Supplementazione seconda e terza infanzia - Francesco Vierucci
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Vitamin D in pediatric age: Consensus SIP, SIPPS & FIMP •We recommend vitamin D supplementation in all newborns independently of the type of feeding. •Vitamin D supplementation should be started within the first days of life and continued throughout the first year. (Italian Journal of Pediatrics, May 2018)
Maternal preferences for vitamin D supplementation in breastfed infants (Minnesota, USA) (Umaretiya PJ et al. Ann Fam Med 2017)
Lo stato vitaminico D durante la seconda e la terza infanzia in Italia «1 bambino su 2 ha un deficit di vitamina D» (Vierucci F et al. Il Medico Pediatra 2018)
2°-3° INFANZIA (Vierucci F et al. Mondo Pediatrico 2016)
Fabbisogno giornaliero raccomandato di vit. D Primo anno di vita Dopo il primo anno di vita Seconda infanzia Terza infanzia Adolescenza 400 UI 600 UI Adequate intake Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA)
Fabbisogno giornaliero raccomandato di vit. D 400 UI 600 UI (50%) (97,5%) (Cashman KD. Nutrients Apr 2018)
Fattori di rischio di deficit di vitamina D 0-12 mesi: 400-1.000 UI/die 1-18 anni: 600-1.000 UI/die Obesità: 2-3 volte i fabb. per età
Livelli mediani di 25(OH)D nei diversi mesi dell’anno valutati trasversalmente in 692 bambini e adolescenti toscani (età 2-21 anni) non sottoposti a profilassi con vitamina D (p < 0,0001) 70 60 50 25(OH)D, ng/ml 40 30 20 10 Gen Feb Mar Apr Mag Giu Lug Ago Set Ott Nov Dic n = 84 n = 47 n = 78 n = 46 n = 56 n = 40 n = 41 n = 16 n = 40 n = 59 n = 76 n = 69 (Vierucci F et al. Eur J Pediatr 2013)
Do sufficient vitamin D levels at the end of summer in children and adolescents provide an assurance of vitamin D sufficiency at the end of winter? (Iran; Longitudinal study; n = 68; 7-18 years; summer 2011-winter 2012) End of winter End of summer 14.7% < 20 100% ≥ 30 ng/ml 36.8% 20-30 25(OH)D: 46.5 10.1 ng/ml 48.5% ≥ 30 Mean 25(OH)D decrease 15.3 12.4 ng/ml Cutoff to provide sufficiency at the end of the winter: 40 ng/mL at the end of the summer (Shakeri H et al. JPEM Oct 2017)
Italia (47 05’29’’-35 29’26’’N) Bojnurd (37 28′N) Iran
•People should consider taking a daily supplement containing 400 IU of vitamin D in autumn and winter. •At risk people (little or no exposure to the sun, dark skin) should consider taking a supplement all year round.
Vitamin D treatment still has a role in people with proved deficiency or in high risk groups… the rest of us should avoid being “treated” for this pseudodisease, save scarce NHS resources, and focus on having a healthy lifestyle, sunshine, and a diversity of real food. Getting enough vitamin D is particularly important because poor musculoskeletal health remains in the top 10 causes of disability adjusted life years. For many, a supplement will be necessary. (Spector TD, Levy L. BMJ 2016)
con calcio, fosforo, vit. D e K 1 budino (115 gr): 69 UI vit. D2 1 bicchiere di latte (200 ml): 80 UI vit. D
Consensus SIPPS 2018: dopo il primo anno • We recommend vitamin D supplementation in children and A CHI adolescents with risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. • We recommend daily vitamin D supplementation ranging from 600 IU/day (i.e. in presence of reduced sun exposure) up to 1000 IU/day (i.e. in presence of multiple risk factors for vitamin D deficiency). COME • If poor compliance, supplementation with intermittent dosing (weekly or monthly doses for a cumulative monthly dose of 18000–30000 IU of vitamin D) can be considered, starting from children aged 5–6 years and particularly during adolescence. • We suggest vitamin D supplementation from the end of fall to the beginning of spring (Nov–Apr) in children and adolescents with reduced sun exposure during summer. PER QUANTO • We suggest continuous vitamin D supplementation in cases of permanent risk factors for vitamin D deficiency. (Italian Journal of Pediatrics 2018)
Somministrazione giornaliera o intermittente? Giornaliera • Più studi disponibili • Primo anno di vita • Minor rischio di «errore» • Livelli circolanti di 25(OH)D più «stabili» • Minor dose totale richiesta • Azioni extrascheletriche? Intermittente • Settimanale - ogni 15 gg - mensile (Wadia et al. Nutrients 2018) • Scarsa compliance con somm. giornaliera • Dopo il 5 -6 anno di vita • Non somministrare boli > 300.000 UI Trattamento deficit 300.000 UI/6 sett vs. 84.000 UI/6 sett. (Golden et al. Pediatrics 2014) 400.000 UI/6 sett vs. 112.000 UI/8 sett.
