Change in Climate and Socio-Economics Damages due to Natural Disasters: A case of Vietnam
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Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
Vol. 9(1), pp. 19-29, 2020
ISSN: 2354-2276
Copyright ©2020, the copyright of this article is retained by the author(s)
https://gjournals.org/GJEMPS
Change in Climate and Socio-Economics
Damages due to Natural Disasters: A case
of Vietnam
Bui Thi Nga
Faculty of Accounting and Business Management,
Vietnam National University of Agriculture
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article No.: 040720056 This article researches the changes in climate in Vietnam and its socio-economics
damages, based on data from Vietnam General Statistics Offices and recorded
Type: Short Comm
data from Vietnam Disaster Management Authority through the last two decades.
The results showed that, In Vietnam, the rainfall, the sunshine, the air temperature
varies greatly over the years and tends to increase in recent years while the
average air humidity has a slow downward trend. The highest and lowest water
Accepted: 08/04/2020
levels measured at the monitoring stations on the two largest rivers of Vietnam
Published: 13/05/2020 showed a large variation, with a significant decrease in the flowing water level.
Contrary to the declining trend of river water level, the mean sea-level tends to
*Corresponding Author increase slightly over the years. Change in climate is causing many negative
Bui Thi Nga impacts on this region such as droughts, landslides, erosion, storms, floods, etc.
The economic losses caused by natural disasters in Vietnam in recent years
E-mail: hieu0306@gmail.com /
showed a quite clear increasing trend and greatly and negatively affect the
btnga@vnua.edu.vn development of the country's economic sectors. Among the sectors damaged by
Phone: +84 (0) 91 88 39 181 natural disasters, agriculture suffered the most, and the level of damage tended to
increase over the years. Besides, natural disasters have caused many social
Keywords: climate change; losses in Vietnam, including human death, missing, and injured people; education,
health, transportation damage and impact on other aspects of life.
natural disaster; economic
loss; socio-economics
damages
Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 202020 Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
1. Climate change and its impacts on socio- (Habtemariam et al., 2017; Tai et al., 2014; Wheeler
economics aspect and Braun, 2013). The impacts of climate change on
agriculture in developing countries will depend on the
Climate change is the change in the pattern of extent to which agricultural production in those regions
weather, and related changes in oceans, land surfaces adapts to the influences of these changes. Climate
and ice sheets, occurring over time scales of decades change leads to particular losses in smallholder farm
or longer. Changes in climate can occur through both profitability (Tang and Hailu, 2019). Smallholder
natural and human-induced causes: (1) Global climate farmers in developing countries continue to face an
varies naturally over time scales from decades to increasing threat from climate change (Habtemariam
thousands of years and longer; (2) Human activities et al., 2017). These groups of people are among the
can also influence climate by changing concentrations most vulnerable to climate change having a warm
of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the climate and lower socio-economic status that limits
atmosphere, altering the concentrations of aerosols their capacity to adapt to the rapidly growing climate
and the reflectivity of Earth’s surface by changing land change effects (Ringler et al., 2010). There is a large
cover (Australian Academy of Science, 2020). variation in the degree of vulnerability to climate
Climate change threatens the cleanliness of our change among households in the same agro-climate
air, sea-level rise, depletes our water sources, shifts of zone. These differences are attributable to variations in
climatic zones due to increased temperatures and socio-economic household characteristics and the
changes in precipitation patterns, and limits food ability to access livelihood assets (Huynh and Stringer,
supply. It is also likely to increase the frequency and 2018).
magnitude of extreme weather events such as Around the world, climate change is increasingly
droughts, floods, and storms. The impacts of climate affecting the poor. Climate change limits food supply
change affect every country on every continent. and creates many challenges for millions of poor
They're creating unprecedented challenges for millions people. The impacts of climate change, and the
of people already burdened by poverty and oppression vulnerability of poor communities to climate change,
(Abeygunawardena, et. al, 2009). It is considered as vary greatly, but generally, climate change is
one of the biggest challenges the world faces today superimposed on existing vulnerabilities. It will further
posing a threat to many populations around the globe reduce access to drinking water, negatively affect the
(Habtemariam et al., 2017; Tai et al., 2014; Wheeler health of poor people, and will pose a real threat to
and Braun, 2013) food security in many countries in Africa, Asia, and
Climate change has led to changes in land Latin America (Abeygunawardena, et. Al, 2009).
