The Vancouver style Reference with confidence - (2012 Edition)
←
→
Page content transcription
If your browser does not render page correctly, please read the page content below
Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style 1 Reference with confidence The Vancouver style (2012 Edition) As used in: Biochemistry (as well as Harvard) Biology (as well as Harvard) Chemistry Hull York Medical School (as well as Harvard) Mathematics
Contents Using this guide________________________________________ 3 Why reference?_________________________________________ 3 Frequently asked questions________________________________ 4 Further information_____________________________________ 7 Vancouver reference list examples___________________________ 8
Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style 3
Using this guide
This guide is intended to help you understand how to use source material effectively in this
referencing style. It outlines the general features of the style, but it is important that you follow
your department’s specific guidelines as there are some different interpretations and requirements
that might be specifically required within your discipline. The guide has been compiled using ‘Citing
medicine: the NLM style guide for authors, editors, and publishers, 2nd ed.’ and a number of other
guides to Vancouver style. The examples given are also consistent with the format of the larger set
of example Vancouver citations and references available at www.york.ac.uk/integrity.
Why reference?
Citing and referencing source material is a crucial aspect of academic writing. You will probably be
aware that plagiarism (using someone else’s work as though it were your own) is a serious form of
academic misconduct and it must be avoided at all costs. Referencing accurately and consistently
is an important part of ensuring the distinction is clear between your words and the words and
ideas of others in your assignments. In-text citation is included in the body of your text and is there
to directly show the reader where an idea, piece of information, and/ or a quotation is from. The
reader will then be able to match the source cited in the text to the full reference given in your
bibliography/reference list where full details of the publication are presented.
Citing of source materials within your assignment is useful and beneficial to supporting your
argument. However, be selective. Do not just use as many references as you can in a bid to impress
the marker that you’ve read a massive amount. Your references should be relevant and are an
integral part of your argument, that is you discuss or critique them in your writing.
For example, if you:
}
Include data from your reading (eg tables, statistics, diagrams);
Describe or discuss a theory, model or practice from a particular writer;
Want to add credibility to your argument by bringing in the ideas of another cite the
writer – for or against; source
Provide quotations or definitions in your essay;
Paraphrase or summarise information which is not common knowledge.4 Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style
Frequently asked questions
uuWhat is the Vancouver Style? when quoting directly
The Vancouver style originated in Vancouver, when referring to a specific detail in a text
Canada, where members of the International (for example, a specific theory or idea, an
Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) illustration, a table, a set of statistics).
agreed a system for presenting publications
and citations. The US National Library of This might mean giving an individual page
Medicine (NLM) produce the citation manual number or a small range of pages from which
the ICMJE direct authors to, but the general you have taken the information. Giving page
rules of ‘Vancouver style’ have been adapted numbers enables the reader to locate the
by individual institutions and publishers to specific item to which you refer. You should
meet their needs. Vancouver is a numeric note the page in ( ) after the superscript
system for citing sources in the text by giving a number for the citation, for example:
superscript number (1) to each source referred
to. The full details of the source are provided in Over 99% of the almost two million deaths each
a reference list at the end, ordered numerically year from indoor air pollution are in developing
according to first appearance in the text. countries3(p.380).
uuHow do I use in-text citation? uuHow do I effectively cite quotations?
Put your citation number directly after the For short quotations (of less than 40 words),
source material referenced, not at the end use a brief phrase to introduce the quotation
of the sentence (unless this is where the and then use double quotation marks to
reference is mentioned). The number should be enclose the direct text. For example:
placed within the punctuation. For example:
In-text:
A recent study1 has demonstrated the As Neville emphasises, “you should cite all sources
effectiveness of… and present full details of these in your list of
references”1 (p.37).
The results presented here have also been
confirmed elsewhere4.
Reference:
1. Neville C. The complete guide to referencing and
uuWhen must I use page numbers in avoiding plagiarism. 2nd ed. Maidenhead: Open
my in-text citations? University Press; 2010.
