Refrigerants in commercial air conditioning - Danfoss
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Refrigerants in
commercial air conditioning
Regulations, standards, performance comparisons, product adjustments
From
lower climate
impact to
$/TR
analysis
Accelerate refrigerant transition
and turn down climate impact
1 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Danfoss #RefrigerantWeek
Official
affiliate
event
2 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
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3 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Vision
Transition agenda per region and applications
Short term and long-term scenarios
Refrigerant characteristics comparison
Agenda Product adjustments
Key take aways
4 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Refrigerants in 185 years
Closing the loop to greener refrigerants
HCFC
1987
Montreal protocol The 4th big
on CFC and HCFC 1970 transformation is
Discovering the ozone ongoing
depletion process
Sustainable Safety is the
HFC technologies qualifying
Environmentally CFC parameter
1995 benign 1930-1950
Global warming Safe in use Invention of safe
potential becomes Affordable refrigerants
Energy Efficiency
an issue is the winning
parameter
Regulatory certainty
Naturals Naturals + HFO is driving technology
1834 development
2015 2019
Invention of vapor EU HFC phase- Montreal protocol
compression process. down on HFC
Natural refrigerants
5 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
The Montreal Protocol
encouraging investment into new technology
Non A5-1 Non A5-2 A5-1 A5-2
HFC consumption phase down for art.5 and non-art 5
Freeze -
countries
- 2024 (100%) 2028 (100%)
Countries Baseline
The EU phase down is
120 1 step 2019 – 90% 2020 – 95% 2029 – 90% 2032 – 90% not based on exactly
the same measures as
2 step 2024 – 55%
60% 2025 – 65% 2035 – 70% 2037 – 80% the Montreal Protocol
100 Non All non A5 except HFC-avg (2011-13)
3 step 2029 – 30% 2029 – 30% 2040 – 50% 2042 – 70%
30% A5-1 non A5-2 and EU + 15% HCFC
% of baseline
80 4 step 2034 – 20% 2034 – 20% - - Belarus, Russia,
EU F-gas reg.
Non Kazakhstan, HFC-avg (2011-13)
60 Final 2036 – 15% 2036 – 15% 2045 – 20% 2047 – 15%
Non A5-1 A5-2 Tajikistan, + 25% HCFC
Uzbekistan
Countries All non A5 except Belarus, Russia, All A5 except A5-2 India, Pakistan, Non A5-2
40 non A5-2 and the
EU
Kazakhstan,
Tajikistan,
Iran, Iraq, Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman,
Uzbekistan Qatar, Saudi
A5-1 HFC-avg (2020-22)
Arabia, UAE A5-1 All A5 except A5-2
+ 65% HCFC
A5-2
20 Baseline HFC -average HFC -average HFC -average HFC -average
(2011-2013) + (2011-2013) + (2020-2022) + (2024-2026) +
15% of HC FC 25% of HC FC 65% of HC FC 65% of HC FC
baseline (non-A5) baseline (non-A5); baseline (A5); baseline (A5); India, Pakistan,
0 HFC-avg (2024-26)
Iran, Iraq, Bahrain,
Comments HC FC phase out HC FC phase out HC FC phase out HC FC phase out A5-2 Kuwait, Oman,
+ 65% HCFC
2010 2020
plan does not
correspond to the
2030
plan corresponds to
the 25% in 2010-
2040
plan corresponds to
the 65% in 2020-
2050
plan corresponds to
the 65% in 2020-
Qatar, Saudi, UAE
15% in 2011 – but
likely reflects actual year
2014 2024 2024
consumption
The Montreal Protocol HFC phase down 81 countries have ratified the Montreal Protocol
went into force on January 1, 2019. Kigali amendment as of September, 2019
6 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Key drivers of the refrigerant agenda
• Montreal Protocol has phased out CFC and is in the process phasing out HCFC.
• HFC is covered from 2019
The EU F-gas regulation started a
79% phasedown of HFC ending
2030. Several GWP limitations for
appliances HFC phase down
legislation in 2014 with
GWP application specific
targets.
