GGI European Regional Conference - News and Information for Members and Friends of GGI
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1 News and Information GGI European for Members and Friends Regional of GGI Conference Issue No. 93 | January 2018 in Berlin © 2018 - GGI Global Alliance GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
2 CONTACT | EDITORIAL | CONTENTS Editorial Dear GGI Members, Dear Friends, The New Year has only just begun, taxation treaties. Howard Bakrins (IL, but we already have much to report. USA) reports on US taxation reforms. The planning for GGI’s 2018 events is Alexane Palide (France) informs the in full swing – the GGI Middle East & readership about the modified French African Regional Conference will gath- Wealth Tax on Real Estate, while Mario er participants, mainly from within the Kapp and Raffaela Lödl (Austria) have region, in the old imperial city of Mar- written about the ‘EU Proposal for a rakech. Barely a week later, GGI tax ex- New Preventive Restructuring Frame- perts will meet for the GGI ITPG Glob- work’. al Tax Summit. This is a special one, GGI’s Practice Groups have already Contact with the extraordinary meetings of the been very active in the New Year and GGI Practice Groups Global Mobility they share the latest news from their GGI Geneva Group International AG Solutions and Indirect Taxes also tak- respective fields here: six Practice Schaffhauserstrasse 550 ing place in the same hotel on the first Groups will publish Spring Newslet- 8052 Zurich day – directly prior to the start of the ters right in time for the European Re- Switzerland Global Tax Summit. In addition to the gional Conference in Berlin. GGI mem- T: +41 44 256 18 18 Practice Group meetings, the Geneva bers who would like to contribute an E: info@ggi.com Capital Group (GCG Capital) will be expert article can still do so. W: www.ggi.com holding their M&A Dealmakers Meet- Dr Attila Kovacs (Hungary) has be- W: www.ggiforum.com ing concurrently. This presents excel- gun an initiative to establish a pool of lent networking opportunities for all GGI insolvency experts, who will be participants in Marbella. able to rapidly assemble international In April, the European Regional teams to deal with cross-border insol- Conference will be held in the German vency proceedings. This will allow GGI Disclaimer capital city of Berlin. This is another experts to efficiently respond to the promising event which you should al- new requirements of the EU regula- The information provided in ready note in your calendar, if you have tion - and create additional business this INSIDER came from reli- not yet done so. opportunities. able sources and was prepared GGI is constantly expanding and we Meanwhile, Steve McCrindle (UK) from data assumed to be correct; are once more pleased to present and and Toon Hasselman (The Nether- however, prior to making it basis welcome several new members in this lands) give an outlook on the up- of a decision, it must be double issue. coming Indirect Taxes Practice Group checked. Ratings and assess- We are also pleased to see GGI meeting in Marbella and Graeme Sag- ments reflect the personal opinion member firms sharing their latest suc- gers (South Africa) reports for the In- of the respective author only. We cess stories and news, including: ternational Taxation Practice Group on neither accept liability for, nor are The second part of the two-part- how South Africa deals with offshore we able to guarantee, the content. series themed: ‘The Game Plan: Liti- trusts. Last but not least, Sergio Guer- This publication is for GGI internal gation and Crisis Communications in rero Rosas (Mexico) shares some con- use only and intended solely and the Digital Age’, written by Richard siderations for a successful Business exclusively for GGI members. Levick, CEO of global advisory firm Estate Planning. LEVICK. The first part was published We hope you enjoy reading this is- If you wish to be removed from in November’s GGI INSIDER, Issue sue and may we also take this oppor- the mailing list, send an email to No 92. Bernhard Schwechel (Ger- tunity to wish you a healthy, happy and info@ggi.com. Alternatively, let many) has contributed an article on prosperous 2018, with many stimulat- us know what you think about the signed Multilateral Instrument, ing GGI connections and enjoyable INSIDER. We welcome your feed- a product of the OECD's and BEPS events. back. project which is designed to adjust a multitude of existing bilateral double Your GGI Team Contents
3 Contents Diary EDITORIAL, CONTACT, DISCLAIMER�������������������������������������������������������������� 02 CONTENTS / DIARY������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 03 ➜ 02-04 February 2018 UPCOMING GGI EVENTS GGI PG Chairpersons Meeting ➜ GGI Middle East & African Regional Conference, Zurich, Switzerland Marrakech, Morocco | 16-18 February 2018�������������������������������������������������� 04 ➜ 16-18 February 2018 ➜ GGI ITPG Global Tax Summit, Marbella, Spain | 22-25 February 2018�������� 05 GGI Middle East & African ➜ GGI European Regional Conference, Berlin, Germany | 19-22 April 2018���06 Regional Conference Marrakech, Morocco GGI NEW MEMBER FIRMS������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 08 ➜ 22 February 2018 GGI Global Mobility Solutions GGI INTERNAL NEWS PG Meeting ➜ Ashwani & Associates featured as one of the Marbella, Spain 10 most promising taxation service providers in India��������������������������������� 11 ➜ 22 February 2018 ➜ The Lawyer European Awards 2018: Maravela | Asociații GGI Indirect Taxes PG Meeting shortlisted for the Law Firm of the Year���������������������������������������������������������12 Marbella, Spain ➜ Prager Metis enhances Corporate Partnership ➜ 22-25 February 2018 with the Alzheimer’s Association������������������������������������������������������������������� 13 GGI ITPG Global Tax Summit ➜ Wendy Stein promoted to Director in Intellectual Property Department�����14 Marbella, Spain ➜ LUTZ | ABEL starts 2018 highly motivated���������������������������������������������������� 15 ➜ 23-25 February 2018 ➜ Henry L. Goldberg, Esq. appointed Chair of CMAA (National) GCG M&A Legal Counsel's Committee���������������������������������������������������������������������������16 Dealmakers Meeting ➜ New shareholders at accounting firm BHKCPAs������������������������������������������16 Marbella, Spain COMMON INTEREST ➜ 19-22 April 2018 ➜ The Game Plan: Litigation and Crisis Communications in the Digital Age�17 GGI European ➜ Multilateral Instrument Signed����������������������������������������������������������������������19 Regional Conference ➜ Changes to the Taxation of US Corporations Berlin, Germany under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act �������������������������������������������������������������������21 ➜ 21 April 2018 ➜ French Wealth Tax on Real Estate modified in 2018������������������������������������� 22 GCG M&A ➜ EU Proposal for a new Preventive Restructuring Dealmakers Meeting Framework (‘Restructuring Directive’)��������������������������������������������������������� 24 Berlin, Germany ➜ 21-24 June 2018 GGI PRACTICE GROUP PAGES GGI North American ➜ Publishing Opportunity����������������������������������������������������������������������������������25 Regional Conference DEBT COLLECTION, RESTRUCTURING & INSOLVENCY Denver, CO, USA ➜ DCRI Practice Group members create additional business opportunities ����26 ➜ 05-07 July 2018 INDIRECT TAXES GGI French-Speaking Chapter ➜ Indirect Taxes Practice Group Meeting: Marbella | 22 February 2018������27 Brussels, Belgium ITPG ➜ 06-08 September 2018 (TBC) ➜ South Africa looking to include offshore trusts in GGI Nordic-Baltic Meeting Controlled Foreign Company legislation.