It is important to give a page number with a
reference in the following circumstances:Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style 5
For longer quotations (of 40 words or more) major word of journal titles. For example:
you should give the quote as a new paragraph,
without quotation marks, and clearly indent 2. Cohen L, Manion L, Morrison K. Research
the quote to indicate these words are not your methods in education. 6th ed. London: Routledge;
2007.
own. For example:
3. Anscombe FJ. Graphs in statistical analysis. The
Neville comments that:
American Statistician. 1973;27(1):17-21.
It can sometimes be difficult, if not impossible,
to avoid using some of the author’s original uuShould I use secondary references?
words, particularly those that describe or label
phenomena. However, you need to avoid copying A secondary reference is given when you
out what the author said, word for word. Choose are referring to a source which you have not
words that you feel give a true impression of the read yourself, but have read about in another
author’s original ideas or action1 (p.37). source, for example referring to Jones’ work
that you have read about in Smith. Wherever
The in-text citation is given at the end of the possible, you should avoid using secondary
quotation and before the punctuation, with a references and locate and reference the
full reference in the reference list being given original source. If you do need to use a
as in the example above. secondary reference, you can clearly show
what source you are citing and from which
uuWhere else should I give an in-text location, using the following format:
citation?
In-text:
For a summary or paraphrase, you must
include an in-text citation. For example: According to WHO, cited in Edwards and Langpap5,
a lack of information influences the health impacts
of poor fuel use choices.
According to Neville1, sometimes it is unavoidable
you will use a few words that the author used.
Reference:
The full reference is then given in the reference 5. Edwards JHY, Langpap C. Fuel choice, indoor air
list as previously. pollution and children’s health. Environment and
Development Economics. 2012;17(4):379-406.
uuWhat is the Vancouver convention NB: Only the source you have read is cited and
for using capital letters? included in your reference list.
For an article or book title, capitalise the first
word and any proper nouns. Capitalise each6 Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style
uuHow do I cite source that has more sources, look carefully for named contributors,
than one author? such as in the ‘about us’ sections. For printed
material, look carefully at the publication/
In your reference, you should name up to the
copyright information which is often on the
first 10 authors of a paper and then add ‘et al.’
inside cover of a book or back page of a report.
to indicate there are more than 10 authors.
If you cannot locate the information, you could
Alternatively, you can list all named authors
use the name of the organisation, for example
of the source, giving each author’s surname/
‘NHS’, for the author.
family name and initials, with each author
separated by a comma, and a full stop at the
end of the list. For example: uuWhat if I cannot locate the date of a
source?
6. Duflo E, Greenstone M, Hanna R. Indoor air
pollution, health, and economic well-being. Knowing when a source was created,
Surveys and Perspectives Integrating Environment published, or last updated is important, as this
and Society. 2008;1(1): 1–9. helps you to determine the currency of the
source. How current a source is relates, for
example, to being contemporary to an event
uuWhat if I want to use a number of or containing the latest research findings. For
sources in one in-text citation? online sources, look carefully for created and/
If, for example, you are pulling together a or last updated dates on the page(s) you are
number of sources to support your argument using, such as in the ‘about us’ sections. If
you may want to use a number of sources you cannot identify an exact date, but clues
in one citation. Simply separate out the in the content give an estimated date you
numbers by a comma, for example 1, 3, 6. For a can indicate this estimate, as in the example
range of sources that appear consecutively in below. If no date can be established, you
your reference list, simply use a hyphen, for should indicate this, as in the example below.
example 5-7.
Where an estimated date is possible from clues
in the content:
uuWhat happens if I cite the same
source twice? 7. Schultz A. An introduction to radiography.