USA Europe
China
Japan
India
• Several states have taken
their own measures to phase
down high-GWP HFCs.
A 3-10 years perspective :
• Phasedown initiatives with
• Cross sectorial focus on low GWP
cap on refrigerant charges, refrigerants while increasing
A 20 years perspective :
taxes, subsidies. efficiency on main applications by
• Cross sectorial focus reducing
cooling demand by 30% 30% in 2022 + additional 25% by
• Reducing refrigerants demand by 2030
25-30 % • Market share targets of highly
• Reducing energy demands by 25- efficient products
40%
7 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Timely – Safety Standards Development -
recognising the need for flammable refrigerants
ISO5149 does not International for
ISO 5149 supports flammable
support flammable Increased charge sizes
refrigerants (A3, A2L) large systems
refrigerants
Aligned with EU for large
EN 378 supports flammable
ISO5149 on 2L Increased charge sizes
refrigerants systems
flammability
Full support International for
IEC 60335-2-40 supports some flammable
International and Regional of 2L Full A3 Sup-port A/C and Heat
refrigerants flammability
standards Pumps
International for
A3 up to 0,5 kg
IEC 60335-2-89 supports some flammable refrigerants small com.
A2L up to 1,2 kg
Refrigeration
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021
ASHRAE 15 has very limited support for flammable Support A2L but not
US large systems
refrigerants A3
Support A2L
UL 60335-2-40 does not support flammable refrigerants US for A/C and HP
but not A3
Chinese national standard GB9237 does not copies the new ISO5149 with full support China for large
Selected National support flammable refrigerants of flammables systems
standards
Chinese national standard for A/C & HP supports flammable China for A/C and
No flammables
refrigerants, but no special support of 2L Heat Pumps
8 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
Europe • Group Safety standard EN378:2016
• Appliance Safety standard EN60335-2-40:2013
Overview (IEC with risk assessment until harmonization)
• Appliance standard prevails
Standards
standards and rules • National/Regional/Local Building codes
completed by tax schemes
1. Individual training & certification
2. Company certification
3. Leak Testing
4. Record Keeping (operator and service
5. Labelling
F-Gas Regulation [EU517/2014] Rules/Bans
6. Service Bans
The EU HFC consumption phase down
7. New product Bans
120
100
• France / Denmark are taxing GWP of new installations
• Spain / Norway are taxing GWP of refill only
80
• Several other countries have a tax model defined but not yet
% of baseline
60 adopted by the government
Local tax • Political pressure against HFO in countries like Germany /
schemes
40
Sweden (Degradation products expected to accumulate in
20 ground water - not reflected in any law as of now)
0
2012 2017 2022 2027 2032
year Safety requirements
1. People skill 3. Avoid hot surfaces
related to use of
flammables:
2. Charge limits 4. Avoid ignition sources
9 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning Systems
EUR Overview
Refrigerant Price • Quotas lift refrigerant prices
Development • Prices for HFCs continue to be high
A/C
• Important price increases – partly reflect the
GWP level of the ‘old’ HFC refrigerants
• However, price decreases in traditional
refrigerant can be observed since end of 2018
• Prices for R134a decreased approx. ~8% in the
beginning of 2019
• Some regions in Europe have now price equity
between the new blends and the old HFC types
Averaged values from Germany and France
Base priced indexed as 100%
Source: Danfoss
• Illegal import and counterfeits might impact
price
10 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsNAM Overview
Out of the Kigali amendment
• Several states have
taken their own
measures
• Tremendous impact of
the California Air
Resources Board (CARB)
• Several unintended
effects of a state-based
HFC phasedown
• Cap on refrigerant
charges, taxes,
subsidies
• Limited market price
increases so far
• Barrier to early adoption
of A2Ls; possible
alternative
11 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsChina • The Chinese Green Cooling Action Plan to follow the Montreal
Protocol schemes.
Overview • Focus on HFC phase down with ambitious energy efficiency targets
A 3-10 year cross sectorial • Supporting projects for replacing HCFCs with alternative refrigerants
focus on low-GWP
• Evaluation of candidates includes ODP, GWP, safety and suitability
for the application.
