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reacti n
Issue #136
August 2019
RRP $5.50
The National Magazine of Friends of the Earth Australia www.foe.org.au
NUCLEAR NO SOLUTION TO
POWER CLIMATE CHANGE
Green New Deal
The Murray-Darling Basin scandal
Community concerns over 5G
Spotlight on Rio Tinto’s Kakadu uranium clean-up
Talisman Sabre war ‘games’
Australia’s environmental scorecard: dreadful
Risky changes to gene technology regulations
Friends of the Earth Australia contacts
www.foe.org.au | www.facebook.com/FoEAustralia
National Liaison International Local Groups
Officers: Liaison Officers FoE Far North Coal & Gas Free Victoria: Sustainable Cities Campaign:
FoE Adelaide
Queensland Ursula Alquier, Rachel Lynskey, 0481 288 211
Phil Evans, Chloe Aldenhoven (Melb), c/- CCSA, 111 Franklin St.
ursula.alquier@foe.org.au rachel.lynskey@foe.org.au
phil.evans@foe.org.au 0432 328 107 Adelaide SA 5000. PO Box 795, Kuranda, Qld, 4881
@WeSustainCities
Claire Anderson, chloe.aldenhoven@foe.org.au David Faber, John Glue 0477 771 384 Dirt Radio:
0455 958 270, Emma Harvey (Melb), adelaide.office@foe.org.au email fnq@foe.org.au or www.3cr.org.au/dirtradio Transform Waste
claire.anderson@foe.org.au emma.harvey@foe.org.au www.adelaide.foe.org.au jbglue@foe.org.au Mondays 10:30am and Anine Cummins,
www.foefnq.org.au, Tuesdays 9:30am on 3CR, anine.cummins@foe.org.au
Robin Taubenfeld , Franklin Bruinstroop (Bris), Bridgetown www.facebook.com/ www.facebook.com/DirtRadio
0411 118 737 0466 319 323 Yes 2 Renewables:
robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au franklin.bruinstroop
Greenbushes Friends FriendsoftheEarthFNQ
Economic Justice Collective: Pat Simons, 0415 789 961
Anisa Rogers (Melb) @foe.org.au, of the Forest FoE Melbourne www.melbourne.foe.org.au/ patrick.simons@foe.org.au
anisa.rogers@foe.org.au Pat Simons (Melb), PO Box 461, PO Box 222, Fitzroy, 3065 economic_justice, www.yes2renewables.org
Ed Mortimer (Sydney) 0415 789 961 Bridgetown, WA, 6255. Street address – 312 Smith St, sam.cossargilbert@foe.org.au @yes2renewables
patrick.simons@foe.org.au president@bgff.org.au, Collingwood,
Cam Villani (Melb) Energy Justice Victoria: FoE Perth
Sam Cossar-Gilbert, www.bgff.org.au, (03) 9419 8700,
Zianna Fuad (Melb), Richard Wittenoom Zianna Fuad, perth@foe.org.au,
zianna.fuad@foe.org.au sam.cossargilbert@foe.org.au 1300 852081 (Freecall) zianna.fuad@foe.org.au
0427 611 511 twitter.com/FoEPerth
June Norman (Bris), foe@foe.org.au
David Faber (Adel) Kate Wattchow, www.facebook.com/
0438 169 414 FoE Brisbane www.melbourne.foe.org.au
0488 079 753 kate.wattchow@foe.org.au FriendsofthePEarth/
june.norman@foe.org.au 20 Burke St, Woolloongabba www.facebook.com/foemelbourne
davefabr@bigpond.net.au Catherine Hearse, Local contact:
(above Reverse Garbage Qld). www.instagram.com/foemelbourne
catherinehearse@gmail.com Karun Cowper 0420 714 427
Membership Financial PO Box 8227 Woolloongabba, Membership and fundraising www.melbournefoe.org.au/ karun.cowper@foe.org.au
contributions Qld, 4102 coordinator energy_justice_victoria,
issues ph (07) 3171 2255, www.facebook.com/quitcoalvic,
FoE Southwest WA
Jemila Rushton, 0426 962 506
Tara Stevenson, office.brisbane@foe.org.au @JustEnergyVic Joan Jenkins (South Bunbury)
Melbourne: (03) 9419 8700, jemila.rushton@gmail.com
tara.stevenson@foe.org.au https://brisbane.foe.org.au 0428 389 087,
Jemila Rushton, 0426 962 506 (03) 9419 8700 Food co-op:
(03) 9419 8700, foeswa@gmail.com
jemila.rushton@gmail.com Peace, anti-nuclear and clean Act on Climate: food@foe.org.au,
1300 852 081(Freecall)
Other states − see Local energy (PACE) campaign: Leigh Ewbank, 0406 316 176 (03) 9417 4382 FoE Sydney
Group contacts. Robin Taubenfeld, 0411 118 737 leigh.ewbank@foe.org.au, Jason Ray,
@PACECollective
Forest Collective: sydney@foe.org.au
www.actonclimate.org.au forests@foe.org.au,
robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au www.foe.org.au/Sydney
ACE Nuclear Free Collective: www.melbournefoe.org.au/forests www.facebook.com/foesydney
Pacific & Torres Strait Jim Green, 0417 318 368 twitter.com/FOESydney
River Country Campaign:
Islands Solidarity: jim.green@foe.org.au, Megan Williams, 0452 366 605
Wendy Flannery, 0439 771 692 Jessica Lawson megan.williams@foe.org.au
wendy.flannery@foe.org.au ace@foe.org.au www.melbournefoe.org.au/
river_country
National campaigns, projects and spokespeople
Anti-Nuclear and Clean Finance, Divestment & Banks Pesticides & Drinking Water: Affiliate members
Energy (ACE): Julien Vincent, Anthony Amis (Melb),
Jim Green (Melb), contact@marketforces.org.au ajamis50@gmail.com Australian Student Goongerah Environment Centre Reverse Garbage
Environment Network (ASEN) www.geco.org.au, Queensland Co-op Ltd
0417 318 368 Militarism: Renewable Energy: info@asen.org.au, @eastgippyforest 20 Burke Street,
jim.green@foe.org.au Robin Taubenfeld, 0411 118 737 Pat Simons, 0415 789 961 www.asen.org.au, www.facebook.com/ Woolloongabba, 4102
Robin Taubenfeld (Bris), robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au patrick.simons@foe.org.au GECOEastGippsland
www.facebook.com/asen.org.au Ph 3891 9744
0411 118 737 Sam Castro, 0439 569 289 geco@geco.org.au,
Save the Reef: Anisa 0434 623 164, info@reversegarbageqld.com.au
robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au sam.castro@foe.org.au, ed.hill@foe.org.au,
June Norman (Bris), 0438 169 414 Lily 0432 023 705, www.reversegarbageqld.com.au
Claire Anderson (Perth), Ruby 0472 525 719. Ed Hill 0414 199 645 or www.facebook.com/
0455 958 270
Food and Emerging Tech: junenorman1940@yahoo.com.au
Louise Sales (Tas) (03) 5154 0174 reversegarbageqld @
claire.anderson@foe.org.au Sustainable Cities Community Foods Cairns ReverseGarbageQ
0435 589 579 Patricia Gates and Peter Reay, Healthy Futures
Nuclear-Free South Australia: louise.sales@foe.org.au, & Public Transport: www.healthyfutures.net.au,
Rachel Lynskey, 0481 288 211 ph (07) 4041 5335, Sustainable Energy Now (WA)
Mara Bonacci, www.emergingtech.foe.org.au shop@comfoods.org.au, admin@healthyfutures.net.au, PO Box 341, West Perth
0422 229 970 www.facebook.com/ rachel.lynskey@foe.org.au
www.comfoods.org.au, Harry 0417 418 225, WA 6872.