If you refer to the same source twice, repeat London: Smith’s Medical Press; [1935?].
the earlier reference number from when the
source was initially cited. NB: the fact the date is estimated is
distinguishable by the addition of [ ] and a ?
uuWhat if I cannot locate the name of
Where no date can be found or estimated for
an author of a source?
the source:
It is important to use quality sources to support
your arguments and so you should carefully 8. Schultz A. Advances in radiography. London:
consider the value of using any source when Smith’s Medical Press; [date unknown].
you cannot identify its author. For onlineReference with confidence: The Vancouver style 7
uuWhat abbreviations can I use? Further information
It is common in science publications to use
standard abbreviations for common words in University of York referencing guides and A to Z
book and journal titles, to give more concise of examples www.york.ac.uk/integrity
references (for example Adv Synth Catal for
Advanced Synthesis & Catalysis). CASSI lists ‘Referencing the Discussion’ Academic Skills
standard abbreviations for publication titles Tutorial available through Yorkshare
and for other key words, which can be found http://vle.york.ac.uk
at: www.cas.org/content/references/corejournals.
The appendices of ‘Citing Medicine’ Chemical Abstracts Service Source Index
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7247 also (CASSI). CAplus Core Journal Coverage List
contain lists of common abbreviations [Internet]; 2012. Available from:
used in academia. If you use non-standard www.cas.org/content/references/corejournals
abbreviations, you should define what these
are, at first use. Common abbreviations are Neville C. The complete guide to referencing
also given below. and avoiding plagiarism. 2nd ed. Maidenhead:
Open University Press; 2010.
Abbreviation Meaning
Patrias K. Citing medicine: the NLM style guide
ch. or chap. chapter
for authors, editors, and publishers [Internet].
ed. edition 2nd ed. Wendling DL, technical editor.
Ed. or Eds. editor(s) Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine
et al. and others (US); 2007 [updated 2011 Sep 15]. Available
from: www.nlm.nih.gov/citingmedicine
n.d. no date
p. page (single)
pp. pages (page range)
ser. series
supp. supplement
tab. table
vol. volume8 Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style
Vancouver reference list examples
Your reference list should be arranged to uuJournal article
match the order in which sources appear in 5. Castell-Auví A, Cedó L, Pallarès V, Blay M,
your report. Ardévol A, Pinent M. The effects of a cafeteria
diet on insulin production and clearance in rats.
uuBook (one author) British Journal of Nutrition. 2012;108(7):1155-
1162.
1. Nowotny J. Oxide semiconductors for solar
energy conversion: titanium dioxide. London:
NB: or write the journal title in abbreviated
CRC Press; 2011.
form: ‘Br J Nutr’.
uuBook (two or more authors)
uuWebsite with author
2. Peleg Y, Pnini R, Zaarur E, Hecht E. Quantum
6. Amos J. Eavesdropping on the squid world
mechanics. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill;
[Internet]; 2012 Feb 12 [cited 2012 Feb 27].
2010.
Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/
science-environment-17117194
uuChapter in an edited book
3. Radu O. A review of the literature in NB: the posted or last updated date should be
undergraduate mathematics assessment. given for the page, as well as when it was cited.
In: Iannone P, Simpson A, editors. Mapping
university mathematics assessment practices. uuWebsite with no author
Norwich: University of East Anglia; 2012. p.
7. University of York: University of York
17-23.
undergraduate chemistry degrees accredited
[Internet]; [posted 2012 Sep 20; cited 2012 Oct
uuConference paper (published) 15]. Available from: http://www.york.ac.uk/
4. Smith A. Development of a simulated chemistry/news/deptnews/accredited/
Internet for education. In: Hawkridge D,
Ng K, Verjans S, editors. 18th International NB: the posted or last updated date should be
Conference of the Association for Learning given for the page, as well as when it was cited.
Technology: Thriving in a Colder Climate and
More Challenging Climate; 2011 Sep 6-8;
University of Leeds, Leeds. Oxford: ALT-C; 2011.
p.100-111.Reference with confidence: The Vancouver style 9
www.york.ac.uk/integrity
17060 – studio.crevado.com
© 2012
Learning Enhancement Team
integrity@york.ac.ukYou can also read
