COVID-19 Immunization: Myths, Facts , and Future Implications - Dr. Orlin Márquez DNP, MBA, APRN, FNP-BC
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COVID-19
Immunization:
Myths, Facts , and
Future Implications
Dr. Orlin Márquez
DNP, MBA, APRN, FNP-BC
• Differentiate DNA from mRNA as related to
their location in the cell and their general
function.
• differentiate between live attenuated virus,
recombinant, and mRNA vaccines.
• identify 3 different Covid-19 vaccine options,
Objectives
including two with current Emergency use At the end of this presentation,
Authorization (EUA) by the Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). participants will be able to:
• compare and contrast opposing views in the
vaccination movement and draw personal
conclusions.
page 2
• No disclosures to report.
• No financial commitments with any
organization, whether mentioned in this
presentation or not.
Disclosures/
• Due to the nature of the presentation’s
topic, ample time will be devoted to
Presentation Format
questions immediately following the delivery
of the content, however, feel free to ask
clarification questions, should you have any.
page 3
Introduction
• Pandemics • “Spanish Flu” vs Covid-19 (BioSpace, 2020)
• Definition: A disease prevalent over a whole • Spanish Flu
country or the world. ”. . .Infect people easily • 500 million people worldwide (1/3 of world population
and spread from person to person in an at the time)
efficient and sustained way.” (CDC, 2018) • 675,000 in US (although disagreement in figures.
• General agreement on mortality rate at 2%
• Past Pandemics
• COVID-19 (Worldometer Statistics, 2021)
• 1918—Influenza (H1N1)* • Worldwide (as of 2/24/2021)
• 1957-1958—Influenza (H2N2)* • 113,093,494 cases
• 1968—Influenza (H3N2)* • 2,508,775 deaths (3%)
• 2009—Influenza (H1N1)* • 88,708,217 resolved (97%)
• 2019—SARS-CoV-2 Novel Coronavirus**
*CDC, 2018 • USA
**BioSpace, 2020 • 25,595,003 cases
• 428,004 deaths (2.16%)
• New variants (CDC, 2021)
• --B.1.1.7 lineage (UK variant)
• --B.1.351 lineage (South African variant)
• --P.1 lineage (Brazil variant)
page 4
• Innate Immunity—present at
birth. White blood cells,
lymphatic cells.
• Acquired Immunity
• Passive—Mother to child, immune
Layman’s Immunology
globulins, convalescent plasma?
• Active—Through disease or
immunizations
page 5
Layman’s Immunology, Cont’d
• Influenza Virus vs SARS-CoV2 Virus (American Society
for Microbiology, 2020)
Replication of RNA Virus
From DNA to Protein
page 6
Vaccine Types (CDC,2018)
Subunit, Recombinant,
Live Attenuated Inactivated Polysaccharide, and
Conjugate
• Weakened form of the • Killed version of germ • Uses pieces of the germ
germ that causes the that causes the disease like its protein, sugars, or
disease capsid (casing around
• Usually does not provide
them)
• Create strong and long- immunity that is as
lasting immune response strong • Very strong immune
response targeted to key
• Contraindicated in • May need several doses
parts of the germ
immune compromise (booster shots) in order
to get ongoing • E.g., HIB, Hep B, HPV,
• E.g., MMR, Rotavirus,
immunity. Pertussis (Whooping
Varicella (Chicken Pox)
Cough), Pneumonia,
• E.g., Hep A, Flu (shot
Meningitis, Shingles
only), Polio (shot only).
page 7
Vaccine Types (CDC,2018)
Toxoids mRNA Recombinant Vector
• Targets the toxins • In the works since early • Utilizes another virus as
(produced by the germ) 90s (first success in a platform
rather than the germ 1993)(RNA Biology,
• Acts like a natural
itself 2012)
infection
• May need booster shots • More targeted
• Good at teaching the
replication of specific
• E.g., Diphtheria, Tetanus immune system how to
protein in the virus
fight germs.
• Needs a transport
• E.g., Johnson and
medium
Johnson Ad26.COV2.S
• Long lasting immunity
still being studied
• E.g., Pfizer & Moderna
Covid-19 Immunizations
page 8Myths and Facts (KelenandLockerdMaragakis,2021)
Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine Myth: The COVID-19 vaccine Myth: If I’ve already had
enters your cells and can affect women’s fertility. COVID-19, I don’t need a
changes your DNA vaccine.
