The Incredible Methamorphosis of The computer in Smartphone L'incroyable métamorphose de l'ordinateur en smartphone - Prof. David Atienza
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The Incredible Methamorphosis of
The computer in Smartphone
L’incroyable métamorphose de
l’ordinateur en smartphone
Prof. David Atienza
Embedded Systems Laboratory (ESL),
Section of EE, Faculty of Engineering
The origin of the smartphone:
Embedded Systems
Traditionally: Very tight constraints and
resources, but limited functionality
• Washing machines
• Refrigerators
• Recording units, etc.
• …
ASICs or simple microcontrollers
(8-bit PIC MB95F204K or 16-bit microcontrollers)
2
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
But today…
Everywhere: « active » part in our life
• Cameras, MP3 players, portable video, …
Smartphone: digital convergence in embedded systems
• One device, but multiple functions
Entertainment
Communication
Broadcasting
Computing
Imaging Telematics
3
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
But today…
Everywhere: « active » part in our life
• Cameras, MP3 players, portable video, …
Smartphone: digital convergence in embedded systems
• One device, but multiple functions
Entertainment
It changes drastically what we need to
Communication
explain in ECE:
Broadcasting
How to design « smart systems
Computing »
(like the « smart phone »)
Imaging Telematics
4
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
Computing Systems: The Origins
“Stored program architecture” (Von Neumann Architecture)
• 1945, by John Von Neumann (mathematic, physics,
economics, computer science, and statistics)
Only 3 components to create a “digital computer”
1. Processing unit with arithmetic logic unit and registers.
• Control unit: instruction register and program counter
2. Memory: storing data and instructions / Input, output (I/O) devices
3. Interconnection (bus)
I/O
PROCESSING UNIT (PU)
DEVICES
Arith. Logic unit
Bus
Regs.
(ALU)
MEMORY
Instruction 0
CONTROL UNIT (CU) Instruction 1
Cont. Prog. …
Reg. Instr. (IR) Data 0, 1, …
(PC)
5
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
Computing Systems: The Origins
“Stored program architecture” (Von Neumann Architecture)
• 1945, by John Von Neumann (mathematic, physics,
economics, computer science, and statistics)
Only 3 components to create a “digital computer”
1. Processing unit with arithmetic logic unit and registers.
• Control unit: instruction register and program counter
2. Memory: storing data and instructions / Input, output (I/O) devices
3. Interconnection (bus)
I/O
PROCESSING UNIT (PU)
DEVICES
Arith. Logic unit
Bus
Regs.
(ALU)
MEMORY
Instruction 0
Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM),
CONTROL
nicknamed UNIT (CU)
“Baby” [June 21st, 1948] Instruction 1
Cont. Prog. …
Reg. Instr. (IR) Data 0, 1, …
(PC)
6
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
How did computers evolve after BABY?
“I think there is a world market for
maybe 5 computers” T. Watson – IBM,
1949
“There is no reason anyone would
want a computer in their home” K.
Olsen – DEC 1977
1958: 1st integrated circuit (IC) – Jack Kilby
2000 Nobel Prize in Physics
2007 – IEEE Milestone
1965: “Moore’s Law” – Gordon E. Moore, Intel co-founder
The number of components in ICs had doubled every year from the
invention of the integrated circuit in 1958 until 1965 and predicted
that the trend would continue "for at least ten years”…
7
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
Microprocessor architectures: Evolution to
microprogrammed embedded systems
Microprocessor have evolved since Nov. 15th, 1971 towards more complex
functionality and performance, but at a cost of power…
0.3 Watts 95-130 Watts!
- Complexity +
Intel 4004 [1971] Intel Xeon [2006-]
(2250 p-MOS trans., 108 KHz, (820M trans., 3.73GHz,
4-bit,mem.:640B) 64-bit, mem.:4MB/L2)
Busicon Calculator 141-PF Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) [2011]
8
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
No More “Free” Energy ? Voltage scaling
stopped!
1 transistor = 1x energy 2 transistors = 1x energy 4 transistors = 1x energy
Before (1970~2000) – R. Dennard Scaling Theory (1974)
Used to make transistors smaller
Smaller transistors less electricity to operate
Now (actually since 2000-):
Continue to make transistors smaller
But, each of them uses similar electricity…
WE CANNOT “JUST PUT ALTOGETHER”
9
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)
Microprocessor architectures: Evolution to
microprogrammed embedded systems
Microprocessor have evolved since Nov. 15th, 1971 towards more complex
functionality and performance, but at a cost of power…
0.3 Watts 95-130 Watts!
- Complexity +
Intel 4004 [1971] Intel Xeon [2006-]
(2250 p-MOS trans., 108 KHz, (820M trans., 3.73GHz,
4-bit,mem.:640B) 64-bit, mem.:4MB/L2)
Principles remain, so in new embedded systems it is key a new metric:
MIPS/Watt New opportunities for EPFL engineers!
