Carbon Minus Project Kameoka in Kyoto - 10th Oct. 2010 Akira Shibata Ph.D.(Policy Science) - International Biochar Initiative
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Carbon Minus
Project
＠Kameoka in Kyoto
10th Oct. 2010
Akira Shibata Ph.D.(Policy Science)
Ritsumeikan Univ.
Regional Information Research Center
Chair Professor
GHG Mitigation
by utilization of biochar
Sustainable rural
development through Carbon
Capture & Storage (CCS)by
biochar in farmland
2
Carbon Flow
GHG absorption
SEA
energy
Fermentation Carbon Neutral circulation
Pyrolysis
photosynthesis
Carbonization
Biomass SEA
Forest PLANT
Animal/Plant
Out put In the sea
In put （Sequestration) On the land Surface on the earth
Inorganic carbon Underground in the earth
= Char
Fossil Fuel Carbon stock
Please consider ・・・・・
Though previous Japanese Minister declared that
we will decrease 25% of CO2 emission by 2020,
Where has the another 75% of CO2 gone?
Even 25% mitigation,
the balance 75% still make
continuously CO2 increase !
Carbon Minus Scheme
Carbon Neutral
Total quantity of carbon is
stable in the long term view.
Disposal of
biomass
photo
systhesis
CO2 BIOMASS
Surface of in atmosphere
the earth decomposition
Under Carbon Capture & Storage
ground
Stable storage
Fossil energy
OFFSET in underground and sea
Carbon plus Carbon Minus
Merit of carbon minus
by biomass carbonization
■Carbon minus by carbonization
○ Low economical and environmental cost
due to availability of regional processing
○Low technical barrier,
applicable to under developing countries
○ Applicable at rural area
like farming village, city,river,lake,mountains
○ Easy to measure the quantity of CO2
storage
Big possibility of world wide spread as cheep and
easy CCS technique
Carbon Minus Project
Reducing GHG
Reducing GHG on a global scale is
needed and carbon sequestration
with biochar has the potential to
continuously sequester carbon
if it is part of a sustainable, regional
socio-economic system.
Model of rural area
Socio-Economical scheme
Monetary influx
Adaptation Carbon
& Capture &
Mitigation Storage by
for CO2 Branded Agricultural product Biochar
City Rural
area area
Carbon trade
8
（1）
Scheme of
Carbon Minus Project
9
Carbon Minus Project
Unused biomass
at rural area
Disposed biomass
Consumer
Fermentation
Carbonization
Unused
Retailing biomass
Big company
which is capped Agri-fishery- products Char sales
by CO2 Farmer Fisher
emitting Constructor
Carbon credit
Record
Carbon Credit
Physical usage of char such as into soil or
application water(carbon sequestration)
Soil richer・Water purifizer ・Sea-grass plate
Local government/NGO
/JBA?? verification Increment of Carbon stock（2）
Researches of
Carbon Minus Project
12(1) Carbonization
Carbon Minus Project
Abandoned bamboo forestHow to Carbonize
simply!