characteristics, which have affected agricultural In many countries, women may be constrained
production. At the same time, it leads to abnormally by social and cultural structures that place them in
increased risks due to floods and sea-level rise, etc., inferior social positions, limiting their access to income,
affecting households' livelihoods, especially education, public voice, and survival mechanisms
households in vulnerable regions (Renaud et al. 2014). (Abeygunawardena, et. al, 2009). However, the
Therefore, the conversion of livelihoods for the poor, societal role of women and their contact with the
households in the regions prone to climate change are environment varies from community to community,
gaining much attention by many scholars, region to region and country to country and therefore,
policymakers, local authorities, etc. the specificity of vulnerability may differ from
The impacts of climate change on livelihoods community to community (Arora-Jonsson, 2011).
depend on the level of the disaster, its physical Akinsemolu et al (2019) have studied the
impacts on the physical environment, water, climate, contextual vulnerability of women to climate change in
etc. Climate change is a threat and a major influence Ilaje coastal region in Nigeria. Although climate change
on the work of people around the globe - especially the is expected to exacerbate vulnerabilities and deepen
poor, whose jobs depend on agriculture (Smith & existing gender inequities and inequalities, the impacts
Troni, 2004; Reid, 2004). The lack of water in will be unequally felt across geographical strata. The
agricultural production, the frequent occurrence of study shows that the specificity of the vulnerability of
floods, and droughts will cause major problems for women to climate change may also vary from
livelihoods, lives and health of people (Md. Afjal community to community and society to societies.
Hossain et.al, 2012). According to Kurt Klein et al. Economic, political, educational and environmental
(2015), climate change affects people's livelihoods in aspects are factors affecting the vulnerability of women
the following three negative ways: (1) through a natural to climate change. DeVoe et al. (2013) suggested that
disaster it can directly affect people's jobs and income; since women are the most affected by climate change,
(2) it leads to change in many sectors, services and they need to adopt a leadership role. Women can play
indirectly impacts employment and income; (3) the an instrumental role in protecting the environment by
serious disasters of climate change lead to migration, advocating for biodiversity conservation (Audu, 2013).
disturbance in the labor market, the consequences of Through their active participation, women may ensure
urbanization due to migration (clean water, housing, sustainable use of resources. Moreover, women also
health, health, employment, etc). contribute more in water resource management
Studies indicate that agriculture will be affected (Fakoya et al., 2007). International Care Organization
by climate change, limiting food production and reported that women in Vietnam will be affected the
threatening food security around the world most by climate change as they play an important roleNga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety 21
in taking care of food security for the family (Van Duc, change. This requires households and local
2015). There is a difference in rights and governments to be proactive and have solutions to
responsibilities between female and male farmers, livelihoods and livelihoods conversion of people in
leading to unequal opportunities and immobility for areas severely impacted by climate change. Qing and
females, making them more vulnerable to climate Maria (2018) emphasized that the way to reduce the
impacts and threatening to reduce their capacity to dependence of rural households in developing
adapt (Ylipaa et al., 2019). countries on climate-dependent agricultural activities is
Children are especially sensitive to changes in to diversify income and livelihoods for rural
the climate because they are physiologically and households. Huynh and Stringer, 2018 also proposed
metabolically less able than adults at adapting to the same ideas that diversifying livelihoods and
warmer and other climate change effects. Children's reducing poverty are important in contributing to the
still-growing puts them at higher risk of contracting resilience of households. Climate change response
diseases and succumbing to related complications due and household livelihood diversification could be
to lower functional immunity. Children are also more implemented by changing production practices and
likely than adults to be killed or injured during disasters technologies, diversifying livelihood systems,
(UNICEF, 2011). Lawler and Patel (2012) analyzed reallocating resources, restructuring labor, etc (S.B.