Busicon Calculator 141-PF Intel Many Integrated Core (MIC) [2011]
10
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Handle “smartphone-like” systems
Using Advanced RISC Machines Ltd (ARM), founded in 1990
Building “smartphone-like systems”:
1. Proc. unit: ARM cores
2. I/O devices: many, many…
3. Interconnection:
Communication Wireless
(to other systems as key
as within the systems)
Wii console, Nov. 2006
Nintendo 3DS,
Feb. 26, 2011
By Jan. 2012, 19 Billion ARM cores shipped,
Best sellers: ARM9 and ARM7TDMI
11
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Automotive electronics market size
Cost of Electronics / Car ($)
1400
1200
1000
800 2011: The cost of silicon in
600 a car is higher than the
400 cost of steel [EEtimes]
200
0
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Market
8.9 10.5 13.1 14.1 15.8 17.4 19.3 21.0
($billions)
“70% of future innovations in our vehicles will be only possible through
improvements of the embedded electronic systems”
[Design and Development at Ferrari]
12
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)But also in “traditional” consumer/home
applications…
“22% of all TVs shipped worldwide in 2010 were Network-enabled;
25M units in 2010 and 122M expected in 2014 (approximately 75%)”
[TechNews, Dec. 2010]
13
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)New Computer Engineering at SEL-EPFL
(Third Year Bachelor in EE)
Study the new « smartphone »
architectures:
• Microprocessors of 32 bits, memories,
bluetooth, buttons, touchscreen, wifi,
sound, etc.
But with «real smartphone systems»:
Nintendo Development System (DS)
ARM946E-S ARM7TDMI-S
14
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Examples of student projects with Nintendo DS
PictoMania (Chloé Weber et Mina Bjelogrlic)
15
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Examples of student projects with Nintendo DS
Kongey Donk (Niloufar Alipour Therani et Matthias Lambert)
16
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Examples of student projects with Nintendo DS
DS Tron (Niklaus Lehmann et Adrian Hauswirth)
17
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Examples of student projects with Nintendo DS
DS Tron (Niklaus Lehmann et Adrian Hauswirth)
18
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Course evaluation… Also with « bonus»
Competition in groups of two at end of semester:
Kit Nintendo DS for the winning team/s
Nintendo DS
Charger(Swiss/Europe)
MicroSD memory card and adapter
Nintendo DS box
19
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Course evaluation… Also with « bonus»
Competition in groups of two at end of semester:
Kit Nintendo DS for the winning team/s
Nintendo DS
Charger(Swiss/Europe)
MicroSD memory card and adapter
Nintendo DS box
20
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Examples of student projects with Nintendo DS
OSC-based Sequencer (Luis Gaemperle et Michael Tschannen)
WiFi AP
Wireless
OSC – MIDI Translator
Sequencer GUI
MIDI Instruments
21
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Projets à l’EPFL par des ingénieurs électriciens en
systèmes embarqués microprogrammés
Projet d’un système embarqué pour “healthy lifestyle” et fitness
avec capteurs et la Nintendo DS
Et aussi possible avec l’iPhone plus tard!
Capteurs ECG et accéléromètre sans fils
22
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)New smart ECG monitors have considerable
resonance in the media and the medical community
Non-intrusive, light
and operates for 4
weeks for a single
battery recharge
23
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)New smart ECG monitors have considerable
resonance in the media and the medical community
Multiple applications, just a few:
Sleep apnea detection
Pilot monitoring
Wolf detection!
With Chuv and HES-VS
24
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Dynamically Configurable Multi-Camera
System-Level Design for 3D Video
Front view of
9-camera & reconf.
prototype (cheap
640x480 sensors)
With dynamic reconfiguration
Used for 3D filming Montreux Jazz festival in 2011-2012
• 9-camera system architecture
• Use of 9 cameras-FPGAs and 2nd
level concentrator at the bottom
• Dynamic set of hardware accelerators
dynamically loaded
• Ultra-high resolution & adv. effects
• Able to record 1024x768 at 90 frames
• Advanced effects: large zoom, track
objects autonomously, etc. 25
David Atienza (ESL/EPFL)Conclusion
Teaching EE and CE has changed
with the “smartphones era”
Thanks! Questions?
See video of Embedded Systems Lab. (ESL) activities at SEL-EPFL at :
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=AFFhfQxPepI
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