Development of a 0.5 kW class krypton HET in the Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
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Development of a 0.5 kW class
krypton HET in the Institute of
Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
Jacek Kurzyna, Serge Barral, Dariusz Daniłko and Jan Miedzik
Institute of Plasma Physics
and Laser Microfusion - IPPLM,
01497 Warsaw, Poland
jacek.kurzyna@ifpilm.pl
Alexandra Bulit and Käthe Dannenmayer
European Space Research
and Technology Centre,
Keplerlaan 1, 2201 AZ Noordwijk,
The Netherlands
Alexandra.Bulit@esa.inte
EPIC – Electric Propulsion Innovation and Competitiveness Workshop
25-28 November, Brussels
Institute of Plasma Physics and Laser Microfusion
… research in plasma physics PF-1000 experiment …
concerning
• inertial confinement fusion,
• pulsed high power technology,
• magnetic confinement fusion.
The most of ’s projects
is implemented within cooperation
in the framework of the fusion
programme of Euratom Community,
HiPER project and other European
projects: vacuum chamber:
D=1.4 m, L=2.5 m
U0 = 20-40 kV, E0 = 250-1000 kJ,
Isc=12 MA, T1/4 = 6 μs, R0 = 2.6 mΩ,
C0 = 1.332 mF, L0 = 15 nH
...KLIMT – Krypton Large IMpulse Thruster...
KLIMT is assumed to be a laboratory
Short description: model and a research tool
– the given design is modular and
should assure the operation in
• goal: evaluate krypton as several configurations
a cost-effective alternative
to xenon for Hall thrusters,
• thruster designed from the
ground up to accommodate
high thermal loads, high
mass flow rate operation,
• prototype development:
IPPLM+ESA/PECS contract
(from March 2013)
SDHC 1000 disposable cathode as
tested in IPPLM PF1000 facility
Financial support: IPPLM (2008–2012), ESA (2013–2016)
... design guidlines ...
Technical highlights:
„radial scaling” results in:
• nominal power: up to ~0.5kW,
• outer channel diameter: 50mm,
• channel width: 8mm,
• mass flow rate 1-2mg/s
Design details:
• specified external radiator
and inner heat guides,
• modular & flexible design,
• coils winded with Kulgrid HT
wire (Ceramawire)
... magnetic and thermal design ... Design optimization : • magnetic field configuration based on photographic scaling (with respect to SPT-100) and optimized with the “G-criterion” (color lines in the upper figure correspond to the measured B-field distribution) • thermal behavior: conduction-radiation modeling (using FEMM heat module and the CRATHER code) optimization of thermal bridges
... preliminary design assessment and
concept checking ...
HETMAn = Hall Effect Thruster Modeling & Analysis
an „ALL-IN-1” MODELLING TOOL in 1D
provide a fast, 1D Hall thruster simulation code
(1ms simulation == 1min CPU)
• very detailed 1D, time
dependent model;
• several 2d effects
included
• rich, configurable
output data set;
• cross-platform C++ code (Unix/Linux, Windows, Mac OS X);
Author: Serge Barral
Financial support: FP7 “HiPER” project (2009–2011), Snecma (2012)
... comparative analysis for Kr & Xe ...
Parametric calculations with the
use of the HETMAn code: axial profile of B-field as
measured in experiment
• 5-D calculation space spanned by:
UD, m , B 0, …searching for
LC = x c x a ,
• performance and
B Ch , B p = 2 B Ch • discharge
characteristics:
… assumed:
• fixed ratio of heat conductivity T, I sp , η,
coefficients: λ┴ and λ║
ID , PD , PW ,
• fixed values of the external electric
circuit parameters Te , ne , ν, etc .
... KLIMT – Kr-Xe HETMAn simulation (1/3) ...
Krypton
Xenon
Current-voltage characteristics Efficiency vs discharge power
… measurement campaign in EPL …
Ready for testing KLIMT as mounted at the ALTA 1-axis 200 mN thrust
stand in the hatch of CORONA vacuum chamber.
16 m3, Ø1=2 m, L1=4 m, Ø2=1 m, L2=1.5 m, p0=3.410-8 mbar N2, ~50 m3/s
... „hard and soft” ignitions ...