mara.bonacci@foe.org.au FoEEmergingTechProject @WeSustainCities
www.facebook.com/ Kate 0438 347 755 www.sen.asn.au,
www.foe.org.au/nuclear_free_sa Tipping Point (climate action) communityfoodscairns/ facebook: Healthy Futures contact@sen.asn.au.
Forests:
Climate Justice: Sarah Day, 0474 735 678 www.tippingpoint.org.au, Outreach Convenor
Earthworker Cooperative The Hub Foundation,
Leigh Ewbank, sarah.day@foe.org.au info@tippingpoint.org.au Rob Phillips 0416 065 054.
Dan Musil, 0432 485 869 Castlemaine Outreach Organiser Alastair
0406 316 176 Ed Hill, 0414 199 645, Trade & Economic Justice: contact@earthworker http://mash.org.au/about-the-
leigh.ewbank@foe.org.au ed.hill@foe.org.au Sam Cossar-Gilbert (Melb) Leith 0432 889 831
cooperative.com.au hub-foundation
Cam Walker, sam.cossargilbert@foe.org.au www.earthworker jo@hubfoundation.org.au, Tulele Peisa (PNG) −
0419 338 047
Latin America Indigenous
Unconventional Gas: cooperative.com.au 0455 589 065 ‘Sailing the waves on our own’
cam.walker@foe.org.au, communities solidarity: www.facebook.com/
Marisol Salinas, Zianna Fuad, In Our Nature www.tulele-peisa.org
Climate and Health: zianna.fuad@foe.org.au Earthworkercoop Director: Ursula Rakova,
marisol.salinas@foe.org.au Kitobo Colobus Project in Kenya.
Harry Jennens, @Earthworkercoop rakova.ursula@gmail.com,
War and the Environment: Julian Brown,
0417 418 225 Murray-Darling GM Free Australia Alliance julian.brown20@yahoo.com ph 0011 675 7399 4806
admin@healthyfutures.net.au Basin Plan: Margaret Pestorius,
mpestorius@foe.org.au Alex Mijatovic, 0449 872 327, West Mallee Protection (SA)
Megan Williams, 0452 366 605 info@gmfreeaustralia.org.au
Market Forces
Coal and Energy Justice: megan.williams@foe.org.au Robin Taubenfeld, 0411 118 737 Julien Vincent, westmallee@gmail.com
Chloe Aldenhoven, 0432 328 107 www.gmfreeaustralia.org.au
robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au contact@marketforces.org.au Wildlife of the Central
chloe.aldenhoven@foe.org.au Climate Frontlines Food Irradiation Watch www.marketforces.org.au,
Wet Tropics: Highlands (WOTCH):
Charlie Wood, (Pacific & Torres Strait PO Box 5829, West End, @market_forces, Maggie Riddington (Vic)
charlie@tippingpoint.org.au Ingrid Marker (Qld),
Islands Climate Justice) Qld, 4101. @FIWatch www.facebook.com/ wotch.inc@gmail.com ,
Moira Williams cassowarykeystone
Wendy Flannery (Bris), www.foodirradiationwatch.org, MarketForces www.wotch.org.au,
conservation@gmail.com
0439 771 692 0438 688 229 Robin Taubenfeld 0411 118 737 www.facebook.com/VICWOTCH
wendy.flannery@foe.org.au robin.taubenfeld@foe.org.au,
CONTENTS
Regular Items
Friends of the Earth Australia Contacts inside front cover
Join Friends of the Earth 4
Friends of the Earth Australia News 5
Subscribe to Chain Reaction 9
Green New Deal
Edition #136 − August 2019 Transforming Victoria: Creating jobs while cutting emissions 10
The New Deal and the Green New Deal – Katherine Phelps 11
Publisher - Friends of the Earth, Australia
Chain Reaction ABN 81600610421 A Green New Deal needs to be global, not local – Andrew Taylor and Harpreet Kaur Paul 14
FoE Australia ABN 18110769501
www.foe.org.au Murray-Darling Basin
youtube.com/user/FriendsOfTheEarthAUS
Back on Track: A Community Action Plan to restore integrity in the Murray Darling Basin 16
twitter.com/FoEAustralia
The Murray-Darling Basin scandal: economists have seen it coming for decades – John Quiggin 17
www.facebook.com/FoEAustralia
Chennai is the latest city to have almost run out of water and Australia is not immune 18
flickr.com/photos/foeaustralia
Chain Reaction website Nuclear
www.foe.org.au/chain-reaction Choosing Humanity: Why Australia should sign the UN nuclear weapon ban treaty 20
Nuclear power and Australia’s culture wars – Jim Green 21
Chain Reaction contact details
PO Box 222,Fitzroy, Victoria, 3065.