• The recommendations are backed by the adoption process of
international safety standards like ISO 5149 (GB9237) and the IEC
60335.
• Standards under review.
Application Present Short term (-2020) Long term (-2025)
Household refrigeration R22 / R600a R600a R600a
Industrial and Commercial R22/R134a/ R134a , NH3 NH3/C02. R290,
Refrigeration R410A/ NH3 R600a,
Low GWP Blends
Small and medium Chillers R22, R410A R410A,R32 R290, R32
Large Chillers R22, RI 23, R134a R134a, R1234ze R1234ze, NH3
Unitary AC /VRF / Heat Pumps R22, R410A, R407C R410A,R32 R32 , Low GWP blends
Room AC R22, R410A R410A,R290 R290, R32
Table 7: Refrigerant options per
application
12 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsMain alternative refrigerants in play
per compression technology
Compression Screw / Semis / Recips
tech.
Centrifugal Scrolls / Rotary Semis
Legend
> 2500 R422B/D R404A
A1 - Non flammable
R452A A2L - Mildly flammable
< 2500 R438A R410A Flammability line
R407A/F/H A3 - Highly flammable
R22 Bl - Toxic Non flammable
R449A
R134a Flammability
< 1500 R449B
Line w/ CF3I?
B2L - Toxic less flammable
R448A
R466A On the market
R450A
Not yet on the market
GWP
< 750 R513A
R513B
R32 / R452B
R515B R454A
R454B
R123 R516A R444B R454C No LGWP
R514A R1270 option
R455A
< 150 R12336mzz(z) Must move to
R600A R744/CO2
R1233zd low density
R1234ze/yf R290 R717/NH 3 GWP versus Density
(pressure) of the
Vacuum Low Medium High Other main refrigerant
Density groups
13 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsOur vision of refrigerants for Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps
~ 2024/26 – Europe
Mid- ~2020 – Europe Long
Applications Main - Current ~ 2024 – North America
~2029– North
Term Term America
Large, up to 1,5 MW R1234ze R1234ze (A2L) (no PED impact)
R134a (A1) (A2L) R515B (A1)
Centrifugal & R513A (A1)
Screw Very large, > 1,5 MW
R1233zd (A1) R1233zd (A1)
Chillers R123 (B1) R1336mzz(Z) (A1) R1336mzz(Z)
R134a (A1) R514A (B1) (A1)
R514A (B1)
Scroll Chillers R1234ze (A2L) (no PED impact)
R515B (A1)
(incl. Reversible)
R410A (A1) R32 (A2L) AND / OR
R452/4B (A2L) R1234yf (A2L)
Air Handling
Units R516A (A2L)
Also suitable for reversible systems
Rooftops
Air to Water Air to Water
R454C (A2L) R454C (A2L)
Low ambient, R290 (A3) R290 (A3)
dedicated R410A (A1)
Brine to Water & Water to Water Brine to Water & Water to
Heat pumps R454C (A2L) Water
R454B (A2L) R454C (A2L)
R410A (A1) R32 / R454B (A2L)
A/A Systems R410A (A1) R32 / R454B (A2L) R466A (A1 – under evaluation)
(VRF, split, CRAC) R466 (A1) if viable R513A / R516A (A1)
w/ optimized compression technology
14 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSystem Performance R410A and Alternates – Soft Optimization
High Pressure Transition
Capacity 4.0% EER 8.0%
3.2% 6.9%
3.0% 5.6%
6.0% 5.0%
4.6%
2.0% 1.5% 1.3% 4.0% 3.3%
1.2%
1.0% 1.9%
2.0%
-1.0% -0.5%
0.0% 0.4% 0.0%
-0.3% 0.4%
-1.0% -0.3%
-2.0% -1.4%
-2.0% -1.4%
28 35 49
28 35 49
Outdoor Temperature [C] Outdoor Temperature [C] equivalent to 82/95/120°F
119.0
120
Compressor 99.1 102.7 105.7
100 Legend
Discharge 87.9
Temperature 80 75.9
66.8 67.8
73.1
77.2 77.9
R410A
63.6
[°C] 60 R32
40 R452B
20 R454B
0 4TR packaged rooftop –
Outdoor Temp [C] 28 35 49 Source AHRI-AREP Program
15 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSame component
Product adjustments Check settings/size
High Pressure Transition – example in an A/C chiller Replace component
R410A to Evaporator +3%
Dimensioning should
R452B be ok
• Designed to be
‘close to drop-in’
alternative Discharge line +6%
Suction line +4% Pipe should be ok
• GWP of 675 EXV +15% Pipe should be ok
should be checked
• Viewed as
interim solution
• Tradeoffs on
capacity and Compressor perf.