������������������������������������������������� 28 TRUST & ESTATE PLANNING Copenhagen, Denmark ➜ “…and they lived happily ever after?” Considerations & Malmö, Sweden for Successful Business Estate Planning������������������������������������������������� 30 ➜ 20-22 September 2018 (TBC) GGI Best Practices & BOOK REVIEW���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 31 Developing Leaders Conference Québec City, QC, Canada TBC = to be confirmed Please refer to our website for actualised information and additional events: www.ggi.com > Events GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
4 UPCOMING GGI EVENTS Marrakech, Morocco | 16-18 February 2018 GGI Middle East & African Regional Conference GGI member firm Firec & Associes gladly hosts this biennial GGI Middle East & African (MEA) Regional Confer- ence, held during 16-18 February 2018 in Marrakech, Morocco. Those who arrive early have the op- tion of enjoying a camel ride in the palm groves of Marrakech on Friday after- noon. In the evening, the programme will officially begin with a Welcome Re- ception in the Hotel La Mamounia, fol- lowed by a Welcome Dinner. The Swiss Ambassador to Morocco, H.E. Massimo Baggi, will open the Con- ference on Saturday morning. Minister Aziz Rabbah, Minister of Energy, Mines and Sustainable Development, will also make a short opening speech. Since the main focus of this GGI Conference is to bring together GGI Koutoubia Mosque, Marrakech members from within the region, while also creating an environment conducive Following the Global Mobility Solu- the “souks”, and the great Koutobia to trust and exploring mutual business tions and International Taxation (ITPG) Mosque will be visited. opportunities, we have scheduled a PG meetings, there is a guided tour This Conference will end with a clos- speed networking session at the end of through Marrakech City included in ing dinner at restaurant Chez Ali. On the morning session to exchange mean- the programme which will provide a Sunday, an optional extended tour of ingful information in an intense meet- superb, informal networking opportu- Marrakech City and the Ourika Valley ing round. nity for everyone. Jamaâ Lafna Square, has also been organised. As this was added after the online registration was available, registered participants who would like to join this should simply email Julia Benn (benn@ggi.com) to sign up. This Conference is an ideal event for all GGI members who would like to strengthen business relationships in the Middle East and African (MEA) region. GGI members who have not yet done so are invited to register on- line, using the registration link within the internal area of our website www. ggi.com (Member Login > GGI Events > Upcoming Events). The draft confer- ence programme is also available on Marrakech Spice Market the website. Contents
5 Marbella, Spain | 22-25 February 2018 GGI ITPG Global Tax Summit GGI member firm JC&A (Marbella, Spain) will proudly host this very spe- cial ITPG Global Tax Summit, com- bined with the extraordinary meetings of the Practice Groups Global Mo- bility Solutions (GMS) and Indirect Taxes. The firm will be represented at the event by Santiago Lapausa, who will present on “Living in the South of Spain” – so participants will not only experience the Marbella lifestyle by be- ing there for three days, but will also be informed about the tax system in this part of the world. Indeed, if you are considering moving, it would do you no harm to listen to his presenta- tion as it will cover how much it would cost tax-wise to become a resident of Puerto Jose Banus Lighthouse in Marbella Marbella. This event brings together experts planned Indirect Taxes Practice Group During this meeting, Tim van der from several Practice Groups: Indi- meeting at this event. Meer, Marlon Putter and Jeroen Kruit- rect Taxes, International Taxation and hof will present a case study entitled, “A GCG Capital Global Mobility Solutions, as well as GCG success story: KKR and its first PE specialists from the field of M&A, pro- deal on African Soil”, which will show viding a superb networking platform how an integrated approach between for all participants. Geneva Capital Group (GCG), www. different GGI members helped to ob- Ensure you bring a sufficient num- gcg.com, will be holding an M&A Deal- tain an interesting M&A mandate and ber of business cards and explore fu- makers Meeting concurrently during convert this mandate into a successful ture business opportunities. 23-25 February 2018. GCG is a global deal. GGI Global CEO, Michael Reiss On page 27 of this issue of INSID- network of M&A advisors, that also von Filski, will then cover “Negotiation ER, there is a further update on the benefits from GGI membership. and Influence Techniques” before the usual Dealmarket element of the pro- gramme. Joint Social Programmes There are a couple of combined din- ners planned for both GGI and GCG participants on the Friday and Satur- day nights of this meeting to facilitate informal networking. On Saturday af- ternoon, participants have the option of either taking part in a flashmob team-building exercise or, for those not too sure of their singing and dancing Small street in Marbella next page GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
6 UPCOMING GGI EVENTS skills, visiting Malaga and the Picasso pm so that those travelling home that issue of INSIDER, but a more up-to- museum. evening will have ample time to get to date version of the programme is avail- For Sunday, an optional tour to the the airport in Malaga. able online. Rock of Gibraltar has also been sched- All GGI and GCG members may Register Now uled. Starting at 09:00 am in the morn- view this programme and also register ing, the group will visit the Europa online, using the registration link pro- Point lookout, St Michael’s Caves, and vided, within the internal area of www. the Ape Den. The plan is for the group We have already covered the planned ggi.com (Member Login > GGI Events to then be back in Marbella at 16:00 conference programme in the previous > Upcoming Events). Berlin, Germany | 19-22 April 2018 GGI European Regional Conference This year’s GGI European Regional low GGI members in the famous Hotel ful wine merchant and restauranter, Conference will be held in Berlin, Ger- Adlon Kempinski. first convinced Kaiser Wilhelm II that many’s fast-paced capital, kindly host- Located right next to Berlin’s his- the German capital deserved a grand ed by three GGI member firms: AIOS, toric Brandenburg Gate, only few ho- luxury hotel on a par with those in Lon- FPS and Wendler Tremml. tels have had a turbulent history as the don and Paris. The hotel first opened You do not want to miss this won- Adlon. It mirrors that of its home city, in 1907 with the Kaiser and his fam- derful opportunity to meet up with fel- ever since Lorenz Adlon, a success- ily in attendance, and quickly became Berlin skyline with Spree river Contents