Nuclear Power – No Solution to Climate Change – Friends of the Earth Australia Statement 22
email: chainreaction@foe.org.au Our environment law is powerless to prevent extinction and this ruling just proved it – Piers Verstegen 26
phone: (03) 9419 8700
Unfinished Business: Spotlight grows on Rio Tinto Kakadu uranium clean-up – Dave Sweeney 27
Chain Reaction team BHP Olympic Dam tailings an “extreme risk” to workers and the environment – David Noonan 28
Jim Green, Tessa Sellar, Anna Langford Welcome to Rockhampton – gateway to the Great Barrier Reef, 30
host to Talisman Sabre war ‘games’ – Robin Taubenfeld
Layout & Design
From Ranger to Fukushima – Alexander Brown 34
Tessa Sellar
Printing Other Articles
Arena Printing and Publishing, Melbourne
There’s a lot of bad news in the UN Global Environment Outlook, 37
Printed on recycled paper but a sustainable future is still possible – Pedro Fidelman
Australia’s 2018 environmental scorecard: a dreadful year 38
Subscriptions
that demands action – Albert Van Dijk and Shoshana Rapley
Six issues (two years) A$33
Twelve issues (four years) A$60 Nine reasons to fight for ambitious emissions reduction targets in Victoria – Phillipa Grylls 39
See subscription ad in this issue of Chain Reaction Changes to our gene technology regulations will put us all at risk – Louise Sales 41
(or see website and contact details above).
World hunger is on the rise – Timothy A. Wise 42
Chain Reaction is published three times a year
Northern Territory drinking water – Anthony Amis 44
ISSN 2208-584X Community concerns over 5G: Needless anxiety or wise precaution? – Don Maisch 46
Environment reporters and defenders face harassment and murder 48
Copyright:
Malaysia must not renew Lynas’ licence to generate more toxic radioactive waste 50
Written material in Chain Reaction is free of
copyright unless otherwise indicated or where
material has been reprinted from another source.
Please acknowledge Chain Reaction when reprinting.
The opinions expressed in Chain Reaction are not
necessarily those of the publishers or any Friends
of the Earth group.Become a #FriendOfFoE today!!
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44 Chain
Chain Reaction
Reaction #128 December
#134 November 2016
2018FOE AUSTRALIA NEWS Friends of the Earth (FoE)
Australia is a federation of
independent local groups.
Friends of the Earth Online
You can join FoE by contacting
your local group − see the
www.foe.org.au
inside back cover of Chain youtube.com/user/FriendsOfTheEarthAUS
Reaction for contact details
or visit foe.org.au/local-groups twitter.com/FoEAustralia
There is a monthly FoE Australia
email newsletter − subscribe via facebook.com/pages/Friends-of-the-Earth-Australia/
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To financially support our work,
please visit foe.org.au/donate
Climate Frontlines Government survey shows
campaign updates public support forest protection,
In 2017, FoE Australia’s Climate Frontlines not logging
campaign sponsored Brisbane-based
Stella Miria-Robinson, originally from From FoE Australia affiliate Goongerah
PNG, to join the FoE International team Environment Centre (GECO):
at the UN COP23 climate negotiations Results of a public survey conducted
in Bonn Germany. Stella has used every by the Victorian government show
opportunity since then to highlight one overwhelming support for protecting
of the key FoE International’s campaign native forests from logging and provide
messages – decent jobs on a living the Victorian Labor government with a
planet – most recently at a well-attended strong platform to protect forests and
women’s nation building event at a transition jobs out of the native forest
mosque in Brisbane. logging sector.
Climate Frontlines is partnering with The survey was phase one in the
the University of Queensland Human Victorian government’s engagement
Rights Consortium to hold a conference with the public as part of the Regional
on Human Rights and Climate Change Forest Agreement (RFA) modernisation
on Friday 11 October 2019. The aim of program. In 2018, rather than extend
this one-day conference is to increase the bilateral RFAs for another 20 years
Save the date (November 9) understandings of, and effective responses as has occurred elsewhere, the Victorian
for Walk This Way 2019! to, rights and justice issues emerging in government instead provided a short-
a climate-changed world with a focus term extension in order to review the
Jemila Rushton, fundraising on Australian and Pacific Island local effectiveness of the state’s RFAs.
coordinator with Friends of communities and indigenous peoples.
the Earth Melbourne, writes: Protecting native forests from logging
Key themes will include climate change was identified by 52% of respondents
There is an urgent climate imperative and human mobility, resource extractivism as being the most important way of
to transform our economic and energy and resistance, mainstreaming human improving forests for all Victorians,
systems. Victoria is already in the middle rights in development, opportunities for whilst 42% identified protecting and
of a largely unplanned transition – many climate litigation, and the role of social restoring biodiversity to the forests
coal-fired power stations are nearing movements in advocacy for climate justice. as the most important action for
the end of their lives and the native The conference will be held at the Global government to take.
forests sector is on the verge of collapse. Change Institute at the University of
There is no doubt that change is coming The online survey was completed by
Queensland, and will include an evening
to extractive industries. We need to 2,824 respondents while data was also
public lecture by Dr Anne Poelina, Nyikina
plan accordingly. Where governments collected at 126 events across regional
Warrwa Traditional Custodian and Chair
have fallen behind, communities are Victoria, a Forest Youth Symposium and
of the Martuwarra Fitzroy River Council.
taking the lead in preventing climate from written submissions.
For more information contact
change from getting worse and setting wendy.flannery@foe.org.au The RFAs have comprehensively failed
the agenda for a fair and just energy the environment, the logging industry,
Climate Frontlines collaborated with the
transition for Victoria. and the public. The survey results show
Pacific Islands Council of Queensland
On Saturday November 9, join us on a the Victorian people know this and that
to send Sailoto Liveti as a civil society
sponsored walk through Melbourne’s they expect change.
representative to the 2019 Pacific Islands
evolving urban landscape as we Forum meeting in Tuvalu in August. For The government survey report is
announce our plan for a fair and just the first time, there was an opportunity posted at https://preview.tinyurl.com/
energy transition for Victoria. for formal civil society participation in the forests-feedback
More information online soon deliberations. Sailoto was born in Australia More information: www.geco.org.au/
at www.walkthisway.org.au, of Tuvaluan parents, and is studying for a gov_survey_shows_public_support_
#WalkThisWay Masters in Environmental Management. forest_protection_not_logging
www.foe.org.au Chain Reaction #136 August 2019 5Goodbye to a kind and
gentle soul, John Glue
Ingrid Marker, a member of FoE
Far North Queensland, writes
It was in 2015 at the Cairns Esplanade
markets one beautiful Autumn morning
that I met this kind hearted bear of a
man, with his grey shoulder length hair,
beard and contemplative eyes. We sat
on a park bench beside the lagoon and
I shared with this stranger my story of
witnessing an environmental crime.