Heating cap. -3,5%
efficiency are Cooling cap. -4%
indicated on the Power: -3%
COP: -0,5% Condenser -4%
right as Dimensioning should be
percent change ok
in capacity +13%
Liquid line
Pipe could be Sol. Valve
+17%
oversized Check if valve Source Danfoss
is oversized
17 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSame component
Product adjustments Check settings/size
High Pressure Transition – example in a rooftop Replace component
R410A to R454B
• Designed to be
‘close to drop-in’
alternative Evaporator +4%
Dimensioning should +3%
• GWP of 467 be ok
Discharge line
Suction line +4% Pipe should be ok
Pipe should be ok
• Viewed as
medium term
solution
EXV +8%
should be ok Compressor perf.
Change disch. temp: +6K
Heating cap. -5%
+15% Cooling cap. -5,5% -4%
Liquid line Condenser
Pipe could be Power: -4,5%
Dimensioning should be
oversized COP: -1%
ok
Sol. Valve
+19%
Check if valve
is oversized Source Danfoss
18 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSame component
Product adjustments Check settings/size
High Pressure Transition – example in an A/C chiller Replace component
R410A to R32 Evaporator -2%
ok
• Requires
redesign/sizing for
optimum
performance, Discharge line +26%
but can utilize Suction line +32% Pipe could be oversized
Exp. valve +48% Critical risk of no
existing solutions oversized oil-return
• Several components
and settings need to
be adjusted Compressor perf.
Change disch. temp: +18K
• Compressor could Heating cap. +10%
be oversized Cooling cap. +10%
Power: +7%
COP: +3,5% Condenser ok +1%
• GWP of 677
Liquid line +40%
Pipe could be Sol. Valve
+46%
oversized Check if valve Source Danfoss
is oversized
19 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSystem performance with
Alternate Refrigerants to R134A
Medium Pressure Transition
0%
-0.2% -0.2%
-5%
-4.3% • R513A close to a drop-in
-10% • All match at part-load
-15% • R1234ze:
• Requires compressor with
-20% higher volumetric flow
-25%
• Efficiency gains since
-25.4% hx become oversized in
-30% drop in scenario
Capacity EER • Highly soluble in POE
Legend • A2L
R513A
Drop-in test using a W/C Screw Chiller
R1234ze Source AHRI-AREP Program
20 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSame component
Product adjustments Check settings/size
Medium Pressure Transition - example in a A/C oil-free chiller Replace component
Suction line -3%
Pipe should be ok
R134a to R513A
• Designed to be
‘drop-in’ Evaporator +0%
alternative Discharge line -4%
Pipe should be ok
• Viewed as interim
solution
Compressor perf.
• Negligible impact Change disch. temp: -4 K
on component Heating cap. +3%
Cooling cap. +2%
sizing Power: +5%
COP: -2%
• A1 solution but
GWP 631 not low Exp. valve Sol. Valve
-12% Condenser +0%
-10%
enough for long Valve is Check if valve
undersized is undersized
term
Liquid line -12%
Check if pipe is
undersized Source Danfoss
21 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSame component
Product adjustments Check settings/size
Medium Pressure Transition - example in a A/C oil-free chiller Replace component
R134a to Suction line -28%
R1234ze Pipe is undersized.
Losses can be too
0% high
Evaporator
• Designed to be a
Discharge line -16%
long-term solution Pipe is oversized
• Components need
to be redesigned Compressor perf.