children's specific vulnerabilities to climate change and Thakur and A. Bajagain, 2019).
indicates that existing vulnerabilities are likely to be
exacerbated by continued climate change. Because 2. Change in Vietnam’s climate
children have unique perspectives of their
environment, they can be important actors in 2.1 Rainfall
enhancing community capacity to address climate-
related risks. According to the results measured at the
Climate change will increase the frequency or monitoring stations, the rainfall in Vietnam varies
intensity of some extreme events, such as extreme greatly over the years and tends to increase. The
heat events, flooding, droughts, and wildfires. During largest variation was recorded in Hue, with the highest
heat waves, certain risk factors can make some people level of approximately 4,500 millimeters (mm) while the
with disabilities especially susceptible to heat-related lowest amount was only a half (2,206 mm). Similarly,
illness and death. These include having dementia, the rainfall level was fluctuated greatly in Nha Trang,
depending on others for assistance in activities of daily as rainfall was changing up and down annually. The
living, having limited mobility, or not having access to average annual recorded rainfall was around 2,000
transportation. People with disabilities have had high mm, with the highest average level of 2,271.6 mm in
rates of illness, injuries, or death from these types of 2017 and the lowest was 1,675.7 mm in 2006. On
events (EPA, 2016). average, the annual rainfall increased by 8-12 mm.
Negative impacts of climate change force The highest average rainfall was also in Hue, reaching
people to find new livelihoods or move elsewhere to 3,223 mm. The lowest average rainfall was in Vung
live (Kurt Klein et. al, 2015). Adaptation and livelihood Tau, at 1,386 mm with the lowest rainfall level of 819
conversion are indispensable and mandatory for mm in 2006.
people in the areas strongly affected by climate
mm
5000
4500
4000
3500
y = 10.13x - 18391
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Lai Chau Son La Tuyen Quang Hanoi
Quang Ninh Nam Dinh Vinh Hue
Da Nang Quy Nhon Pleiku Lam Dong
Nha Trang Vung Tau Ca Mau Average
Figure 2. Rainfall at monitoring stations
Source: GSO (2020)22 Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
2.2 Sunshine 2011. On average, the number of sunshine hours
increased 5 to 8 hours per year. The highest average
The results measured at the monitoring stations also hours of sunshine were recorded in Vung Tau,
showed that the number of sunny hours in Vietnam reaching 2,580.5 hours per year, with the highest of
has fluctuated over the years. The average number of 2,938 hours in 2015. The lowest average hours of
sunshine hours at observation stations reached a peak sunshine were in Hanoi at 1,239 hours per year, and
of 2,174.5 hours in 2015 and the lowest was 1,731.4 in the lowest level was 909.7 hours in 2012.
Hours
3000
2500
y = 7,12x - 12398
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019 2021
Lai Chau Son La Tuyen Quang Hanoi
Quang Ninh Nam Dinh Vinh Hue
Da Nang Quy Nhon Pleiku Lam Dong
Figure 1. Hours of sunshine at monitoring stations
Source: GSO (202e0)
2.3 Air temperature Meanwhile, at Lai Chau monitoring station, the
measured air temperature tended to decrease
The air temperature in Vietnam has also the significantly over the same period. The difference
same tendency of slightly increasing in recent years. temperature measured at the monitoring station of
0
The average air temperature at the monitoring stations Vung Tau and Lam Dong was 9 to 10 C. The highest
o
of the whole country was 24.4 C. However, there were average air temperature measured in Vung Tau at
0
fluctuations in air temperature between regions and 27.9 C, where had the highest number of hours of
following different trends. At most of the monitoring sunshine while the lowest average air temperature in
0
stations, the records followed the upward trend. Lam Dong was recorded at 18.4 C.