Vitamin D vs. metabolites Cholecalciferol Calcidiol Calcitriol Hydroxylation No 25 1,25 Properties Lipophilic Hydrophilic* Hydrophilic Circulating half-life 2 days 2-3 weeks 12 hours Tissue distribution Adipose/Muscle Blood/Adipose/Muscle Blood/Tissues VDR** activation ? -/+ ++ in serum 25(OH)D levels + + - * Relatively lipophilic too ** Vitamin D Receptor (Courtesy of Prof. Sandro Giannini) *** Cholecalciferol 1 mcg = 40 IU
Each mcg of orally consumed 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was about 5 times more effective in raising serum 25(OH)D in older adults in winter than an equivalent amount of vitamin D3. [Am J Clin Nutr 2012;95(6):1350-6] Calcidiolo [25(OH)D] 1 goccia = 5 mcg ------> 25 mcg di vit. D = 1.000 UI di vit. D
Trends in the diagnosis of vitamin D deficiency [25(OH)D < 10 ng/ml] (England; The n = 711,788; 0-17 yrs) 261 Aumento di 80 volte del riscontro di deficit grave di vitamina D 3.14 (Basatemur E et al. Pediatrics Mar 2017)
Vitamin D status in children over three decades (1982-2013) (2,048 Swedish children; age 1-18 years) 30 ng/ml 20 ng/ml 10 ng/ml No trend for decreased vitamin D levels over time was found in this population. (Andersson B et al. Bone Reports 2016)
Costs of vit. D testing and prescribing among children in primary care (England, The Health Improvement Network database, n=722.525, age: 0-17 yrs) • Combined costs increased from £ 1647 (€ 1.880) per 100,000 person-years in 2008 to £ 28,913 (€ 33.000) per 100,000 person-years in Aumento di 17 volte 2014. • Estimated total cost of vit. D prescriptions and tests for children in primary care at the national level in 2014: £ 4.31 million (€ 4.919.820) [test 25(OH)D: € 1.929.117] (Basatemur E et al. Eur J Pediatr Oct 2017)
(October 2, 2017) (May 8, 2018)
Quando dosare la vitamina D? • Sospetto deficit sintomatico/rachitismo carenziale • Sospetto deficit grave di vit. D (fattori di rischio multipli) tale da richiedere trattamento • Sospetta patologia del metabolismo calcio-fosforo (es. “osteoporosi”) • Patologie croniche e/o farmaci interferenti con il metabolismo della vit. D Casi particolari (da individualizzare) • Asma grave, steroido-resistente (prevenzione esacerbazioni) Sospetto • Infezioni respiratorie ricorrenti (prevenzione) deficit grave • Dolori di crescita di vit. D Quando NON dosare la vitamina D? • Nel bambino “altrimenti sano” Stile di vita • Nel bambino con scarsa esposizione alla luce solare • Nel bambino di colore “altrimenti sano” PROFILASSI • Nel bambino obeso “altrimenti sano”
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