Low Cost
High Efficiency!Carbon Minus Project Preparing biomass for carbonization
Char-making bowl “Modified Pit Method”
Carbon Minus Project
Igniting dry feedstock
using dry leaves & woodchipsCarbon Minus Project A little smoke before heating up (especially non-dried bamboo)
Carbon Minus Project Burn and carbonize
Carbon Minus Project
(Smokeless Carbonizing Kiln)Carbon Minus Project
Charging feedstock
Whirlpool of high temperature air(vertical
convection)
It is better to use dry feedstock. Charge
continuously, setting as cross over to get air inflow.Carbon Minus Project
Almost final part of carbonization
Un charred
material
When Char is produced
up to the top surface of carbonizing bowl,
stir them by long iron stick to carbonize completely.Carbon Minus Project Pour water
Carbon Minus Project Take out from carbonizing Bowl
Carbon Minus Project
charred product(bamboo biochar)
As bamboo char usually contains a little bigger volume of
potassium, depending on kinds of vegetables, it is better to
put outside to wash potassium out by rain fall.Carbon Minus Project Important points of this carbonizing method ・Choose dry feedstock for carbonization ・Charging method should be considered to take air in easier
Carbon Minus Project
Table 1. Capacity of carbonization
Date of experim ent Jul.9 Jul.16 A ug.17 Jan.31 M ay.11
(2009) Total A ve
Num ber of batchs 1st-2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd 1st 2nd
Input of biom ass
818.0 291.7 447.5 140.0 334.1 206.8 334.2 395.2 423.3 3391
（kg）[A ]
B iochar yield （kg ）
410.2 113.5 141.6 88.1 118.5 74.9 65.8 140.5 164.4 1318
[B]
Non-carbonized
exist exist exist exist exist exist exist exist exist
m atter
M oisture content
46.98
of biom ass（%）
M oisture content
67.84
of biochar （%）
Dried biochar yield
131.9 36.5 45.5 28.3 38.1 24.1 21.2 45.2 52.9 424
（kg）[C ]
C harring ratio
(including
50.15 38.91 31.64 62.93 35.47 36.22 19.69 35.55 38.84 43.82
m oisture) （% ）
[B/A ]
Dried biochar
yield/Input of
16.13 12.51 10.18 20.24 11.41 11.65 6.33 11.43 12.49 14.00
biom ass （ % ）
[C /A ]
Ratio of carbon（%） 81.53 86.87
C arbonizing tim e
398 108 167 58 115 85 325 258 193 1707
（m inute）Over the course of a five day period, 3391kg of bamboo (1798kg of dry weight) was charred and doused with water to produce 1318kg of biochar (423.7kg dry
Carbon Minus Project
Charring Result
Total of a five day period,
Feedstock(bamboo):3,391kg (actual weight)
1,798.0kg ( dry weight)
Biochar produced:1,318kg (doused w/water)
423.7kg (dry weight)
Moisture content:67.84% (average)
due to dousing
Carbonized ratio : 38.86%(wet/wet)
23.53%(dry/dry)
Ratio of carbon: 84% (average)(2)
Char-Compost
&
Field TestKameoka Compost
Center
Experiment for
composting
facilitation test using
Char on Oct.09,2008Kameoka Compost
Center
Experiment for
composting
facilitation test using
Char on Oct.09,2008Kameoka Compost
Center
Char-Compost
Production
Oct.22・23,2008Nov.4,2008 Spreading char compost to Experimental field（wheat）
Nov.4,2008 Spreading char compost to Experimental field（wheat）
Dec.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat）
Dec.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat）
Dec.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat）
Carbon Minus Project
Wheat：Nourin61）
堆肥（2.25t/10a)のみ 堆肥＋炭（1t/10a)
堆肥＋炭（2t/10a) 堆肥＋炭（4t/10a)
In case of charcoal spot according to large char contents, wheat was suppressed to fall down. And, it was
found to increase Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhiza.Carbon Minus Project
Experiment for the effect of growing vegetable
Wheat：nourin No.61 地域の小学生が参加したムギ踏み
ムギの坪狩りの様子
Participation of
elementary school pupil
environmental educatioCarbon Minus Project
Paddy Rice：HINOHIKARI
堆肥（2.25t/10a)のみ 堆肥＋炭（0.5t/10a)
堆肥＋炭（1.0t/10a) 堆肥＋炭（2.0t/10a)
No typical differenceCarbon Minus Project
Welsh onion
堆肥（2.25t/10a)のみ 堆肥＋炭（0.5t/10a)
堆肥＋炭（1.0t/10a) 堆肥＋炭（2.0t/10a)
No typical difference(3)
Measuring GHG
&
the growth of plantExperiment of GHG emission &
effect of biochar
• GHG emission
Measure GHG(N2O, CH4, CO2)
When using biochar,
how much discharging of GHG from siol?