7 the social centre of the city. Remaining the social centre through World War II, the original building was actually demolished in 1984 as the square was left as an abandoned buffer between east and west Berlin. With the reuni- fication, new life was breathed into the area and the new hotel was built, reopening in 1997 as the new Hotel Adlon. The hotel features prominently in many books, and has inspired the hotels in many movies, including Gre- ta Garbo’s “Grand Hotel”. The British might remember Doctor Who landing in the hotel in 2011, but perhaps more people remember the hotel for Mi- chael Jackson holding his baby over a balcony in 2002! Berlin is a vibrant city and a monu- ment of living history. It staged a revo- lution, was headquartered by the Na- zis, bombed to bits, divided in two and finally reunited – and that was just in the 20th century! Walk along remnants of the Berlin Wall, marvel at the splen- dor of a Prussian palace or visit Check- point Charlie. Berlin is like an endlessly fascinating 3D textbook where the past is very much present wherever you go. Landwehr Canal viewing Potsdamer Platz Even though it is a large multicul- tural metropolis, deep down it main- that truly never sleeps. The city's vast dark and on weekends but pretty much tains the unpretentious charm of an party spectrum caters for every taste, 24/7. international village. Locals follow the budget and age group. From tiny base- There would be much more to re- credo 'live and let live' and put greater ment clubs to industrial techno tem- port about Berlin, but why not just go emphasis on personal freedom and ples, chestnut-canopied beer gardens, there and explore it yourself? While we a creative lifestyle than on material fancy cocktail caverns to gourmet res- have put together some sightseeing wealth and status symbols. Cafes are taurants, saucy cabarets to ear-pleas- tours to give you a taste of Berlin, you jammed at all hours, clubs keep going ing symphonies – Berlin delivers hot- might still need more time before and until dawn or beyond. Berlin is the city stepping odysseys, and not just after after the event to truly see what this exciting city has to offer. GGI’s conference programme prom- ises to keep you busy and captivated with top-notch speakers, carefully or- ganised Practice Group meetings and Workshops, and an excellent network- ing platform to strengthen contacts with your GGI colleagues, and get to know new international GGI contacts. GGI members who have not yet done so are invited to register online, using the registration link provided within the internal area of our website www.ggi.com (Member Login > GGI Events > Upcoming Events). The draft conference programme is also avail- Hotel Adlon Kempinski right next to Berlin’s Brandenburg Gate able on the website. GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
8 NEW MEMBER FIRMS Brazil Brazil The Netherlands BPO INNOVA Expertisa de Jong & Laan Rua Buenos Aires, 68 | 28º Andar Auditores Independentes Koningin Beatrixlaan 18 20070-900 Rio de Janeiro Avenida Presidente Wilson 165, 7681 AG Vroomshoop Brazil cj 713-716, CEP 20030-020 The Netherlands Rio de Janeiro Brazil T: +55 21 3031 5700 T: +55 21 2517 0837 T: +31 546 660 760 F: +55 21 3031 5700 E: jean-marc.vin@expertisa.com.br E: roland.ogink@jonglaan.nl E: fabio.baptista@bpoinnova.com W: expertisa.com.br/en/ W: www.jonglaan.nl W: www.bpoinnova.com Company languages: English, Por- Company languages: English, Company languages: Dutch, Eng- tuguese, Spanish French, Portuguese lish Contact person: Fabio Baptista Contact person: Jean-Marc Vin Contact person: Roland Ogink Services: Advisory, Accounting, Services: Advisory, Auditing & Ac- Services: Auditing & Accounting, Tax counting, Tax Corporate Finance, Tax Additional Office: Groningen Fabio Baptista Jean-Marc Vin Roland Ogink WE WISH TO EXTEND A VERY WARM WELCOME TO OUR NEW DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS. Contents
9 The Netherlands Saudi Arabia United States JAN© Auditors & Tax Advisers Abdullah Bakodah Cascade Partners Waterlandlaan 96, Purmerend Consultation Office 29100 Northwestern Highway 1441 MR Amsterdam Prince Mohammed Bin Fahd Rd., Suite 405, Southfield The Netherlands Abdullah Fouad, Near Othaim Mall Detroit, MI 48034 31432 Dammam USA Saudi Arabia T: +31 88 2202 200 T: +966 138 279 355 T: +1 248 430 6266 E: camiellokkerbol@jan.nl F: +966 138 271 668 F: +1 248 430 6267 W: www.jan.nl/en/ E: abdullah@bakodah.com.sa E: rajk@cascade-partners.com W: http://bakodah.com.sa/ W: www.cascade-partners.com Company languages: Dutch, Eng- Company languages: Arabic, Eng- Company language: English lish lish Contact person: Rajesh Kothari Contact person: Camiel Lokkerbol Contact person: Abdullah Bakodah Services: Corporate Finance, M&A Services: Advisory, Auditing & Ac- Service: Advisory Additional Office: Cleveland, OH counting, Tax Additional Office: Jeddah Additional Offices: Rijnsburg, Weesp, Zwanenburg Camiel Lokkerbol Abdullah Bakodah Rajesh Kothari WE WISH TO EXTEND A VERY WARM WELCOME TO OUR NEW DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS. GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
10 NEW MEMBER FIRMS United States SC&H Group 910 Ridgebrook Road Sparks, MD 21152 USA T: +1 410 403 15 00 F: +1 410 403 15 70 E: mmcgee@schgroup.com W: www.schgroup.com Company language: English Contact person: Mack McGee Services: Advisory, Auditing & Ac- counting, Corporate Finance, Tax Additional Office: Ellicott City, MD Searching for GGI member firms all over the world? Visit www.ggi.com! Mack McGee WE WISH TO EXTEND A VERY WARM WELCOME TO OUR NEW DISTINGUISHED MEMBERS. Contents