John was a compassionate listener,
deep thinker and slow in responding
to my urgent pleas for help.
John responded eventually with have you
Earthworker Cooperative workers
heard of Friends of the Earth, the Cairns
Ryan Knights, Graeme Donald,
Dickie Savva, Dan Musil and and Far North Environment Centre or the
Katherine Cunningham. Environmental Defenders Office. I had
not, so he quietly recommended they
Earthworker Energy in the news and on the move were a good place to start.
I trusted John’s advice, he was that kind
Recent developments around the world tube and new CO2 heat pump solar hot of guy. Decent, trustworthy, integral and
are giving many reasons to despair. water systems incorporating our ‘Made cared about people and the planet with
But providing hope and vision is at the in Morwell’ stainless steel tanks! See a long history of environmentalism.
heart of the work of Friends of the Earth www.earthworkerenergy.coop We were to become good friends as he
affiliate Earthworker, and there are Earthworker is not a one-trick-pony, guided the start of what was to become
reasons to be hopeful. The Earthworker with other cooperatives in the network a campaign, bumping into him at Rusty’s
Energy Manufacturing Cooperative has also on the move. The award-winning markets, he would patiently listen to
begun producing and selling premium Redgum Cleaning Cooperative (http:// where it was at and steer me in the right
solar hot water products at the Morwell redgumcleaning.coop) is a member of direction, not many people take the time
factory in Victoria’s Latrobe Valley! To the Earthworker Cooperative network, to listen to people’s stories. John was a
celebrate the milestone, a social day and and Earthworker is co-founder of special man.
factory celebration was held on June 30. Cooperative Power Australia – a new The last conversation I was to have with
Please spread the word that Earthworker electricity retailer cooperative John was like no other I had shared over
Energy solar hot water products are now (www.cooperativepower.org.au). our four-year friendship. There was a
available, including a range of evacuated desperation in his voice and frustration.
Nothing else matters but the climate crisis,
it is a pending climate catastrophe he said
“we all need to work together on this issue
as nothing else matters everything else is
Sustainable Cities, Victoria just fluffy around the edges”.
In late June, locals came together for a Now John is gone and all I can think
mock opening of Doncaster Rail to call about is how precious he was. I keep
on the Victorian government to stop hearing the last message he shared with
the North East Link toll road. It was a me, how we need to collectively focus
fantastic action with moving speeches Please support our attention on the climate crisis and
protect the planet that we collectively
from community members calling on the Djap Wurrung people
government to immediately review their love, share and depend on, supporting
mega-toll-road thinking of the past decade. VicRoads is planning on expanding the us much like John Glue did for me.
The North East Link will jeopardise the western highway near Ararat. The project Much love on your next journey John.
potential for a much-needed express rail threatens ancient trees that are sacred to John Glue
line from the city to Doncaster. Metro- Djap Wurrung people who have camped
style train lines are much more efficient on the site for over one year. The Djap
and sustainable than mega toll roads, Wurrung embassy has issued a red alert
with the ability to move more than and they are calling for support.
double the people in the same amount You can help by coming to the camp,
of time. North East Link will kill off bring supplies, resources, energy and
future plans for a railroad to Doncaster. volunteer on the front line. Information
A reservation for Doncaster Rail runs is posted at www.dwembassy.com/
through the Eastern Freeway, but North come-to-camp/
East Link will demolish it for car lanes. Or help the protectors by making a
Please sign the petition at www. donation: www.gofundme.com/support-
getonboard.org.au/stop_north_east_link towards-djap-wurrung-embassy
6 Chain Reaction #136 August 2019Bees and pesticides Guardians of the Wet Tropics Trouble for Aussie miners
Anthony Amis, FoE Australia Ingrid Marker, a member of FoE Far heats up in Ecuador
pesticides spokesperson, writes: North Queensland and Cassowary
Australian mining companies Solgold
Keystone Conservation, writes:
There has been a lot of information and a subsidiary of Gina Rinehart’s
recently about the association The Wet Tropics World Heritage area Hancock Prospecting continue to
of pesticides and bee deaths. is threatened by invasive pest plants encounter problems in Ecuador (see
However, there has been very little and animals. Research demonstrates ‘Gina and Twiggy’s South American
information about this phenomenon neighbouring landholders are often to adventure’ in Chain Reaction #135).
in Australia. There have been some first people to become aware of issues Solgold is starting to come under
suggestions that a class of pesticides including roaming domestic animals, sustained resistance from local
called neonicotinoids are the major factor exotic pests, pollution and fire. Engaged, communities, alarmed that hundreds of
in bee deaths associated with pesticides empowered and connected communities thousands of hectares are now under
in Australia. Neonicotinoids are definitely can provide a valuable first response and mining concessions owned by Solgold.
a major issue but a search for bees on alarm system to authorities.
Recent research by Melbourne Rainforest
FoE’s Australian Pesticide Map (www. Cassowary Keystone Conservation is Action Group has revealed that many
pesticides.australianmap.net) reveals that planning a pilot project to change values of Solgold’s concessions in Ecuador
another pesticide called fipronil has been necessary for social empowerment and are located on Indigenous lands and
responsible for more bee deaths than guardianship of the Little Mulgrave River protected forests (www.tinyurl.com/
neonicotinoids. In June 2019, fipronil area and the riparian corridor by Figtree mrag-ecuador). Residents of Gualel in the
was linked to the deaths of 10 million Creek, home to rare and threatened south of the country, who are surrounded
bees near Griffith in New South Wales. species including cassowary, crayfish by three Solgold concessions, are
It is an impossible task to try and and fish. This project is unique and fills currently planning widespread protests
determine the exact number of bee a niche by bringing together Traditional if mining is not stopped.
deaths due to pesticide application Owners and those landholders on the
Gina Rinehart’s problems have been
in Australia. Part of the problem lies edges of the Wet Tropics Management
receiving international media attention,
with the secrecy of bee industry and Authority aspiring to best practices.
after the Ecuadorian government
a reluctance to speak openly about Activities will involve cooperative employed 2,000 troops in July to clear
pesticide concerns, costs associated management activities such as out her mining concession in the north
with testing if hives are damaged, restoration of creeks and citizen science of the country of 10,000 ‘illegal’ miners.