• Effect of growing vegetable
Measure weight & volume
How is microorganism?実験圃場図面
CM-1 compost + bamboo powder
Measuring zone CM-2 compost + char 1ｔ（2 lines）
CM-3 compost + char 2ｔ（2lines）
of GHG emission CM-4 compost + char 0.5ｔ（2 lines）
CM-5 compost + char 1ｔ（2lines）
CM-6 compost + char 2ｔ（2lines）
Experiment for the effect of growing vegetableCarbon Minus Project
(1)
Measuring
GHG emissionPlots of experiment
Ａ～Ｃ no growth
Ａ：no compost(control)
Ｂ：only compost
Ｃ：compost + char 3 ｔ/10a
Ｄ、Ｅ growth of cabbage
Ｄ：only compost
Ｅ：compost + char 3ｔ/10aCarbon Minus Project
炭素隔離実験(GHG measuring)
圃場設計の様子
炭堆肥の散布(09/09/01)
実験圃場の様子（09/09/10）
小型トラクターでの耕うん(09/09/01)炭素隔離実験の様子
プロット作成中
実験圃場
チャンバーCarbon Minus Project Measuring for GHG & C/N During the experimental period（112days）, 88%(w/w) of carbon was remained at the plot of compost, and about 70% of carbon at the plot of compost-char. The sequestered volume was 0.27tC/10a and 2.17tC/10a.
Carbon Minus Project
(2)
Examining the growth
effects of biochar with
varying treatments on
cabbageCarbon Minus Project
Experimental treatment (Table3)
PLOT CM-6 CM-5 CM-4 CM-3 CM-2 CM-1 T-1
Bio char ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ × ×
Volume/0.1ha 17.1M3 8.6M3 4.29M3 17.1M3 8.6M3 0.0M3 0.0M3
Weight/0.1ha 4.3ton 2.1ton 1.0ton 4.3ton 2.1ton 0.0ton 0.0ton
Carbon weight 3.00ton 1.50ton 0.75ton 3.00ton 1.50ton 0.00ton 0.00ton
(ton-C/0.1ha)
Compost 5M3/0.1ha ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○ ○
Chemical Fertilizer 120kg/0.1ha ○ ○ ○ × × × ○
＊Please revise 2nd paragraph of Table3 at my paper
to “weight/01.ha” instead of “volume /01.ha” as same as above.
And, also change the figure unit to “ton” instead of “M3”Carbon Minus Project
Cultivation details
Site 0.2 ha; Hozu town, Kameoka City,
Kyoto Prefecture Japan,
Growth Period Aug.2009 － Jan.2010
Product Cabbages
Average amount of carbon 1.1ton/0.1ha
sequestered by Biochar
Charged material into Mix of compost (Cow manure, rice
agricultural field husks) and biochar
Biochar material Bamboo and food residue
Biochar carbon content About 80%（at least 70%)Field of Cabbage Spreading of
char-compost
Seed bed of cabbageCarbon Minus Project
Experiment on vegetable growth effects
Char-compost (09/09/01)
After spreading (09/09/01)
Spreading of char-compost (09/09/01)Carbon Minus Project
Cabbage：(koikaze)
Compost（2.25t/10a) only Compost (2.25t/10a) +char（1.07t/10a)
CM-1 CM-4
compost（2.25t/10a) +char（2.14t/10a) compost（2.25t/10a) ＋char（4.29t/10a)
CM-5 CM-6Carbon Minus Project
Carbon Minus Project From these experiments, the following data was recorded Weight w/o root(kg） edible weight（kg） height（cm） diameter（cm） circumference（cm). And statistical analysis (T-test) was performed on: (1)The difference between T-1:CM-4,-5,-6 (no biochar vs. biochar and chemical fertilizer). No significant difference was found between T-1 and CM-4,-5,-6 (P≦0.05)
Carbon Minus Project
(2) The difference between CM-1:CM-2,3
(no biochar vs biochar with no chemical fertilizer).