GGI INTERNAL NEWS 11 Ashwani & Associates featured as one of the 10 most promising taxation service providers in India GGI member firm Ashwani & As- tory, assessment, sociates, Chartered Accountants, was appellate, alternate named as one of the 10 most promis- dispute resolution, ing taxation service providers in India and tax planning & by leading journal Silicon India, with advisory services. wide circulation in the IT domain. It Besides its flexibility is regarded as the biggest producer of and wide horizon of technology news in India; the editorial offerings, the strict team reports on Business and Tech- maintenance of cli- nology news. ent confidentiality An expert panel of taxation industry with respect to sen- and financial gurus along with the Sili- sitive and privileged con India Editorial Board performed data has played an a diligent evaluation on the indus- instrumental role in try before listing the front-runners. Ashwani & Associ- The organisations listed are the ones ates’ curation of a which have distinguished themselves collection of loyal through the successful ideation and clients. ‘All data ac- implementation of practical ideas that cess and sharing is complement the market requirements done through ad- as well as cater to the end consumer. equately encrypted The new Goods and Services Tax data, conforming to (GST) regime offers challenges and the highest and lat- opportunities and makes it impera- est/contemporary tive for companies to have on-board standards, in addi- an accounting firm that can meet the tion to signing NDA demands. Addressing this fast-paced with our employ- environment Silicon India published ees,’ asserts Aditya, a directory of the ‘10 Most Promis- the third generation ing Taxation Service Providers – 2017’, partner in the firm. listing the companies which are offer- In the last quar- ing exemplary services in the industry. ter of a century, the Founded in 1948 by Late. Shri Mo- firm has evolved han Lal, a legendary tax practitioner, under the aegis of Ashwani & Associates boasts a lin- Sanjeeva Narayan eage of more than 75 years while of- (Managing Part- fering an entire bouquet of services ner) and Ashwani in terms of both Direct and Indirect Kumar, recording Ashwani Kumar, Founding Partner Late. Shri Mohan Lal, Taxes, including compliance regula- ...next page Aditya Kumar - CEO GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
12 GGI INTERNAL NEWS 20 percent annual growth on average with all the regulatory coordinates by over the last decade. Their combined sending periodic updates. GGI member firm endeavour has led to the firm’s cumu- ‘We believe in this simple analogy – Ashwani & Associates lative strength of more than 75 people pay your taxes but there is no need to Auditing & Accounting, Tax, Legal, (including nine partners), who handle leave a tip. We also serve our clients Advisory, Corporate Finance clients and their problems/issues in to ensure they are flying first class and Ludhiana, New Delhi, Mumbai, an effective, almost real time manner. not economy,’ asserts Ashwani. ‘We Chandigarh, India In order to further ease its clients’ ex- currently operate from four offices. T: +91 98554 00428 perience, Ashwani & Associates is de- As per our Vision 2020, we intend to W: www.ashwaniassociates.in veloping a comprehensive GST com- have fully-fledged offices in at least 10 Aditya Kumar pliance tool & guide, which will assist locations,’ he concludes. E: aditya@ashwaniassociates.in organisations in staying compliant The Lawyer European Awards 2018: Maravela | Asociatii , shortlisted for the Law Firm of the Year: Eastern Europe and The Balkans Award This is the fourth year in a row that GGI member firm Maravela | Asociații is recognised by the judging commit- tee of The Lawyer European Awards. This year the firm has been shortlisted for Law firm of the year: Eastern Eu- rope and The Balkans. This category was only open to inde- pendent firms headquartered in Alba- nia, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Montenegro, Romania, Serbia and Slovenia. Judges have paid attention to firms able to demonstrate that they have had an exceptional year, managing the pres- sures of the economic environment while maintaining high levels of client Gelu Maravela Alina Popescu service. They were equally looking for firms that can clearly articulate their the past year and planned investment. possessing strategic initiatives aimed at strategy and vision for the future, both Shortlisted firms had to prove their growing cross-border and referral work, in terms of significant developments in ability to operate in the global economy, both inbound and outbound. Contents
13 ‘Besides information related to port- work but also recognising the manag- side numerous premier European folio growth and continuous training ing partner of the year and holding a firms equally recognised for their work. of our team members, this year the distinct global in-house category), the The winners will be announced in use of technology and its application awards showcase the achievements of March, in London, during the awards to better customer service was taken firms to the rest of the industry. gala that will bring together more than into consideration. We understood The judging panel is comprised of 300 managing and senior partners to from the representatives of The Law- partners of top international business network and celebrate the most suc- yer European Awards that, this year law firms and in-house top manage- cessful firms in Europe. as well, there were many firms who ment representatives of multination- have entered the competition and sent al companies. The list includes big submissions. Congratulations are in names such as: Airbnb, Barclays, Bare GGI member firm order, to all the finalists. We are very Essentials (Shiseido Group), Dixons Maravela | Asociații happy with the result, that further- Carphone, Hohan Lovells, Mills & Law Firm more follows last year’s success, as Reeve, Mischcon De Reya, Navigators Bucharest, Romania we were designated the Law Firm of Insurance, Northrop Grumman, Or- T: +40 21 310 17 17 the year: Romania.’ Gelu Maravela and well Group, Osborne Clarke, PayPal, W: www.maraela.ro Alina Popescu, Managing Partners of Shoosmiths, Societe Generale, TLT, Gelu Maravela Maravela | Asociații. Travers Smith, TSYS International, E: gelu.maravela@maravela.ro Currently in their ninth year and Weightmans, Wolseley, Womble Bond Alina Popescu structured into 24 categories (by coun- Dickinson and WS Atkins. E: alina.popescu@maravela.ro try, region, types of deals and referral Maravela | Asociații stands along- Prager Metis enhances Corporate Partnership with the Alzheimer’s Association Team contributes over USD 120,000 in the second year Prager Metis CPAs, LLC, is proud to Co-Managing Partner David Neste had announce the successful continuation this to say: ‘We knew from day one we GGI member firm of our corporate partnership with the wanted our firm to support a cause, the Prager Metis International LLC Alzheimer’s Association. In 2017, Prager Alzheimer’s Association was a perfect Advisory, Auditing & Accounting, Metis International helped raise over fit and working with them has been an Corporate Finance, Fiduciary & USD 120,000 for the Alzheimer's Asso- honour.’ Estate Planning, Tax ciation. The partnership began in the Autumn Basking Ridge (NJ), Coral Alzheimer’s disease hits home for of 2016 and continued in 2017. In June, Gables (FL), El Segundo (CA), those of Prager Metis, as it directly af- Prager Metis participated in ‘The Longest New York (NY), White Plains (NY), fects many of our team members’ loved Day’, where all of our offices participated Woodbury (NY), USA ones including co-Managing Partners, with AC\DC karaoke parties in each of- T: +1 212 643 00 99 Glenn Friedman and David Neste, who fice as well as ‘Spin for a Cure’ and a W: www.pragermetis.com both lost their fathers to the disease this Chess Exhibition to raise awareness David R. Neste past spring. and funds. This past autumn Prager E: dneste@pragermetis.com On the beginning of the partnership, ...next page GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