public relations campaigns on behalf of projects. Options include understanding The army was apparently sent in by
agribusiness interests, but perhaps a far the complex nature of pig and feral President Lenin Moreno after a terse
greater problem is that in Australia there dog management and the agencies meeting with Hanrine, the Hancock
are no regulations in place that require working in this space; mapping of subsidiary, in April.
biocide information to be reported cassowary habitat in the Fig Tree Creek
More information:
and there are no government or private and Mulgrave Valley; looking at other
bodies who have responsibility for unique and threatened species such as www.foe.org.au/trouble_ for_aussie_
monitoring biocide application. crayfish and fish in the creeks and river miners_heats_up_in_ecuador
More information: systems; water quality; localised land www.sbs.com.au/news/the-
www.foe.org.au/bees_and_pesticides management plans to reduce identified ecuadorian-community-taking-on-
threats; and assistance with negotiating australian-gina-rinehart-s-mining-
regulations and systems. company
Global #ClimateStrike –
September 20 Melbourne students climate strike, 15 March 2019.
The world’s biggest ever climate
mobilisation was led by children.
It’s time adults stepped up and joined
in. Take the day off to demand climate
justice for everyone on September
20. Actions and protests will be
held in dozens of cities and towns
across Australia – for details see
www.schoolstrike4climate.com/sept20
Join us on September 20 – three days
out from the UN’s Emergency Climate
Summit – by taking the day off school,
uni or work to show our politicians that
we’re serious about climate action. The
world isn’t waiting so neither are we.
www.schoolstrike4climate.com/sept20
Global Climate Strike: https://
globalclimatestrike.net
Facebook: Workers for the September
20 Global Climate Strike
#ClimateStrike
www.foe.org.au Chain Reaction #136 August 2019 7Emissions Reduction Transform Waste
Targets – Victoria Transform Waste was created as FoE
Leigh Ewbank from FoE Melbourne’s campaign in response to the ever-
Act on Climate collective writes: increasing demand on Earth’s finite
resources and a disposable culture
The countdown to climate action
which has led to a global waste crisis.
continues. The Victorian Labor
We believe in the transition to a circular
government has less than eight months
economy and are advocating for a
to set the state’s first interim Emissions
Antibiotic resistant bacteria suit of regulatory and policy changes
Reduction Targets. If we can get Premier
Dan Andrews and the Labor government genes found in GM cattle to influence behaviour and promote
investment in infrastructure and
to commit to bold and ambitious targets,
Scientists from the US Food and Drug technology in order to achieve this.
then we can lock in the rollout of
Administration have discovered that At present, our major focus is calling for
renewable energy. Momentum is building,
cattle genes edited not to grow horns the immediate implementation of a 10c
with over 2,200 submissions calling for
unexpectedly contain bacterial DNA. refund for cans and bottles in Victoria –
the state government to set science-based
These include complete DNA sequences an action which will result in significant
Emissions Reduction Targets. It’s why
that confer resistance to three different reduction in litter and pollution as well
we’ve launched a community-led lobbying
antibiotics. The study demonstrates as increase recycling quality. We have
blitz of state Labor MPs.
how risky the Australian government’s protested on the steps of Parliament on
The Victorian Parliament’s Environment current proposal to deregulate a number multiple occasions in support of this
and Planning Committee will conduct of these new genetic modification cause and our actions are being noticed
an inquiry into what communities are techniques in animals, plants and – with mounting pressure on the
doing to tackle the climate crisis and microbes is. Victorian government we are confident
how the government can support them.
Take action: tell Shadow Health Minister that it will not be long until we will see
We’re keen to seize this opportunity to
Chris Bowen to keep regulating these a breakthrough!
educate MPs about community action
GM techniques at http://gmfree.org.au Come along to our meetings 6pm every
and local climate impacts as well as
building the case for bold and ambitious Wednesday at FoE Melbourne, 312 Smith
solutions such as the Climate Budget. St, Collingwood.
More information is posted at www. www.transformwaste.org.au
actonclimate.org.au/parl_inquiry_into_
climate_action
Friends of the Earth report
We know who’s uncovers Australian banks
financing palm oil A step forward for Vic’s
working with Adani
renewable energy transition
From FoE affiliate Market Forces: The big four banks have been exposed
in new research by Friends of the Earth Pat Simons, FoE Melbourne Yes 2
We know who’s working with Adani.
to be financing the palm oil supply Renewables campaigner, writes:
Engineering firm GHD is leading the
engineering design work for Adani’s chain. The report finds that all four FoE Melbourne welcomed the Victorian
disastrous Carmichael coal mine. banks had a financial relationship with government’s introduction of legislation
GHD claims to have a “commitment Wilmar International, whose subsidiary to increase Victoria’s Renewable Energy
to sustainable development”. Yet it is in West Sumatra, Indonesia, is accused Target (VRET) to 50% by 2030. The
working on a project that threatens of intimidating local inhabitants off their announcement comes as the Victoria
water supplies, trashes traditional native land. And this is just the tip of the government prepares to set economy-
owners’ rights and will fuel ever- iceberg. The study uncovers 68 reports wide Emissions Reduction Targets for
worsening heatwaves, bushfires, of human rights and environmental the state.
droughts and storms. Please let GHD violations by the palm oil companies It is predicted the increased VRET will
know that this is not a project an ethical that receive funds from Australian generate thousands of jobs across the
company works on via the online action banks. From land grabbing to rainforest state, and secure and additional $5.8
at www.marketforces.org.au/info/key- destruction, these harmful practises are billion in investment by 2030. The
issues/theadanilist/ghd/ systemic in the palm oil business. Victorian government can build on this
We’ve been in this position before. The report was covered widely by announcement by delivering the next
Last year, with people all over Australia the media and is part of a campaign round of renewable energy auctions;
taking action, AECOM (another demanding we hold Australian companies committing to power Melbourne’s train
international engineering firm) pulled accountable for their human rights and network with renewable energy; and
out of their work with Adani. With environmental impact overseas. paving the way for the landmark Star of
enough pressure we can convince GHD The report – Draw the Line: A Black the South offshore wind farm proposed
that helping Adani build its climate- Book about the Shady Investments of off the coast of Gippsland South.
wrecking mine just isn’t worth the Australian Banks in Palm Oil – is posted www.melbournefoe.org.au/vret_50_
damage to its reputation. at www.tinyurl.com/palm-oil-report anotherstep
8 Chain Reaction #136 August 2019Protest at the
Olympic Dam
uranium mine, 2012.