There was significant difference between CM-1 and
CM-3 (P≦0.05) in the edible portion (Table 4)
only.
(Table4)
Section A bove-ground part （㎏） circum ference
height（cm ） diam eter（cm ）
num ber T otalw eight Edible part （cm ）
C M =1 1.75±0.07 0.79±0.05 12.5±0.41 15.8±0.40 50.6±1.12
C M =3 2.29±0.10 1.21±0.07 14.6±0.37 18.0±0.35 57.9±1.07
P-num ber 0.11 0.04＊ 0.25 0.28 0.27Carbon Minus Project
(3) The difference between
CM-2:CM-5 and CM-3:CM-6
(biochar without chemical fertilizer
vs.
biochar with chemical fertilizer)
No significant difference was found between CM-2:CM-
5 and CM-3:CM-6 (P≦0.05).Carbon Minus Project In addition, empirical analysis showed that the amount of lateral root and root hair growth was greater for biochar-cultivated cabbages. Further experimentation taking into account more technical (feedstock and biochar production characteristics) and environmental factors (regional characteristics in climate and soil) is recommended.
Carbon Minus Project
Conclusions
The results of these experiments suggest that
biochar production from a simple method is
economically viable and among the cases of
cabbages with varying treatments, no highly
significant differences were found.
Therefore, using biochar had no negative
effects.(4) Eco Brand Marketing “Cool Vege”
Carbon Minus Project Experimental sale of “Cool Vegetables” (CV) Materials for sales
の
ぼ
り
デ
ザ
イ
ン
案
に
CO 2削減
畑に閉じ込め 貢献する野菜
炭素(C)の塊 栽培すること
で
である炭をVegetable Char Bury in soil for climate change 炭素 (C) の塊 畑に 閉じ込め CO 2 削減 に である 炭を 栽培 することで 貢献する 野菜
Carbon Minus Project
農産物エコブランド化実験 (ECO-Brand sale experiment)
製品開発(Processed product)
キャベツのコールスローサラダ（左）、 シーザーサラダ（上）、
ローストチキンと温野菜サラダ（右） えびとパスタのカラフルサラダ（下）
つぶつぶコーンサラダカップ（左）、 販売店舗視察中
オクラと蒸鶏のサラダカップ（右）Questionnaire
写真21：アンケート調査の実施
写真22:アンケート調査の実施
＠Coop Kobe 69biochar
Unused bamboo
while forest maintenance
Consumer
sale
Cool vegetable
Wholesale
& retail
Farmer
Decreased chemical+
char=Carbon minus ⇒
ECO brand
“COOLVEGEGETABLE”(5) Eco Education For rural development
Feb.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat） Stepping by children
as environmental educationFeb.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat） Stepping by children
as environmental educationFeb.18,2008 Experimental field（wheat） Stepping by children
as environmental educationECO-Education: Pages from the “Dr. Cool Vegetable” children’s book 企画：龍谷大学LORC 協力：NPO法人地域予防医学推進協会 絵・構成：佐川明日香、文：藤田和世 75
ECO-Education: Pages from the “Dr. Cool Vegetable” children’s book
Strategy for rural marketing
through education
企画：龍谷大学LORC
協力：NPO法人地域予防医学推進協会
絵・構成：佐川明日香、文：藤田和世Agricultural Field at primary school
Education through Children book at junior high school
77Carbon Minus Project
Thank you!