0C
29
27
25
23 y = 0.018x - 11.819
21
19
17
15
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Lai Chau Son La Tuyen Quang Hanoi
Quang Ninh Nam Dinh Vinh Hue
Da Nang Quy Nhon Pleiku Lam Dong
Nha Trang Vung Tau Ca Mau Average
Figure 4. Average air temperature at monitoring stations
Source: GSO (2020)Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety 23
2.4 Air humidity for example, the recorded numbers varied in the
opposite directions in Lai Chau and Quy Nhon
In recent years, the average air humidity at monitoring stations, and in both regions, the measured
monitoring stations in Vietnam was around 81%, with a number did not follow a stable trend. The highest
slight downward trend. The measured humidity varied average air humidity was in Hue at 86.7%. The lowest
greatly, especially between regions. In some regions, average humidity was in Hanoi at 77.5%.
%
y = -0.0453x + 172.46
90.0
88.0
86.0
84.0
82.0
80.0
78.0
76.0
74.0
72.0
2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015 2017 2019
Lai Chau Son La Tuyen Quang Hanoi
Quang Ninh Nam Dinh Vinh Hue
Da Nang Quy Nhon Pleiku Lam Dong
Nha Trang Vung Tau Ca Mau Average
Linear (Average) Linear (Average) Linear (Average)
Figure 3. Average air humidity at monitoring stations
Source: GSO (2020)
2.5 River and sea-level relatively low level of 20 to 30 cm in recent years.
In the same direction, the highest water level
The highest and lowest water levels measured measured at Tan Chau station on the Mekong River in
at the monitoring stations on the two largest rivers of the South also followed a quite clear downward trend,
Vietnam, the Mekong River in the South and the Red with the maximum level decreased from 482 cm in
River in the North, showed a large variation, with a 2002 to the lowest level of 255 cm in 2015. The
significant decrease in the flowing water level. minimum water level fluctuated in the range from -23
Specifically, in the North, the maximum water level on cm to -56 cm, except in 2018, the minimum water level
the Red River measured at Hanoi station decreased measured was high at 35 cm. In 2019, the water level
from a peak of 1,201 centimeters (cm) in 2002 to a in the Mekong River was recorded as the lowest level
much lower level of 576 cm in 2015 (less than half of for the past 100 years. The water level of the two
the peak level in 2002). Similarly, the minimum water largest rivers in Vietnam tends to decrease due to the
level measured at this monitoring station also construction of lakes and hydropower dams (Trang Le,
decreased from 257 cm in 2002 to the lowest recorded 2019).
level of 10 cm in 2010 and 2011, then stabilized at a
cm Red river cm Mekong river
(Tan Chau station)
1400 (Hanoi station)
600
1200 Min level Max level
Max level Min level
500
1000
400
800
300
600
400 200
200 100
0 0
2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
-100
Figure 5a. Max and min water level of Red river Figure 5b. Max and min water level of Mekong river
Source: GSO (2020) Source: GSO (2020)24 Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
Contrary to the declining trend of river water level, the 275 mm in 2017. Meanwhile, the average sea-level
mean sea-level tends to increase slightly over the measured at Con Co reached the lowest level of 77.5
years. The average sea-level measured in recent mm, about 190 mm lower than the measured number
years at monitoring stations was different. The in Vung Tau, and the lowest level was 70 mm in 2017,
recorded number at Vung Tau monitoring station 205 mm lower compared to Vung Tau recorded
reached a peak of 270 mm with the highest level of number.