Anti-nuclear campaign update
There’s a renewed push for nuclear Traditional Owners from the proposed
power, with no less than three ‘community ballot’. The complaint
parliamentary inquiries underway – remains unresolved.
federal, NSW and Victoria. Thankfully BHP is seeking approvals to expand its
the push is mostly driven by ignorant Olympic Dam copper and uranium (and
far-right ideologues and they are unlikely gold and silver) mine in South Australia.
to make much progress. Friends of the FoE is working with environmental Federal bully effort on gas an
Earth will put in submissions to the campaigner David Noonan to hold
three inquiries and we have written a attempt to hide policy failure
the mining giant to account – and to
briefing paper on nuclear power and hold state and federal governments to The federal government has stepped up
climate change as well as a paper on account given that their preference its attempt to bully NSW and Victoria
nuclear power’s economic crisis would be to approve the expansion into opening up new gas fields. “This
(both posted at nuclear.foe.org.au). with minimal scrutiny and few if any is part of a long running campaign by
Submissions to the federal inquiry conditions. In June, BHP disclosed that the fossil fuel industry and conservative
close soon (September 16): please put three radioactive mine waste tailings MPs, with the support from some
in a submission if you can. Details are facilities at Olympic Dam are in the conservative and business media
posted at https://tinyurl.com/omg- global “extreme risk” hazard category outlets,” said Friends of the Earth’s
another-nukes-inquiry based on the consequences of a potential Cam Walker in an August 6 statement.
The Barngarla People are Traditional catastrophic failure. More information:
“These groups continue to push the
Owners for two of the three sites in SA www.nuclear.foe.org.au/olympic-dam/
argument that the moratorium on
being targeted by the federal government Traditional Owners, conservationists onshore gas drilling and ban on fracking
for a national nuclear waste dump. The and supporters of the campaign against in Victoria are driving up gas prices for
government planned a ‘community the proposed Yeelirrie uranium mine in consumers. However, what we have is
ballot’ which would have excluded Western Australia were disappointed by a failure of the market and government
Barngarla Traditional Owners other the unsuccessful legal challenge against policy, not a lack of supply. The federal
than those living near the proposed the mine’s approval. But the fight is not government has aggressively pursued
dump site. The Barngarla Determination over! Vicki Abdullah, Traditional Owner the development of an export LNG
Aboriginal Corporation (BDAC) initiated and Tjiwarl Native Holder said, “We are industry without putting price safe
a legal challenge on the grounds that the disappointed, but glad we took this to guards in place for local consumers.
exclusion of Traditional Owners from court, to defend our country and expose
“The moratorium was hard fought for
the ballot was a breach of the Racial the problems with environmental law
by regional and urban communities
Discrimination Act. Sadly, the Federal in this state. We won’t give up – our
in Victoria. The Coalition would be
Court rejected BDAC’s legal challenge, country is too important. We will
unwise to provoke these communities
but BDAC has lodged an appeal in the continue to fight for Yeelirrie and
by attacking these sensible policy
Full Court of the Federal Court. to change the laws.”
measures. We urge the Victorian
The two proposed dump sites on The Yeelirrie mine proposal was twice government to stand firm against this
Barngarla land are both near the farming rejected by the WA EPA but approved fear campaign which seeks to overturn
town of Kimba. The other SA site being by the state Liberal government just the outcome of an 18-month public
targeted for a national nuclear waste prior to losing office at the March 2017 inquiry and broad community support
dump is on Adnyamathanha land near election. Then the federal environment for the moratorium.”
Hawker in the Flinders Ranges. The minister Melissa Price approved the
A briefing paper, ‘Busting Victoria’s
Adnyamathanha Traditional Lands mine the day before the May 2019
Gas Myths’, is posted at www.
Association lodged a complaint with the federal election was announced –
melbournefoe.org.au/_busting_
Australian Human Rights Commission without any public notification of the
victoria_s_gas_myths
last year, alleging contractors damaged approval and despite previously saying
a precious cultural site while assessing that federal approvals would not be Background reading on the campaign
land for the proposed nuclear dump, given before the resolution of the court that secured the original moratorium
and also protesting the exclusion of case. More information is posted at is posted at www.melbournefoe.org.
www.ccwa.org.au/yeelirrie au/coal_and_gas
www.foe.org.au Chain Reaction #136 August 2019 9Transforming Victoria:
Creating jobs while cutting emissions
A ‘green new deal’ proposal for a Fair and Just while the people of the Latrobe Valley paid the financial and social costs of
Transition, from Friends of the Earth Melbourne. privatisation. There was no state government plan for transition and 7,500
There is an urgent climate imperative to direct jobs were lost.
transform our economy. The Intergovernmental We must ensure that the impending next transformations do not re-create
Panel on Climate Change report (2018) argued the pain of previous changes.
that, by 2030, global emissions must drop by 45% The Australian and Victorian governments should create a Just Transition
from their 2010 levels if we are to avoid exposing Authority to plan, oversee and manage the required- and inevitable –
hundreds of millions of people to serious transition to a low carbon economy.
climate-related hazards. A growing body of
Friends of the Earth has released the first version of its plan for a ‘Green
mainstream climate science says that we need to
New Deal’ style approach which would start the transformation the
achieve deeper targets earlier if we are to avoid
Victorian economy. In its initial version, it focuses largely on the energy
catastrophic climate change.
sector and urban form and transport. Later versions will cover relationships
We are already in the middle of a largely with traditional owners, broader economic transformation and other
unplanned transition of our economy, partly due sectors including agriculture.
to the forces of economic globalisation and partly
The Transforming Victoria: creating jobs while cutting emissions report
through technological changes to the energy
aims to provide a pathway outlining how the state could place itself on
system. Because it is unplanned, it is unjust. At
a sustainable footing, while ensuring affected communities are not left
the national level, there is already wage stagnation
behind in the transition to a low carbon future.
and an industrial relations system which works
against the interests of workers. Many ageing Key aspects of the report call for:
coal-fired power stations are nearing the end of •C reating a Just Transition Authority and appointing a Minister for Transition
their lives and the native forests sector is clearly • Ensuring good, secure union jobs are created in the transition away from
unsustainable and on the verge of collapse. oil, coal, gas and native forest logging
The economy is undergoing a market-driven
• Ensuring sustained investment in the Latrobe Valley, including support
transformation and many of these changes are
for economic diversification, renewable energy and storage, and high-
bad for blue collar workers, as was shown by the
tech manufacturing
closure of the Australian car industry.