Change disch. temp: -6K
• Requires higher Heating cap. -25%
volumetric flow Cooling cap. -25%
Power: -25%
Exp. valve -21%
COP: +0,3%
• A2L - but very undersized
low GWP of 1
Sol. Valve -9%
• Not suitable Valve should be Condenser 0%
ok
for low temp HP
Liquid line -11%
Pipe could be
undersized Source Danfoss
22 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsSolutions for scroll systems Electronic controls
The widest portfolio for easy transition to R452/4B / new R32 systems
Coming soon
Renewed MCX15B2
Heat exchangers to match varying
Interlaced needs of automation
Opt. R32 Compressors
Chiller plate heat Microchannel heat New R32
exchanger (MPHE), exchanger
R410A optimized up to (MCHE) to save refrigerant,
160kW x circuit space and energy
Pressure controls and regulations High efficiency multi-
refrigerant fixed speed
Scrolls
with IDVs for high PL efficiency:
7.5 - 40TR
R410A/R452/4B
to achieve desired conditions with
reliability
Pressure independent
balancing valves
Save water pumping energy
and improve chiller part AC Drives High efficiency
to optimize Inverter Scrolls
load conditions Expansion Valves VZH 3 – 26 TR
System protection ETS C qualif. R32
condensation for
Check valves maximum part-load
Solenoid valves & sensors efficiency. Pump,
SGP/R EXVs & TXVs
GBC EVR v2
for Energy saving ETS screw/ centrif.
hot gas defrost and to ensure safe to achieve desired
ETS C conditions while saving compressor control
liquid line shut off operation
Qualif. R32 energy consumption
DML
23 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsHigh efficiency Turbocor© oil-free
Water-Cooled Oil-Free centrifugal compressors: standard and
high lift, optimized for HFC & HFO
Portfolio & In-Development Danfoss VTT/VTX
Coming soon Cloud Remote Monitoring & Service Tools TTH/TGH
Services Ensure reliable & efficient operation and
EXVs Main, economizer, staging, service productivity
load balance. Oil-free qualified
ICM
ETS/KVS ETS-C
TT
TG
Microplate heat exchanger
(MPHE), for modular and/or
economizer. Medium pressure
refrigerant-optimized and low
approach
Dimple MPHE Optimized
plate
Medium
pressure Electronic controls
refrigerant- Subsystem and unit-level
optimized with pre-configured
application code
MCX152V
EVR Solenoid valve
2-22 Liquid line shut
off. Oil-free and
medium pressure
EVR 25-40 VLT Inverter Drives
refrigerant-
qualified Integrated
compressor &
standalone hydronic
Sensors & and fan control
PT1000 Filter Drier designs
Check & Ball valve P110 System Sight Glass
Isolation & prevent Protection
SCA backflow. Oil-free Temperature & To ensure
Level Sensors
qualified, minimized SGP AKS 4100
CHV Combined ACB AKS pressure safe operation Accurate liquid
check & pressure drop & isolation sensors, with all level measure.
ball balanced with stable DCR
operation
switches, refrigerants & Oil-free qualified
KP transmitters & field piping DML
GB relief valves
24 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsLow GWP refrigerant transition accelerates globally; It
1 means more use of flammable; challenges for indoor
occupied spaces
Major safety standards are now considering flammability;
2 real move to enable slightly flammable and expand use of
flammable
Phasedown is also pushing down on refrigerant density -
3 enabling lower-GWP while minimizing flammability
Where there are product efficiency and/or cost benefits,
Summary
4 along with tie to global or multi-region designs, some
regional transition ahead of phasedown
Technologies and components for lower-GWP refrigerants
are ready – with good efficiency and capacity. The
5 transition to lower density requires component and system
optimizations to minimize cost & performance impacts
25 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsOnline resources 24/7:
refrigerants.danfoss.com
Cool Tools Cool School
E-lessons
• Retrofit Guideline White paper On demand Videos
webinars
• Low-GWP brochure
• Coolselector2
• Refrigerant slider
• Low-GWP tool
• TXV SH Tuner
26 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsWhat’s next?
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27 | Refrigerant week 2019 | Refrigerants in Commercial Air Conditioning SystemsQuestions and
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