14 GGI INTERNAL NEWS Metis continued the partnership by hav- fected by Alzheimer’s and other forms of ing teams walk in the regional ‘Walk to dementia. They are the largest non-profit End Alzheimer’s’. Prager Metis was rep- funder of Alzheimer's research; the As- resented in the Manhattan, Long Island sociation is committed to accelerating NY, New Jersey, Los Angeles, Miami and the global progress of new treatments, Westchester, NY walks, raising over USD preventions and, ultimately, a cure. Back 120,000 for 2017. in 1979, Jerome H. Stone and repre- Co-Managing Partner, Glenn Fried- sentatives from several family support man, stated, ‘Partnering with the Al- groups met with the National Institute zheimer’s Association has been incred- on Aging to explore the value of a nation- ible, our Prager Metis team members al, independent, non-profit organisation all coming together to bring us one step to complement federal efforts surround- further to finding a cure to this disease. ing Alzheimer's disease. That meeting We look forward to what the future has resulted in the 10 April 1980 formation in store.’ of the Alzheimer's Association, with Mr The Alzheimer’s Association works on Stone as founding president. Today the a global, national and local level to en- Association reaches millions of people hance care and support for all those af- affected by the disease worldwide. David Neste Wendy Stein promoted to Director in Intellectual Property Department GGI member firm Gibbons P.C. is her in her new role,’ said Patrick C. pleased to announce that Wendy R. Dunican Jr, Chairman and Managing Stein has been named a Director in Director of the firm. the Intellectual Property Department At Gibbons, Ms Stein focuses her in the firm’s New York office, effective practice on intellectual property dis- 2 January 2018. putes, primarily in the patent and ‘We are extremely proud of Wendy trademark areas. She has extensive and we look forward to working with experience litigating a broad variety of patent infringement and other mat- ters in the pharmaceutical and life sciences arenas, including matters re- GGI member firm lated to a variety of medications, and Gibbons P.C. SABAs used to treat asthma and/or Law Firm COPD. Ms Stein also has substantial New York (NY), Newark (NJ), experience litigating patent infringe- Trenton (NJ), USA ment disputes in the non-pharma T: +1 212 613 2043 area, including matters related to GPS W: www.gibbonslaw.com devices, gaming, hand-held devices Wendy R. Stein Wendy Stein and packaging. E: stein@gibbonslaw.com In addition, Ms Stein has litigated ment/counterfeiting disputes involv- trademark ownership and infringe- ing perfume, apparel, electronics, Contents
15 real estate and gaming. She has ap- nia, Florida, Texas, District of Colum- a Rule 36 affirmance of five separate peared before federal and state courts bia, Illinois and Nebraska, and before summary judgments concerning al- throughout the US including New the Court of Appeals for the DC and leged patent infringement, false pat- York, New Jersey, Delaware, Califor- Federal Circuits, recently obtaining ent marking and commercial claims. LUTZ | ABEL begins 2018 highly motivated After an extremely successful busi- ness year 2017 for LUTZ | ABEL law firm, the prospects are looking great for 2018 The GGI member-firm currently employs more than 50 lawyers and has been able to significantly expand its range of legal services. The client-oriented approach has not gone unnoticed in the past year. Besides top rank- ings in the practice areas of labour law, construction law and corporate law based on a survey published by the German news magazine ‘FOCUS’, five lawyers of LUTZ | ABEL were mentioned Dr Wolfgang Abel and Dr Reinhard Lutz amongst ‘Germany’s Best Lawyers’ in their respective fields of expertise by the of the next generation in their practice | ABEL. Founding and executive partner German business newspaper ‘Handels- areas. Dr Reinhard Lutz said: ‘Receiving these blatt’. These awards are the result of a However, the awards is a great feeling. It confirms that broadly based survey commissioned by highlight for LUTZ | we are on the right track.’ the US publishing house ‘Best Lawyers’. ABEL in 2017 came LUTZ | ABEL wants to thank its clients The law firm with its at the annual JUVE and business partners for their good co- head office in Munich awards ceremony. operation and looks forward to the up- has also been named The firm was nomi- coming tasks. a ‘recommended law nated for and won firm’ by ‘The Legal 500 the ‘Law Firm of the Germany’. Further- Year – Mittelstand’ GGI member firm more, LUTZ | ABEL re- award. Actually LUTZ | ABEL ceived a top tier rank- winning this award Law Firm ing in corporate law is the greatest hon- Munich, Germany and 18 lawyers have our in the law firm’s T: +49 89 544147-66 been mentioned as 23-year history. A second award (‘Law W: www.lutzabel.com recommended lawyers. Firm of the Year – Region South’) com- Dr Christian Dittert Two Partners were even pleted a wonderful result in recognition E: dittert@lutzabel.com honoured as the names of the hard work of the lawyers at LUTZ GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
16 GGI INTERNAL NEWS Henry L. Goldberg, Esq. appointed Chair of CMAA (National) Legal Counsel’s Committee Henry L. Goldberg, a Partner of Moritt moting construction management as Hock & Hamroff LLP and Chair of the a profession, as well as establishing its firm's Construction Law Practice Group, standards of practice. In addition, it pro- was recently appointed by the Construc- motes educational activities and advo- tion Management Association of America cacy on behalf of the CM community, en- (CMAA) to serve as Chair of its (National) hancing the professional development Legal Counsel Committee. In addition, of its practitioners. Among the CMAA Mr Goldberg was also appointed as an ad membership are some of the largest hoc member of its Board of Directors. construction enterprises in the country, The CMAA, based in McLean, Vir- as well as major public and private agen- ginia, has been at the vanguard of pro- cies dedicated to the highest standard of construction management. Mr Goldberg has served as legal GGI member firm counsel to the CMAA NY/NJ Chapter Moritt Hock & Hamroff LLP for over a decade and will be bringing Law Firm that experience to CMAA National. He Henry L. Goldberg Garden City (NY), New York (NY), stated, ‘I am indeed honoured to accept USA this challenge and responsibility at this recently appointed President and CEO, T: +1 516 873-2000 unique juncture in the CMAA’s history. Andrea Rutledge. I anticipate working W: www.moritthock.com After years of able leadership under the with Andrea and the entire Board for Henry L. Goldberg stewardship of prior CMAA President the betterment of the profession of con- E: hgoldberg@moritthock.com and CEO, Bruce D’Agostino, I look for- struction management throughout the ward to the new leadership provided by United States.’ New shareholders with accounting firm BHKCPAs We are pleased to announce that as shareholders with the accounting Millan, CPA, has over 20 years’ expe- Danhira Millan, Mark Gehring and Mi- firm of Barbich Hooper King Dill Hoff- rience with BHK. Her expertise is in chael Stevenson have been admitted man (www.BHKCPAS.com). Danhira accounting, auditing and attestation Contents