mm
260 y = 0.5438x - 913.87
210
160
110
60
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Co To Cua Ong Bai Chay
Hon Dau Bach Long Sam Son
hon Ngu Con Co Son Tra
Quy Nhon Phu Quy Truong Sa
Figure 6. Sea-level at monitoring stations
Source: GSO (2020)
3. Socio-economics damages due to the 3.1 Economic damages
changes in climate in Vietnam
3.1.1 Economic losses caused by disasters
Vietnam is predominately an agricultural country in Viet Nam
and is classified as one that will be most severely
affected by climate change (Dasgupta et al., 2007; The statistics on the economic losses caused by
Monre, 2016). Change in climate is causing many natural disasters in Vietnam in recent years showed a
negative impacts on this region such as droughts, quite clear increasing trend. Before 1995, the
landslides, erosion, storms, floods, etc. These negative economic damage caused by natural disasters to the
1
influences affect every aspect of the social life of local country was less than VND 2,500 billion . The
people, in which, households and ethnic minorities numbers were increasing, reached the highest level in
who depend mainly on agriculture are the most 2017, and the worst damage amounted to
vulnerable people. approximately VND 60,000 billion (around USD 2.56
million). The losses greatly and negatively affect the
development of the country's economic sectors.
1
VND is the Vietnamese currency. 1 USD = 23,400 VND
according to the official exchange rate of Vietnam.
https://portal.vietcombank.com.vn/Personal/TG/Pages/ty-
gia.aspx?devicechannel=defaultVND Billion
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
1987 1990 1993 1996 1999 2002 2005 2008 2011 2014 2017 2020
Figure 7. Economic losses caused by disasters in Vietnam
Source: DMA, 2020
The typical natural disasters caused the economic 99% of the total economic losses caused by natural
losses in Vietnam include: landslides at mountainous disasters in Vietnam. Table 1 also shows a tendency
areas, river and coastal banks; tides; freezing; drought; to shift from damage caused by the first group: storms
tornadoes; floods, waterlogging; storms, and tornadoes to the second group of floods and
thunderstorms, and lightning. The two main natural landslides in recent years. In the past, economic
disaster groups that caused great economic losses to losses were mainly caused by storm, tornadoes, and
Vietnam were floods, landslides; and storms, often concentrated in coastal areas. However, in
tornadoes, which often caused losses of more than recent years, losses due to rain, flash floods,
half of total damages due to natural disasters. The landslides occurred mainly, in many provinces and
losses caused by these disasters varied from year to regions nationwide, accounted for the increasing
year. Particularly, in 2013 and 2017, the damage proportion.
caused by these two disaster groups accounted for
Table 1. Major disasters caused economic losses
Storms, tornadoes and related
Floods, landslides
damages
Year VND Million % VND Million %
2018 12,322,662 61.61 3,766,179 18.83
2017 15,747,580 26.26 44,119,067 73.58
2016 5,858,243 14.75 11,943,892 30.07
2015 5,199,025 64.07 626,109 7.72
2014 175,880 6.22 1,957,210 69.21
2013 687,978 2.47 27,001,810 96.94
Source: DMA, 2020
3.1.2 Damages in the agricultural sector. of which one third was completely damaged. In the
same year, a number of cattle and poultry died and
Among the sectors damaged by natural disasters, swept away by natural disasters also reached the
agriculture suffered the most, and the level of damage highest of nearly 76,000 and 1.86 million heads,
tended to increase over the years. The agricultural respectively. The fishery industry was also severely
sector was losses not only in productivity but also in damaged by natural disasters in 2016, with a total 109
efficiency because production in the agricultural sector thousand hectares of aquaculture area loss. The
is directly affected by climatic conditions, including situation slightly decreased in 2017 but remained at a
sunshine, rain, drought, humidity, hoarfrost, river level, relatively high, with 677 thousand hectares of arable
and irrigation system. Statistics showed that 2016 and land damaged, nearly 70,000 cattle and 2 million
2017 were the two years recorded the greatest losses poultry died and swept away; over 60 thousand
in agriculture. In 2016, the total farming area damaged hectares of aquaculture damaged.