KLIMT's first ignition - “hard start” (frames as taken with the use of
a hand-held camera). Ud switched-on after magnetic field
testing
HWPES-250
cathode, “soft ignition” - magnetic field
B-field is off is switched-on after starting
the glow discharge... first results for xenon …
Basic KLIMT's characteristics v/s
time: UD , PD ,ID and dm/dt are
shown;
additionally, temperatures in different
regions of the thruster are depicted:
Tback, Tcover, Tfront, Tinn and Tout.
PD was kept not greater than 0.5 kW;
coil currents were adjusted to improve
discharge stability... probing operating envelope …
I-V and P-V experimental
characteristics for KLIMT's
operating envelope construction.
In the upper panel the values of
discharge currents as measured in
the experiment (larger symbols) have
been superimposed on the I-V curves
obtained from the simulation.
Most stable operation of the thruster
corresponded to xenon mass flow
rate of 1.1 mg/s... testing performance…
Experimentally determined values
of KLIMT's efficiency.
The experimental points
are superimposed on
the numerically obtained
curves.
Thrust and specific impulse
(multiplied by g).... KLIMT ‘s performance as measured in EPL …
dm /dt UD PD ID F Isp η
readout
mg/s V W mN S %
mA
1 300 245 818 12.1±0.8 1240 30
1 300 247 822 12.4±1.0 1270 31
1.1 300 271 904 14.7±0.9 1370 36
1.1 300 272 907 15.6±0.9 1450 41
KLIMT as dismounted
1.1 350 322 921 14.5±0.8 1340 30 from the thrust stand
1.1 450 456 1013 18.2±0.8 1690 33 after the campaign in
EPL. Deposited layers
1.5 200 267 1335 19.1±0.9 1300 46
and sputtered surfaces
1.5 250 331 1324 20.3±0.9 1380 41 are shown.... 2nd prototype to be tested in PlaNS Lab…
KLIMT 2nd prototype cross section and view:
• modified magnetic circuit (FeCo elements),
• modified shape of the BN insolator
KLIMT 1st prototype • modified cathode ensamble
ready to be inserted • modified anode ensamble suport
inside of the PlaNS Lab • modified radiator (surface, thermal contact
vacuum chamber and position.… IPPLM’s PlaNS Laboratory …
V~2m3: D=1.2 m, L= 2 m
vacuum facility Kr - 43 m3/s
manufactured Xe - 34 m3/s
in the frame Ar - 31 m3/s
of FP7
LμPPT
project
p0~3e-8 mbar
- forevacuum pump up 450 m3/h,
- TM pump ~3000 l/s
- cryogenic pump HSR (Balzers)
Velco Xe900; pumping speed:
- 36 m3/s for air and 93 m3/s for H2O....conclusion…
1. The results of the first KLIMT’s experimental investigations
in the ESA Propulsion Laboratory were presented.
2. The tests were limited to xenon propellant only.
3. Despite their preliminary character the experimental findings
correspond to the results of numerical calculations. However, a more
systematic examination of the KLIMT’s operating envelope is desirable.
4. The operating conditions of the thruster have not been optimized
experimentally yet and the recorded maximum values of the anode
efficiency, thrust and specific impulse may vary in the next tests.
5. The inner temperature of the magnetic coils was estimated revealing
values that are close to 300ºC after several hours of thruster operation.
6. KLIMT’s tests with krypton will be performed in PlaNS Lab in the
closest months.
...thank you for your attention…Appendix 1:
HETMAn’s simplified geometry vs actual...
1-D geometry used in the
the model
HET – schematic viewAppendix 2: HETMAn code – salient features • distinction between injected and • complete Ohm’s law with electron diffused population of neutrals, pressure term, • time-dependent electron energy • anomalous transport and self- equation, consistent near-wall transport, • time-dependent and gradient- • channel and near-field plume dependent electron azimuthal domain, momentum equation, • separate anode and gas injection, • orthotropic electron temperature • external RLC circuit, tensor (Teǁ, Te┴ ), • …
Appendix 3: HETMAn code – equations... neutrals: ions: electrons:
... KLIMT – Kr-Xe HETMAn simulation (2/3) ...
Krypton
Xenon
Efficiency & power lost to walls Propellant utilization and ion
vs discharge voltage current fraction... KLIMT – Kr-Xe HETMAn simulation (3/3) ...
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