• Ensuring better energy efficiency standards for new homes and buildings
Without a fair and just transition plan, the inevitable
and continued retrofitting of existing housing stock
impact of future changes will disproportionately
fall on workers and communities who are currently • Helping householders and businesses shift from relying on gas to 100%
reliant on the stationary energy sector, fossil fuel renewable energy
extraction, forestry products, and associated • Shifting funding away from mega road projects like the North East Link
downstream industries. and into major public transport infrastructure like the Metro 2 tunnel
Both state and federal governments have allowed, • Greatly expanding the public transport network
or encouraged, previous destructive transitions. • Continuing to build trams, buses and trains locally
Privatisation, as happened in the Latrobe Valley,
• Supporting a rapid transition away from coal to 100% renewable energy
and ‘economic reform’ and the neoliberal
programs of the Hawke, Keating and Howard • Committing to deep emission reduction targets
eras hurt the poorest and most vulnerable in our • S upporting public ownership of energy production and the electricity grid
society. As noted by the ACTU, previous industrial • Supporting a not for profit, community owned electricity retailer
transitions have increased inequality.
• Supporting game-changing renewable energy projects like the Star
Tony Maher of the miners’ union says “workers of the South offshore wind farm proposed for South Gippsland
in Australia have spent decades being
• Ruling out further development of fossil fuel reserves
restructured … generally without justice
or fair burden sharing”. • Protecting native forests and redeploying affected workers
As noted by organisers in the Electric Trades There is no doubt that further change is coming to the coal and forest
Union, in most previous transitions, “we privatise industries. The government needs to publicly accept this, and plan
the profit and socialise the risk”. An example is accordingly. Ignoring the transition until closures are announced
the privatisation of Victoria’s State Electricity is no longer an option.
Commission in 1994 by the Kennett government, You can find a link to the full report at www.tinyurl.com/transformingvic
which delivered $22 billion in asset sales to the You can sign on to support the vision of the report as an individual,
government. This benefitted the state budget, union or other organisation using the same web-link.
10 Chain Reaction #136 August 2019The New Deal
and the Green New Deal
Katherine Phelps
My grandfather meant a lot to me. He was funny, as 42 percent, combined with production of more
attentive and had many great stories to tell. and more goods and rising personal debt, could
I also grew to be very proud of the work he did not be sustained. On Black Tuesday, October 29,
during his lifetime. When I first heard of the 1929, the stock market crashed, triggering the
Green New Deal, I immediately became excited. Great Depression, the worst economic collapse
My grandfather was an agronomist, employed in the history of the modern industrial world. It
through one of the many programs that were spread from the United States to the rest of the
established in the United States by the New Deal world, lasting from the end of 1929 until the early
during the 1930s. 1940s. With banks failing and businesses closing,
Before the Great Depression, European migrants more than 15 million Americans (one-quarter of
settled the plains region of the US. They did the workforce) became unemployed.”3
not understand its ecology and therefore used Australia was also badly hit, with unemployment
deep plowing to preserve moisture in the soil. rising to 32% in 1933.4 Our economy relied
However, in this case it removed the native on export demand for our farm goods such as
grasses which were the area’s natural means wool, which was shrinking as many of our trade
of conserving moisture, even during drought partners were tightening their belts.
and high winds. Under these industrialised President Herbert Hoover was the first US
farming methods, the topsoil turned to dust and leader tasked with addressing this crisis, which
farming failed. This resulted in immense dust occurred during his term. He strongly believed
storms called ‘black blizzards’. In 1935, the Black in diplomatically working with corporations
Sunday blizzard displaced 300 million tonnes of in order to encourage voluntary policies,
topsoil from the plains.1 The impacts of some of which he assumed would correct US economic
these blizzards were felt as far as New York and woes. In his December 1929 State of the Union
Washington DC. Address, Hoover explained, “I have ... instituted
My grandfather was one of the people tasked to systematic, voluntary measures of cooperation
help fix this problem. He was sent to rehabilitate with the business institutions and with State
the area then known as the ‘Dust Bowl’. He and and municipal authorities to make certain that
his compatriots encouraged people to replant fundamental businesses of the country shall
the native grasses and learn to better manage continue as usual, that wages and therefore
the land. Then US President Franklin Roosevelt consuming power shall not be reduced.”
sent the newly-formed Civilian Conservation He adamantly believed that people should pull
Corps to plant over 220 million trees between themselves up by their own bootstraps. To
the Canadian border and Texas.2 The trees were not be able to do so was a personal weakness.
planted to form a windbreak, retain water in Between1930-31, Congress tried to pass a US$60
the soil, and hold topsoil in place. I remember million bill to provide relief to victims of the
how pleased my grandfather was that they had Dust Bowl. The plan was to give them access
reclaimed an area on the verge of becoming a to food, fertiliser, and animal feed. However,
desert. His work was so well respected that he Hoover refused to provide food and resisted
was later sent as a federal goodwill ambassador direct relief. The final bill of US$47 million
to help people grow crops in other countries, provided for everything except food and did
including Morocco and Egypt. not adequately address the crisis.5
I tell this story because it shows how effective Many victims of the Dust Bowl ended up moving
the New Deal could be in solving problems to do to cities, hoping to feed their families. This
with both employment and the environment. proved a hopeless pursuit, as the whole country
was experiencing a 25% unemployment rate.
The Great Depression The rate was considerably higher in industrial
The New Deal was a response to the Great towns; sometimes up to 80%.6 ‘Hoovervilles’
Depression; the tremendous economic downturn – tent cities full of people who had become
that began right after the US stock market crash homeless – sprung up across the US.
of 1929. The circumstances of the time sound After nearly four years of suffering, the people
eerily similar to our current situation. of the US voted in Franklin Delano Roosevelt as
PBS American Experience describes the era: “The their president. People were ready to give him
imbalance between the rich and the poor, with 0.1 a free hand to experiment with broad ranging
percent of society earning the same total income policies in order to end the depression.
www.foe.org.au Chain Reaction #136 August 2019 11private companies and cooperatives. A certain
amount of military funding was redirected to this
administration, because it was recognised that a
strong national infrastructure would result in a
stronger and more defensible nation.