For your not sleeping!Necessary condition for
Carbon Minus Project
①Set the capping of CO2 emission(CO2 tax)
②Certification system of carbon credit
A)Measuring the quantity of Carbon storage,
and its confirmation
B)Distribution of carbon credit
in carbon market
Cap & TradeCarbonization
& compost Sale of
carbon sink certificate
industry
sale Carbon sink business sale CO2 emitting
Company
Compost
＊Afforestation
+char
＊CO2 injection into Sea & underground
＊Physical use of char
Soil amendment
Water purifier
Plant plate
Monitoring company Broker
Issuing of carbon sink certificationＳｕｓｔａｉｎａｂｌｅ and circular ｓｏｃｉａｌ ｓｙｓｔｅｍ
Carbon credit trade between rural area and city
consumption Carbonization industry using
unused biomass
Rural circular system Char
Agriculture
Food industry Fishery
Processed products Agri-, Fishery products
Carbon credit
Big city
Rural Eco-brand CO2
Penetration to city emitting
CompanyCarbon Minus Project
Biomass recycle（地廃地活・地産地消）&
Rural united brand
consumption
Processed food Unused biomass
地廃地活 Recycling industry
Restaurant Food
Carbonization
Retailer Sight- United service mark Composting
seeing industry
地産地消
Agri, fishery Recycled biomass
products （Char/compost）
Agriculture/ fishery＋Carbon credit（5）-3
Issues for Carbon
Minus Project
83Issues for Carbon Minus Project
①Economical view of Carbonization
＊Use disposal waste which is unused biomass
＊Combined facilities of carbonization, composting,
keeping for livestock
＊ Logistics of raw biomass materials
②LC-CO2 & Environmental sustainability
(The issue of total biomass・・afforestation
③Quality control of biochar④New application development of char
Organic matter Thermal energy
Carbon
Fuel neutral
carbonization
Physical
use
char Soil amendment
Water purifier
Safeｔｙ Carbon
Utility Moisture controller sink
Specifications Sea weed plate
for application（5）-4
Trial calculation of
carbon sink quantity at
Carbon Minus Project
86Economical benefit of biomass carbonized
product(char) at the field of agricultural
area
■Standard charging char volume per year：
250kg(100kgC/10a)（1000m2×0.2m（cultivation depth）×0.25％（ｖ/ｖ）ｘ
0.5(Specific G.）=250kg)
■carbon content：80％ as average at dry base
■water content：50％
Quantity of carbon CO2 economical value
sequestration by 917kg of CO2/10a/year=\1423
（ CO2 emission price: €13.67/t ＝￥1552 at EU on
biomass char 250kg 26.07.2010）
carbon250kg÷（12/44） JP|\113.56= €1.00
＝917kg(CO2)
Yearly sales amount of 10a
rice paddy field:
Only about 1.5% of sales \100,000
amount of Paddy field 10a (estimate from 2008)
ECO-BRANDED Agricultural product by CCS should be needed!
87CO2 mitigation estimate volume by using biomass char as
CCS in the agricultural field of Japan
■Total agricultural field in Japan:4.65Mha(Paddy 2.53
Mha, agricultural field 2.12 Mha）
■Standard charging char volume per year：2.5 t/10a
（1000m2×0.2m（cultivation depth）×5％（ｖ/ｖ）ｘ25(specific gravity）
■ carbon content：80％ as standard
Charging volume of biomass char: 116.25Mt
Volume of Carbon sequestration Necessary CO2mitigation volume
93Mt
per year in Japan 99Mt (GIO
CO2conversion volume:341Mt May,2008)
1.7 times volume of Necessary CO2mitigation volume per year in
Japan
Economical benefit as CO2 conversion per year:
About \1,281.1Billion
（ CO2 emission price: \3,757/t at EU in Aug.2008）CCS by carbonization of biomass
BIOMASS Waste Carbinizing
Carbon sequestration
Physical use (not burning)
89 ( no emissions of CO2 )Specification for safety & effectiveness
評価指標 土壌改良材 水質浄化材
重金属溶出 ◎ ◎
環境庁告示４６号(土壌環境溶出基準）
環告１３号（産廃溶出基準）
元素分析 ○ ○
JIS K 1474活性炭試験法 炭素、水素、窒素、
酸素、硫黄、塩素、鉄、銅、亜鉛等
炭素量 ◎ ◎
JIS M 8812に準じて水分、揮発分、灰分、固定炭素を測定
粒子径 ◎
レーザー測定法もしくは湿式フルイによる測定
保水能 ◎
飽和透水係数、有効水分保持量、三相分布、ｐF保水性試験、
ｐH、アルカリ分、可給態リン酸、陽イオン交換容量の測定
比表面積、細孔容積、細孔径分布 ◎
BET表面積
吸着能 ◎
ヨウ素吸着能、メチレンブルー吸着能（JIS K 1474)
◎ ：必要とされる測定項目
○ ：やや必要とされる測定項目
木質炭化学会誌Vol.3 No.1(2006) （7より抜粋・加筆
凌 祥之 総説「バイオマス炭化 現状、問題点と展望」木質炭化学会誌Vol.3 No.1(2006)Carbon Minus Project
In addition, empirical analysis showed that the
amount of lateral root and root hair growth was
greater for biochar-cultivated cabbages.