by natural disasters was 990 thousand hectares (ha),
Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 19-29, 202026 Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
Table 2. Agricultural damages due to natural disaster
Sector Unit 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Cultivation Ha of damages 441,081 268,797 496,341 990,619 676,970 311,092
Ha of fully
damages 139,839 33,650 30,273 304,697 27,712 47,278
Number of deaths
Animal and swept away
husbandry cattle 46,279 4,103 2,642 75,874 69,757 30,228
Number of deaths
and swept away
poultry 1,166,901 48,636 63,448 1,860,026 1,976,339 781,643
Aquaculture Ha of damages 103,344 1,071 5,714 109,341 60,391 12,740
Source: DMA, 2020
3.2 Social impact 3.2.1 Human being
Not only affecting the economic sector, but natural Every year, natural disasters caused many deaths for
disasters have also caused many social losses in Vietnamese. Although the number of deaths due to
Vietnam, including human death, missing, and injured natural disasters has been decreasing over the years,
people; education, health, transportation damage and on average, each year, natural disasters cause the
impact on other aspects of life. deaths of around 200 people in Vietnam. The greatest
number was recorded in 1996 with 1,128 deaths.
People Number of Deaths
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
Figure 8a. Number of deaths caused by disaster in Vietnam
Source: DMA, 2020 and Mai Trong Nhuan et al., 2015.
Besides the deaths, the natural disaster also caused disasters. The greatest human loss was recorded in
many missing and injured people. In recent years, an 2017 with 235 deaths, 61 missing people and 664
average of 30 people have gone missing each year injuries.
and nearly 400 people have been injured by naturalNga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety 27
People Number of Deaths Number of missing Number of injured
1000
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Figure 8a. Human effected by disaster in Vietnam
Source: DMA, 2020
3.2.2 House damages than 8000 houses completely collapsed, 358 thousand
the house was partially damaged, 230 thousand
Natural disasters have also negatively affected the houses were submerged in water. This greatly affects
living condition of the Vietnamese. Every year, natural the lives and activities of people. On average, each
disasters caused many difficulties for people with house has 4 people living, the total number of people
house damage or waterlogging. In addition to the affected by no houses or houses damaged, flooded up
greatest economic loss, with many people dead, to 2.4 million people, equivalent to 2.5% of the
missing and injured, the natural disasters caused great population of Vietnam.
damage to the living condition of people, with more
Table 3. Numbers of housed damages caused by the disaster in Vietnam
Kind of damage 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
Fully damaged 12.185 1.985 1.242 5.431 8.166 1.987
Partialy damaged 305.189 24.412 15.546 119.027 357.919 22.021
In flooded 588.246 18.346 19.687 245.970 230.220 81.508
Source: DMA, 2020
3.2.3 Other damages Similarly, in the same year, natural disasters
damaged 22 clinics and hospitals. Many others were
Natural disasters also had negatively affected and submerged in water, of which, 4 clinics were
caused great damage to other economic sectors in submerged in water less than 1 meter, 4 clinics were
Vietnam such as education, healthcare system, submerged in water from 1 to 3 meters, and 4 clinics
culture, communication systems; transportation were submerged in water more than 3 meters.
system, irrigation and other fields in the economy. For Besides, many pieces of healthcare equipment, drugs
an instant, in 2018, in the educational sector, natural and medical supplies valued of VND 1.65 billion were
disasters imposed negative impacts on 456 schools at destroyed. Natural disasters also damaged 65 cultural
all levels from kindergartens to universities; 325 heritages and 127 cultural and historical relics and
classrooms were damaged, of which, one third were many pieces of cultural equipment worth VND 1,9
completely damaged; 154 classrooms were billion in 2018. Natural disasters destroyed more than
submerged in water, of which 102 classrooms were 1,101 km of embankments, quai and ditches in the
submerged in water less than 1 meter, 35 classrooms irrigation systems; 718 km of roads in the
were submerged in water from 1 to 3 meters, and 10 transportation system; damaged 4 communication
classrooms were submerged in water more than 3 stations, collapsed and broke 390 antenna and 1,639
meters. In addition, natural disasters also damaged electricity poles, broke off 31,970m of electric wire.
many pieces of educational equipment with a value of
VND 3.6 billion.28 Nga / Greener Journal of Environmental Management and Public Safety
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