• Fact: The two COVID-19 • Fact: The truth is that the • Fact: People who have
vaccines available to us are COVID-19 vaccine gotten sick with COVID-19
designed to help your body’s encourages the body to may still benefit from
immune system fight the create copies of the spike getting vaccinated. Due to
coronavirus. The messenger protein found on the the severe health risks
RNA from two of the first coronavirus’s surface. associated with COVID-19
types of COVID-19 vaccines Confusion arose when a and the fact that re-infection
does enter cells, but not the false report surfaced on with COVID-19 is possible,
nucleus of the cells where social media, saying that the people may be advised to
DNA resides. The mRNA spike protein on this get a COVID-19 vaccine even
does its job to cause the cell coronavirus was the same as if they have been sick with
to make protein to stimulate another spike protein called COVID-19 before.
the immune system, and syncitin-1 that is involved in
then it quickly breaks down the growth and attachment
— without affecting your of the placenta during
DNA. pregnancy. The two spike
proteins are completely
different and distinct. page 9Myths and Facts (KelenandLockerdMaragakis,2021)
Myth: Researchers rushed the Myth: The side effects of the
development of the COVID-19 Myth: Getting the COVID-19
COVID-19 vaccine are
vaccine, so its effectiveness and vaccine gives you COVID-19.
dangerous.
safety cannot be trusted.
• Fact: Studies found that the two • Fact: The COVID-19 vaccine • Fact: The vaccine for
initial vaccines are both about 95% can have side effects, but COVID-19 cannot and will
effective — and reported no serious
or life-threatening side effects. There the vast majority are very not give you COVID-19. The
are many reasons why the COVID-19 short term —not serious or two authorized mRNA
vaccines could be developed so dangerous. The vaccine vaccines instruct your cells
quickly. Here are just a few:
developers report that some to reproduce a protein that
• The COVID-19 vaccines from
Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna people experience pain is part of the SARS-CoV-2
were created with a method that where they were injected; coronavirus, which helps
has been in development for body aches; headaches or your body recognize and
years, so the companies could
start the vaccine development fever, lasting for a day or fight the virus, if it comes
process early in the pandemic. two. These are signs that the along. The COVID-19 vaccine
• The vaccine developers didn’t vaccine is working to does not contain the SARS-
skip any testing steps but stimulate your immune Co-2 virus, so you cannot
conducted some of the steps on
an overlapping schedule to gather
system. If symptoms persist get COVID-19 from the
data faster. beyond two days, you vaccine. The protein that
• Vaccine projects had plenty of should call your doctor. helps your immune system
resources, as governments recognize and fight the virus
invested in research and/or paid does not cause infection of
for vaccines in advance. page 10
any sort.mRNA
Recombinant
Vector
Current Covid-19
• Pfizer BioNTech (2
shots)
• Johnson &
Johnson—
Immunizations
Ad26.COV2.S (CDC, 2021)
• Moderna (2 shots)
• One (maybe
• Only two with FDA two) shot.
Emergency Use
Authorization (EUA)
page 111. Make a commitment to remain
informed.
2. Educate with your example:
a. Prevention strategies
b. Gently but actively dispell
misinformation
c. Advocate
Future Implications
3. It will still take time to return to
“normal”
a. Herd immunity?
b. New Normal
page 12Questions??
page 13Thank You
Dr. Orlin Márquez, DNP, MBA, APRN, FNP-BC
orlinmarquez@gmail.com
page 14References
Ashley Hagen, M. S. (2020, 10/27/2020). "COVID-19 and the Flu." Retrieved 01/24/2021, 2021, from
https://asm.org/Articles/2020/July/COVID-19-and-the-
Flu#:~:text=Influenza%20virus%20is%20comprised%20of,positive%2Dsense%2C%20viral%20RNA.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018). "Past Pandemics." Retrieved 1/24/2021, 2021, from https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-
resources/basics/past-pandemics.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2018, 07/2018). "Understanding How Vaccines Work." Retrieved 01/24/2021, 2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/conversations/downloads/vacsafe-understand-color-office.pdf.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021, 01/15/2021). "Different COVID-19 Vaccines." Retrieved 01/24/2021, 2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/different-vaccines.html.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2021). "Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variants." Retrieved 2/24/2021, 2021, from
https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research/scientific-brief-emerging-variants.html.
Kelen, G. D., M.D. and L. Lockerd Maragakis, M.D., M.P.H. (2021, 01/13/2021). "COVID-19 Vaccines: Myth Versus Fact." Retrieved 1/25/2021,
2021, from https://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/coronavirus/covid-19-vaccines-myth-versus-fact.
Terry, M. (2020, 04/02/2020). "Compare: 1918 Spanish Influenza Pandemic Versus COVID-19." Retrieved 01/24/2021, 2021, from
https://www.biospace.com/article/compare-1918-spanish-influenza-pandemic-versus-covid-19/.
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