COMMON INTEREST 17 Danhira Millan Mark Gehring Michael D. Stevenson with an emphasis on employee benefit minimisation planning and strategies with an emphasis on agriculture and plans, special districts and non-profit for small businesses and family groups manufacturing. organisations. Mark Gehring, CPA, has over 14 years’ experience with BHK. His ex- GGI member firm pertise is in accounting, auditing and Barbich Hooper attestation with an emphasis in manu- King Dill Hoffman Danhira Barajas Millan facturing companies, special districts, Auditing & Accounting, Fiduciary E: danhiram@bhkcpas.com agricultural companies and mortgage & Estate Planning, Tax Mark Gehring banks. Bakersfield (CA) USA E: markg@bhkcpas.com Michael D. Stevenson, CPA, has T: +1 661 631 1171 Michael D. Stevenson over 10 years’ experience with BHK. W: www.bhkcpas.com E: michaels@bhkcpas.com His expertise is in tax compliance, tax The Game Plan: Litigation and Crisis Communications in the Digital Age By Richard Levick, CEO of LEVICK strategic and tactical; in other words, change how people receive and share companies must have both a game information? Both receiving and shar- Part II of a two-part series plan and a familiarity with the ever- ing are pivotal: receiving, for the ob- evolving digital tools with which that vious reason that democratised news In today’s digital age, it’s not just plan can be made to succeed. choices undermine the nearly three- the audience that’s changing. The In- It’s not about the newest gadgets or century-old Fourth Estate oligopolies. ternet itself is also constantly changing flashy social media platform, but rath- Sharing is equally powerful because to an extent that demands persistent er about separating the wheat from the how information is exchanged changes attentiveness to the actual means of chaff. Of all the hundreds of new media the equation. If news consumers can communication. The challenge is both platforms and hardware, which ones ...next page GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
18 COMMON INTEREST now share their stream of informa- This was precisely the sort of deci- tion, they have the power of William sive ‘event’ that should inform how Randolph Hearst (‘You furnish the lawyers and corporate communicators pictures, and I’ll furnish the war’) to go about their business. At a crucial develop and sway trends. The truth is moment during a litigation, crisis or usually only what people learn first. As other brand-impacting scenario, glob- the old saying goes: ‘A lie can travel al corporations and those who advise halfway around the world while the them must know not just what to com- truth is putting on its shoes’. municate, but how to communicate it. You concede the argument by ignor- Emotions, not facts, control the narra- ing seismic trends. tive and therefore jury pools. May 1, 2012 – The Three Lessons The Revolution Will of the Information Be Televised Revolution Richard Levick, Chairman and CEO of LEVICK On 1 May, 2012, these trends grew mented, so no one can game the sys- There are three critical takeaways ever more seismic when Google tem. But the 1 May, 2012 change was from this transformative shift in com- changed its analytics to give optimisa- historic because, for the first time, munications. While they may seem tion precedence to spoken versus writ- audio changed the game. Suddenly, obvious, they are indeed so transfor- ten content in search results. (If you videos could control the narrative of mative as to demand separate consid- want to keep something a secret, the a case or a controversy largely by con- eration. safest place is the second page of a trolling the search results. While the Speed – To say that the Internet has Google search result.) defence bar has still largely not figured sped up our lives is to repeat the pain- Changes in analytics happen maybe this out, the plaintiffs’ bar and activist fully obvious. Yet we usually miss the 100 times a year at Google. They are investors merrily control the narrative real lesson because we think it’s all always kept secret until they’re imple- in matter after matter. about doing the same thing, only fast- Contents
19 er; but that is a drastic misreading of pitching their side of the story? Who’s ever permanent; trust is now measured the fact and a sure-fire recipe for disas- hacking whom and what information in terms of days and weeks: Yesterday, ter. Speed really means that we can no has now become available? In all cas- you or your client might have gotten longer base litigation or crisis commu- es, as we discussed in part one of this the benefit of the doubt; today, not so nications strategy on being reactive. series, intelligence informs strategy. much. In a week or two at most, you We must now enter the far riskier, un- Forewarned is proverbially forearmed will be perceived guilty until proven in- familiar world of the proactive. There and everything else is guesswork. nocent. is no longer any time to be reactive Transparency – We all claim to be in Now more than ever, you have to use because minds are already made up by favour of transparency until we’re the your peacetime wisely and build a brand the time you have done so. one called on to be transparent. Then like Hershey’s or Harley-Davidson. This new proactivity doesn’t neces- our enthusiasm wanes. Information Such companies have armies of true be- sarily mean going first and it certain- leaks caused by hacks are veritable cer- lievers who know that problems are the ly doesn’t mean taking unnecessary tainties. The reason for the hack may exception rather than the norm. To as- risks. Agile proactivity entails instead have nothing to do with the litigation pire to this favoured circle, you have no the kind of in-depth and substantive in which a company is embroiled or choice but to build your trust bank now, risk assessment that informs you as to the matter that you’re working on. But before the litigation or crisis tests your what’s going to happen next. All com- once in the ether, the information is brand loyalty. Once the blockbuster law- munications strategy must be built fair game for anyone to exploit, includ- suit is filed, the lawyers need to ask the on the kind of risk intelligence that ing your adversaries. communications professionals what is gained from a far deeper dive than If you don’t want it public, don’t they are doing outside of the litigation Google searches or a discussion with write it down. Difficult advice to follow to earn trust in an environment where traditional enterprise risk management some of the time, but sound practice trust is no longer a given. professionals generally