Evaluation of Agro-morphological and Pollen Parameters of M2 Generation of Capsicum annuum Exposed to Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI)
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American Journal of Plant Biology 2021; 6(2): 34-38 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ajpb doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20210602.13 ISSN: 2578-8329 (Print); ISSN: 2578-8337 (Online) Evaluation of Agro-morphological and Pollen Parameters of M2 Generation of Capsicum annuum Exposed to Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI) Kolo Josephine Teni, Falusi Olamide Ahmed, Daudu Oladipupo Abdulazeez Yusuf, Adebola Matthew Omoniyi, Abubakar Abdulhakeem, Gado Aishatu Adamu Department of Plant Biology, Federal University of Technology, Minna, Nigeria Email address: To cite this article: Kolo Josephine Teni, Falusi Olamide Ahmed, Daudu Oladipupo Abdulazeez Yusuf, Adebola Matthew Omoniyi, Abubakar Abdulhakeem, Gado Aishatu Adamu. Evaluation of Agro-morphological and Pollen Parameters of M2 Generation of Capsicum annuum Exposed to Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI). American Journal of Plant Biology. Vol. 6, No. 2, 2021, pp. 34-38. doi: 10.11648/j.ajpb.20210602.13 Received: April 15, 2021; Accepted: May 8, 2021; Published: May 21, 2021 Abstract: Morphological and pollen parameter evaluation of M2 generation of fast neutron irradiated capsicum annuum was carried out to assess the heritability of the useful traits observed in the M1 generation. Irradiated M1 generation seeds at the Centre for Energy and Research Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria using Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI) from Americium-Beryllium source with flux 1.5x104n.cm-2s-1 at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes exposure periods were collected from the Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology Minna. The seeds were raise in the experimental garden of the Department in Randomised Complete Block Design (RCBD) and assess for morphological and pollen parameter. The results of the plant height indicated significant difference (P
American Journal of Plant Biology 2021; 6(2): 34-38 35
preserve food, improve microbiological safety or shelf life plant was determined by direct counting and the plant height
when used alone or with other methods [5]. Food and was measured in centimeters (cm) using a ruler from the soil
Agriculture Organisation [17] reported that mutants level to the plant apex at two weeks interval. For each of the
generated through induced breeding worldwide have led to morphological parameters mentioned above, the mean values
the realization of about 2,700 useful varieties. Also, a fast per plant were determined for the Capsicum species. The
neutron irradiation has been reported by [1] has a valuable yield parameters determined were Number of fruits per plant
tool for developing useful mutants with high agricultural (NF), Length of fruits (NS), and Fresh weight of the fruit
potentials and economic values. Therefore this research (WF).
aimed at evaluating the sustainability of these useful traits in
the M2 generation mutant pepper. 2.4. Determination of Pollen Production
The pollen production test was carried out using the
2. Materials and Methods method described by [22]. Ten flower buds for each
treatment were randomly selected for the study. The flower
2.1. Collection of Seeds and Experimental Site buds were divided into two groups, each group containing
Mutant seeds of second generation (M2) of Capsicum anthers from five flower buds. The anthers were gently
annum irradiated at the centre for Energy and Research crushed with a glass rod in a vial of 1ml of distilled water.
Training (CERT), Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria using Fast A drop of the prepared sample was added to two counting
Neutron Irradiation (FNI) from Americium-Beryllium source area of haemocytometric slide (0.1mm in depth) and
with flux 1.5x104n.cm-2s-1 at 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes covered with a cover slip. Pollen counting was done on four
exposure periods were collected from the Department of randomly selected squares areas. The procedure was
Biological Sciences, Federal University of Technology replicated twice for each treatment and the average pollen
Minna and raise in the experimental garden of the grain amount per flower (P/F) was calculated using the
Department. formula below
2.2. Planting and Experimental Design P/F=Pollen count x 1000mm3/ 0.1mm3/5 flowers.
A total of 50 seeds of each mutant of different time of 2.5. Determination of Pollen Viability
exposure (dose) were nursed on 1 × 1 m nursery bed for a The pollen viability test was carried out using the method
period of thirty days. After the period of nursing, two described by [23]. 0.01g of methylene blue was dissolved in
seedlings of each treatment were transplanted into 10 10ml distilled water. 2g of sodium citrate dihydrate was
litres experimental pot filled with sandy-loamy soil to a added, stirred until dissolved and filtered using whatman No
graduation mark of 7 litres. Each treatment were 1 filter paper. The mixture volume was makeup to 100ml
replicated three time and arranged in a randomised with distilled water. Pollensof each treatment were placed
completely block design (RCBD). All agronomic practices prepared solutions with the aid of brush and the number of
were done when necessary and data were collected from viable pollen were counted after few minutes under light
three plants per treatment. microscope (X10 magnification). Pollen grains that were
2.3. Data Collection stained dark blue in colour were counted as viable while
those with a light blue colour or not stained at all were
Data on agronomic parameters were assessed using considered non viable. Approximately 300 pollens were
standard procedures of [7, 18]. Days to first emergence was counted in each field. Pollen viability percentages were
considered as number of days at which a seedling emerges calculated for each variety using the formula below.
above the soil level after sowing. The number of leaves per
Percentage pollen viability = X 100
! " # " $
2.6. Data Analysis difference (P36 Kolo Josephine Teni et al.: Evaluation of Agro-morphological and Pollen Parameters of M2 Generation of Capsicum annuum
Exposed to Fast Neutron Irradiation (FNI)
number of leaves per plant increased with increase in IEP in 25.35 and 46.95) respectively and were statistically different
the first four weeks, with 30 minutes IEP recorded the least from the plants with 90 and 120 minutes IEP (Table 2).
number of leaves per plant in week 2,4,6 and 8 (6.25, 13.85,
Table 1. Effect of fast neutron irradiation on plant height of MN/TA/001.