The Works Progress Administration (WPA)
was a smaller agency, though it still employed
millions of people directly through the federal
government. Because of its cultural impact, it is
probably the best remembered of the agencies
that are no longer with us.
The WPA also built infrastructure such as
bridges, schools, libraries, post offices, hospitals,
and theatres, but at a more local level. The WPA
created employment for artists, writers, theatre
directors and musicians, producing memorable
works. One particularly apt product of this
project was a play by Nobel Literary Prize winner
Sinclair Lewis called ‘It Can’t Happen Here’. The
story charts the rise of a president who becomes
a populist dictator by promising to save the
nation from welfare cheats, rampant promiscuity,
crime, and a liberal press.
People employed by the WPA were paid at local
rates for similar work. This was unlike Australia’s
cheap, less than minimum wage, workfare. In
fact, unions were encouraged to protect people’
s right to earn a living wage under the New Deal.
The administrative gem of this era was the
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). This was a
public work relief program for young unemployed,
unmarried men. Jobs were created in the areas of
forestry culture and protection, erosion control,
1935 Civilian Conservation flood control, wildlife preservation and eventually
Corps poster. History of the New Deal disaster relief and more. The CCC planted more
Within the first hundred days of his presidency, than 3.5 billion trees and constructed trails and
Roosevelt began reforming the government, shelters in more than 800 parks nationwide
reforming economic policies, and setting up during its nine years of existence.7 The public
public relief programs. The sort of control that were overwhelmingly supportive of what the
this democratically elected federal government CCC was doing for their young men and the
was able to wield over banks and businesses is nation, both Republican and Democrat.
unheard of today. In 1935 Congress passed, and
the president signed into law, the Wealth Tax Act History of the Green New Deal
to redistribute wealth. This meant a 79% income Much of what was achieved by the New Deal
tax on incomes over $5 million. was subsequently dismantled piece by piece:
Around two dozen programs were established under first by the need to divert people from these
the New Deal. Some failed. Some were rejected programs into the WW2 war effort. Later the
by the Supreme Court. Some were successful. Congressional Conservative Coalition removed
Three in particular stood out: the Public Works much of Roosevelt’s legislation. President Ronald
Administration, the Works Progress Administration, Reagan then put the last nails into the coffin of
and the Civilian Conservation Corps. the New Deal with policies that gave the wealthy
the largest tax cuts in US history and eliminating
The Public Works Administration (PWA)
social programs. Nevertheless, the New Deal’s
managed large federal projects such as the full
presence continues to surround the citizens of
electrification of the US, as well as the building
the US through public buildings, history lessons
of canals, tunnels, bridges, highways, streets
and people who remember.
and sewage systems. One of its projects was
the building of public housing within various US Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez did
cities. These were carried out via contracts with not conceive the Green New Deal out of thin
12 Chain Reaction #136 August 2019air. People, like myself, who know something
about the original New Deal, have been pointing
to it as a success story for how to care for both
our people and the environment. The world
has plenty of work that needs doing: cleaning
oceans, restoring environments, building
housing for the homeless. What we don’t have
is paid employment to do these things. That is
what the New Deal provided, as well as security
for all those without jobs.
During the Global Financial Crisis of 2007-
However, they are missing a few key points from 1935 article about the
2008, people who knew about the New Deal Civilian Conservation Corps.
Roosevelt’s efforts. Where is the talk of relief to
in Britain pulled together to form the Green
those who are homeless? Where is the discussion
New Deal Group. Their first core principle
of indigenous rights? What about people who
was that it would be “A massive environmental
can’t take up regular employment, such as the
transformation of the economy to tackle the
sick, disabled, elderly, and new mothers? Will
triple crunch of the financial crisis, climate
they be left to a demeaning system where they
change and insecure energy supplies.”8 One of
must regularly demonstrate their need, or be cut
the founding members of this group is Tony
off? These are not sideline issues. They are, in
Juniper, who was Executive Director of Friends
fact, part of the core problems we must engage
of the Earth England, Wales and Northern Ireland
with in order to avoid planet-wide disaster.
from 2003-2008 and Vice Chair of Friends of
the Earth International from 2001 to 2008. They US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt said, in
published a report on 21 July 2008 which the his inaugural speech, that he would act swiftly
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) to face the “dark realities of the moment” and
began to promote. Former presidential candidate assured Americans that he would “wage a war
Jill Stein of the Green Party of the United States against the emergency” just as though “we
then proposed a ‘Green New Deal’ in 2012. were in fact invaded by a foreign foe.” Teenage
Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg
This idea was clearly bubbling away just below
expressed a similar sentiment: “We can’t solve
general public awareness for some time before
a crisis without treating it as a crisis. We need
US Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez
to keep the fossil fuels in the ground, and we
and Senator Ed Markey released a fourteen-page
need to focus on equity. And if solutions within
resolution for a Green New Deal 7 February
the system are so impossible to find, maybe we
2019. Ocasio-Cortez’s high visibility made the
should change the system itself.”
resolution a subject for media commentary.
A Green New Deal could be an important step
What the Green New Deal currently is in this direction. I would not be here today if it
At this point, it looks like we have three major weren’t for the original New Deal, so I am all for
proposed Green New Deals: the Green New it! We need to start making tracks now!
Deal Group, the Green Party of the United States, Dr Katherine Phelps has been a peace and
and the Ocasio-Cortez/Markey resolution. All environmental activist since the late 1970s. She is
are relying on history to give the public a sense the author of Surf’s Up: Internet Australia Style.
of security in making such significant changes. She has also written and produced musicals about
They all propose guaranteed employment for social justice and the environment. Recently, she
at least one member of all households (this was organised the event Remake the Future, where
achieved for white families alone in the US under people could speak directly with one of the lead
the original New Deal). They also propose higher authors of the 2018 Intergovernmental Panel on
environmental standards, and banking regulations. Climate Change report.
References:
1. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/dust-bowl
2. https://www.pri.org/stories/2018-02-03/trees-helped-save-americas-farms-during-dust-bowl-are-now-under-threat
3. https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/dustbowl-great-depression/
4. https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/great-depression
5. https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-ushistory2os2xmaster/chapter/president-hoovers-response/
6. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_States
7. https://www.history.com/topics/great-depression/civilian-conservation-corps
8. https://www.greennewdealgroup.org/?page_id=88
www.foe.org.au Chain Reaction #136 August 2019 13You can also read