allow. We’re all of the time. If you have written it A proactive game plan, based on talking instead about the resources, down, if you’re running that risk for multidisciplinary reviews of data and human and otherwise, that can deci- whatever good business or legal rea- risk maps, executed and deployed to- pher the melody amid the proliferation son, anticipate in your contingency day, will protect you from having to be of digital noise in today’s world. planning how you’ll respond when the ineffectively reactive tomorrow. Oper- Bank scandals, fracking, offshore worst happens and when that written ating in an environment of fear almost drilling, sugar and thousands of other information is shared publicly from the always clouds judgement, which in matters and entire industries going least flattering point of view. turn can paralyse communications and south – for each of these momentous Anger – People are angry in ways we weaken the defence. shocks, there were key patterns evident have not seen since the 1968-72 period Part one of this two-part series can months or years ahead. You must look at the height of the anti-Vietnam War be read in Insider 92. for them; understand who’s saying movement. At times it feels like we are Richard Levick is Chairman and CEO what, from where and why. Who is the moving towards an 1856-1860 pre-Civil of LEVICK, a global advisory firm provid- first to tweet? What is the URL? Who is War environment. Trust is at a premi- ing a full range of strategic communica- funding it? Are they purchasing search um and your corporate ‘trust bank’ may tions consulting services to companies engine marketing advertisements? be overdrawn. Indeed, the five big tech and nations involved in critical high- Where is the information coming from? companies – Facebook, Apple, Ama- stakes issues. For a free copy of this e- What does relevant NGO fundraising zon, Netflix and Google – are moving book, from which this article is excerpted, cover? Who’s behind the video? To from gods to robber barons before our please email Richard Levick (rlevick@ which journalists are your adversaries eyes. No time on Mount Olympus is levick.com). Multilateral Instrument Signed By Bernhard Schwechel (MLI) in Paris. This is a product of the internationally accepted standards - OECD’s BEPS project and designed to faster than would be possible using On 7 June 2017, almost 70 coun- dynamically adjust a multitude of exist- individual bilateral negotiating proce- tries including Germany signed the ing bilateral double taxation treaties dures. so-called ‘Multilateral Instrument’ (BDTs) between member countries to ...next page GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
20 COMMON INTEREST What is at issue? relevant properties are located if the value of these shares or interests within the last 365 days prior to the First, the MLI implements various sale was based directly or indirectly minimum standards that were negoti- at more than 50% on real estate lo- ated in the context of the BEPS project cated in said treaty country (Art. 9 of as BDTs between the member states. the MLI). In addition to these minimum stan- ‘Permanent establishments’: Re- dards, the MLI also contains certain garding the list of exceptions, from rules for the adjustment of BDTs that now on only preparatory activities were also developed in the context of and auxiliary activities qualify as not BEPS. However, member countries creating a permanent establishment have certain freedom of choice in this (Art. 13 MLI; they can be determined regard as to whether they wish to im- based on the business model of the plement these additional rules in their respective total enterprise). BDT. ‘Mutual agreement procedure be- The countries are also entitled to tween the treaty countries to avoid select at their own discretion the BDT double taxation’ (Art. 16 MLI). Cur- Bernhard Schwechel that should be adjusted through the rently, mutual agreement proce- MLI (‘Covered Tax Agreements’). Thus, dures are already conducted by the cluded in the BDT with the USA – it the MLI does not create a situation Federal Central Tax Office. At the lends decisive power to agreements of complete harmony for the existing EU level, on 23 May, 2017, finance between countries, which are diffi- BDTs between member nations. ministers adopted a guideline for cult to achieve at a practical level. When the MLI was signed, Germany dispute resolution in double taxa- ‘Expansion of the concept of es- picked 35 of the currently existing 96 tion cases. Pending its approval by tablish ment to commissionaire BDTs (such as the BDT with Austria the EU Council, this guideline will be models and similar entities’ (Art. 12 and the UK). Conversely, 33 countries applied to tax years beginning from 1 MLI); Germany has expressed res- have selected their BDT with Germany January, 2018. ervations about this already prior to in order to implement the MLI. The ‘Compulsory fiscal arbitration pro- the signing due to anticipating that implementation of the MLI in general, cedures’ (Art. 18 ff.; to be executed foreign countries may increase the and of individual additional rules in within a period of three years subse- number of resident establishments, particular, requires that the other in- quent to unsuccessful mutual agree- thereby causing an outflow of taxa- volved treaty nation has also selected ment procedures). tion substrate from Germans to oth- to implement the MLI and/or the re- er countries. Rules that Germany spective additional rules. ‘Length of permanent establish- ments for construction and instal- Rules that Germany does not intend lation projects’ – Integration of vari- ous contractual agreements (Art. intends to implement to implement 14 MLI); there are already national regulations in the administrative principles for the apportionment of Germany has announced that it in- Germany has announced that it in- establishment profits (VWG BsGa). tends to implement especially the fol- tends to refrain from implementing es- The regulations, which expand the lowing conventions: pecially the following conventions: preamble of a BDT in that the latter ‘BDT intercompany tax concession’: ‘Transparent entities’ (hybrid enti- not only is supposed to prevent double A minimum holding period of 365 ties, Art. 3 MLI); this has been ad- taxation but also double non-taxation days is introduced as a prerequisite dressed already by the so-called due to tax evasion or tax avoidance for withholding tax relief on divi- ATAD I and ATAD II directives at the (Art. 6 MLI), were met in part with res- dends (Art. 8 of the MLI); this shall EU level, and Germany intends to ervations in Germany. The same goes not affect minimum holding periods implement them in the context of a for the implementation of the so-called (e.g. BDT Italy) that are already in ‘complete solution’. ‘principal purpose test’, according to place. ‘Entities with dual residency’ (Art. 4 which prior to granting treaty benefits, ‘Real estate companies’: Profits MLI); thus, taxation rights remain it has to be ascertained whether the from the sale of corporate shares with the country in which an entity’s benefits were one of the main objec- and partnership equity interests can executive board is located. An im- tives of the taxpayer agreement (Art. 7 be taxed in the country in which the portant exception to this rule is in- MLI). Contents