SAMPLE WEEK 2 WEEK 4 WEEK 6 WEEK 8
CONTROL 7.38±0.26b 18.63±0.87b 26.78±1.44c 33.05±1.53a
30 MINS 3.53±0.21a 11.80±0.97a 20.05±1.49ab 29.50±1.46a
60 MINS 6.43±0.49b 15.98±1.16b 24.95±1.19bc 30.98±1.02a
90 MINS 8.13±0.80b 16.88±1.46b 19.43±1.69a 27.70±2.20a
120 MINS 10.13±0.83c 18.98±1.97b 22.66±2.32abc 29.40±2.72a
Table 2. Effect of fast neutron irradiation on number of leaves for MN/TA/001.
SAMPLE Week2 Week4 Week6 Week8
Control 7.30±.26ab 20.35±1.38b 29.65±2.24a 47.05±5.64a
30 mins 6.25±.20a 13.85±1.49a 25.35±2.51a 46.95±6.68a
60 mins 7.10±.35ab 17.75±1.90ab 33.95±2.86a 49.95±2.77a
90 mins 7.70±.45b 21.05±2.34b 32.80±3.17a 59.00±7.05a
120 mins 8.05±.54b 22.40±2.84b 32.50±4.06a 53.80±7.13a
Values with same letter, in a column, are not significantly different at (P> 0.05).
3.3. Number of Fruits Per Plant (NOF) IEP (7.65cm) (Table 3).
Significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed in the Table 3. Effect of fast neutron irradiation on yield parameter of MN/TA/001
number of fruits per plant in this species of capsicum. Plants
SAMPLE NOF FWF LOF
with 60 and 120 minutes exposure periods recorded the
CONTROL 1.79±.26a 23.47±2.13c 8.30±.70a
maximum number of fruits per plant (3.13 and 3.00 30 MINS 2.79±.28b 13.89±2.99a 7.85±.60a
respectively) (Table 3). This value is statistically different 60 MINS 3.13±.45b 22.22±3.64c 7.65±.56a
from the control which recorded the minimum number of 90 MINS 2.60±.31ab 18.06±4.28b 8.65±.73a
fruits per plant (1.79). 120 MINS 3.00±.28b 16.68±2.17ab 8.75±.52a
3.4. Fresh Weight of Fruits (FWF) Values with same letter, in a column, are not significantly different at (P>
0.05).
In MN/TA/001 the maximum weight was recorded due to
the control (23.47g) this value was significantly different NOF-Number of Fruits per plant; FWF-Fresh Weight of
from all the other IEPs except 60 minutes IEP (22.22g); Fruits LOF-Length of Fruits
while the minimum weight was recorded due to 30 minutes
exposure periods (13.89g) (Table 3). 3.6. Pollen Production
3.5. Length of Fruits (LOF) Significant differences (P< 0.05) were observed in the
pollen production and viability of the Capsicum annuum. In
No significant difference (P< 0.05) was observed in the MN/TA/001 the plants with 90 minutes exposure periods had
length of fruits in MN/TA/001 though the highest length was the highest number of pollen production (79600.00), this
recorded in plants with 120 minutes IEP (8.75cm) while the value is statistically different from the control with the least
least length of fruits was recorded in plants with 60 minutes number of pollen production (Table 4).
Table 4. Effect of fast neutron irradiation on the pollen production and viability of MN/TA/001.
Anther/Flower Pollen/Anther Pollen/Flower %Viable %Nonviable
Control 10.00±0.00a 2568.00±483.88a 25680.00±4838.84a 94.63±1.11ab 5.37±1.11ab
30 mins 10.00±0.00a 3040.00±205.13a 30400.00±2051.34a 95.77±0.63ab 4.23±0.63ab
60 mins 10.40±0.40ab 8324.00±6234.54a 24800.00±5768.88a 92.68±2.24a 7.32±2.24b
90 mins 11.60±0.40c 7074.60±2200.22a 79600.00±23005.74b 96.78±0.77b 3.22±0.77a
120 mins 11.20±0.49bc 3235.80±293.40a 36640.00±4466.05a 94.19±0.39ab 5.81±0.39ab
Values followed by the same superscript alone a column, are not significantly different at (P>0.05)
3.7. Pollen Viability pollen viability (96.78), is statistically different from 60
minutes exposure periods (92.68±2.24a) (Table 4).
In Capsium annnuum (MN/TA/001), Plants with 90
minutes exposure period recorded the highest percentage ofAmerican Journal of Plant Biology 2021; 6(2): 34-38 37
4. Discussion
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