Further experimentation taking into account
more technical (feedstock and biochar
production characteristics) and environmental
factors (regional characteristics in climate and
soil) is recommended.Carbon Minus Project 今後の展開 平成２２年度以降はこれまでの取り組みを継続・発展させるとともに、農林 水産省による「土壌炭素貯留調査事業」に取り組む全国６ヶ所と協力体制を 組んで実験を行う。そこで標準的な実験プロトコルを作成することで、地域 性等の変動要因を考慮に入れた実験を行い、標準的な炭施用方法や炭素 貯留量計測手法等を確立する予定である。 同時に、地域同士で連携協力を保ちながらクールべジタブル（略称：クル べジＴＭ）販売実験を行う。最終的にはＪＢＡ確認・指導のもとでのクールべジ タブル（略称：クルべジＴＭ）生産・販売普及活動を行っていく。 Our targets 1)Stability test of biochar in soil of agricultural field in long term 2)Establishment of sustainable circulation at rural small area with ECO-Branded agricultural products(COOL VEGE).
Carbon Minus Project
Conclusions
The results of these experiments
suggest that biochar production from a
simple method is economically viable
and among the cases of cabbages with
varying treatments, no highly
significant differences were found.
Therefore, it was not found any demerit
to use biochar.タイ・バンコック郊外での ヤシガラ炭化風景
Carbonization of Biomass
Char
（deoxidized inorganic carbon)
(Refractory Dissolved Organic
Matter ? )
Half life is
more than 50,000 years.(?)
96Research activities 1. To investigate the stable volume of carbon sequestered through burying biochar in agricultural fields 2. To design a CO2 emission trading system between farmers and businesses on the basis of carbon sequestration, as the main monetary flow policy 3. To design a strategy of branded eco-products and to conduct its marketing, to be used as an additional monetary flow policy 4. To examine the possibility of linking this project with the “Kyoto Eco-Point (tentative name)” program, which Kyoto Prefecture is currently developing
Carbon Minus Project
From an economic standpoint,
the initial cost for producing Biochar
Biochar dry product : 245 yen ($2.83US) per kg
Retail price of bamboo char for gardening :
443 yen ($5.12US) per kg (average）
Our biochar costs were less than commercially available
sources, but feedstock costs were not considered in these
calculations.
We are assuming that the typical farmer wouldn’t
pay more than 10,000yen/0.1ha
In case of 100kg-C/year/0.1ha as minimum for
standard, our target should be about 80JPyen/kg
(80% carbon contents & 100%dry)Carbon Minus Project 農産物エコブランド化実験(ECO-Brand sale experiment) 使用した質問紙(Questionnaire) 有効的な販売手法を明らか にするために、訴求効果の高 い情宣素材を明らかにする 消費者がクルベジを地球温 暖化防止に貢献する商品で あると理解し、意図的に買っ たかを明らかにする。 消費者が、どの程度強度 の強いグリーンコンシュー マーなのかを、環境問題へ の関心や改善への実態行動 から明らかにする。
Carbon Minus Project
Conclusion
The results of this marketing pre-
survey indicate that “Cool
Vegetables” brings additional
value to produce and may be a
viable eco-brand.You can also read