21 Where do we ment of ratification, if Germany does not already belong to the first five GGI member firm go from here? countries. By all accounts, ratification takes place in Germany after the par- FACT GmbH Steuerberatungsgesellschaft liamentary elections, so that the se- Wirtschaftsprüfungsgesellschaft At the OECD level, at least five coun- lected BDT will be implemented from Rechtsanwaltsgesellschaft tries have to first deposit their instru- 2019. Tax, Auditing & Accounting, Ad- ments of ratification. Three months The MLI has been issued in two visory, Corporate Finance, M&A, after the last instrument of ratification mandatory languages (English and Fiduciary & Estate Planning has been deposited, the MLI becomes French) and was signed in that form Kassel, Germany effective for these first five countries. by the federal ministry of finance as T: +49 561 316 686 0 Additional countries may join. well. There is only a non-binding Ger- W: www.fact-ks.de For Germany, however, the MLI is man translation. It remains to be seen Bernhard Schwechel implemented no sooner than three how Germany will handle this in the E: b.schwechel@fact-ks.de months after the deposit of its instru- context of the legislation procedures. Changes to the Taxation of US Corporations under the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act By Howard Bakrins fore 1 January 2023 (1 January 2024 for longer production property and certain 2018 brings in sweeping reforms to aircraft). Bonus deprecation amounts the US taxation of corporations. Among are phased-out after that date. Equally the many changes are lower corporate important is that the legislation also re- tax rates and changes to some corpo- moves the original use of the property rate deductions, as well as changes to requirement, allowing bonus deprecia- the taxation of foreign subsidiaries of tion to be claimed on purchases of used US corporations. equipment. The new tax legislation (H.R. 1), pro- Unfavourable changes to corporate vides for a flat 21% tax corporate in- deductions include a limitation of net come tax rate beginning in 2018, and interest expense to 30% of adjusted tax- it makes this new rate permanent. This able income for companies with aver- is a significant decrease from the maxi- age gross receipts of USD 25 million or mum tax rate of 35% prior to 2018. Un- more. The law also eliminates the Do- der the new law, the 80% and 70% cor- mestic Production Activities Deduction porate dividends received deduction are (DPAD), and makes changes to the tax reduced to 65% and 50% respectively. Howard Bakrins treatment of meals & entertainment, In addition, the corporate Alternative research & development expenditures Minimum Tax (AMT) is eliminated. corporations. (after 2021) and net operating losses. The new legislation also includes a The new law also provides for a The new law also establishes a ter- deduction of up to 20% qualifying busi- 100% ‘bonus’ deprecation deduction ritorial system for the taxation of for- ness income from pass-through enti- for qualifying property placed in ser- eign income that replaces the prior-law ties, such as partnerships, LLCs and S vice after 27 September 2017 and be- ...next page GGI INSIDER | No. 93 | January 2018
22 COMMON INTEREST system of taxing US corporations on whether distributed or not, will be sub- the foreign earnings of their foreign ject to a one-time US tax on the tran- subsidiaries only when the earnings are sition to this territorial tax system. Cu- distributed. The new legislation creates mulative deferred foreign earnings that GGI member firm a permanent tax exemption for US cor- are in liquid form will be subject to a Kutchins, Robbins porations on the foreign earnings when one-time 15.5% tax and non-liquid de- & Diamond, Ltd. (KRD) those earnings are distributed (provid- ferred foreign earnings will be subject Auditing & Accounting Tax, ed the corporation owns 10% or more to a one-time 8% tax. This tax can be Advisory, Corporate Finance, of the foreign corporation). Thus, with paid over an 8 year instalment period. Fiduciary & Estate Planning certain exceptions, repatriation of for- The one-time tax applies equally to both Chicago (IL), USA eign subsidiaries’ earnings by US cor- C and S corporations with foreign sub- T: +1 847 240 1040 porations will no longer be taxed in the sidiaries; however, S corporations in the W: www.krdcpas.com US beginning in 2018. US can elect to defer taxation on the cu- Howard Bakrins Generally, however, all cumulative mulative deferred earnings of their for- E: hbakrins@krdcpas.com post-1986 deferred foreign earnings, eign subsidiaries. French Wealth Tax on Real Estate modified in 2018 Written by Alexane Palide, faced the French wealth tax ISF (Impôt edited by Prof Robert Anthony de Solidarité sur la Fortune), which was a tax for French residents on the A New Year with new resolutions global capital of assets and only ap- and new rules! January is the time plicable on property in France for non- for adopting new ideas and this is es- residents. pecially so in the implementation of The new changes are for 2018, and amendments to the tax system ani- will have a direct consequence on fu- mated politically by the French gov- ture advice as the modification will ernment, as mentioned in their elec- tax real estate assets only. This new tion manifesto. tax reform maintains the principles of The French president Emmanuel the previous wealth tax as it concerns Macron once again proved his com- real estate values greater than 1.3 mil- mitment to these changes, when lion euros, with the same tax rates. presenting his wishes for 2018, by The originality of the IFI (Impôt sur announcing his intention to ensure la Fortune Immobilière) and the re- that his programme is successfully Alexane Palide strictions due to this modification will approved by the French government. have a direct effect on the calculation the French wealth management strat- of tax due. Regarding the deduction of IFI: a new egies. The necessity of knowing the debts relating to the real estate assets new laws is essential, especially if one (whether held by a real estate compa- version of the French has to plan in order to optimise and ny or directly owned), the new finance appropriately organise client’s assets. act introduces a cap on the deductibil- wealth tax? International ultra-high net worth ity of the borrowing. individuals, UHNWIs, are concerned The change will concern real estate about the impact of the taxes pos- with a market value over and above The application of the new financial sibly due. This is a challenging time EUR 5 million when this has bank fi- bill will have direct repercussions on for wealth managers. Certain clients nancing of in excess of 60% of the Contents
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