit h o u t Pe o p le (Yo u t u b e / Tra ile r) R
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