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VOLUME ONE NUMBER ONE DECEMBER 2020
Professional Journal of the
ROYAL
NEW ZEALAND
PROFESSIONAL JOURNAL OF THE ROYAL NEW ZEALAND NAVY
N AV Y
Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa
Volume One Number One December 2020
Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa
Professional Journal of the
Royal New Zealand Navy
Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa
Copyright (c) Royal New Zealand Navy 2020
All rights reserved
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
ISSN (Print): 2744-340X
ISSN (Online): 2744-3418
First edition published December 2020
Printed with Blue Star
Te Taua Moana o Aotearoa: the New Zealand Warriors of the Sea
PRODUCTION & BOOK DESIGN
RNZAF Publications, Information and Drawing Support
Craig Pitman and Emily Brill-Holland
COVER IMAGE INSIDE COVER
Tai-Panuku “HMS New Zealand New Zealand’s Gift to the Empire”
Symbol of Command Gerald Maurice Burns, 1915.
HMNZS Aotearoa Image courtesy of National Archives of New Zealand.
AAAC/898/153/NCWA 539 R22498154.
HMNZS Aotearoa’s Symbol of Command is a staff,
gifted by Ngāti Te Whiti Hapū from Taranaki, the HMS New Zealand was an Indefatigable class battle
ship’s home province. The staff has been named cruiser gifted to the British government by the people of
Tai‑Panuku (smooth flowing tide), and was crafted New Zealand. The gift was announced by New Zealand
at Te Karangaiti carving school, Mana Ariki, Premier Sir Joseph Ward in March 1909. It arose from
Taumarunui by Gregory Keenan, a descendant concerns over German war preparations and a belief that
of Ngāti Te Whiti o Ngāmotu, on behalf of Te Uri Britain was falling behind Germany in the construction
o Ngāti Te Whiti. Tai-Panuku will be carried by of capital ships. HMS New Zealand displaced 19,100
the ship’s Commanding Officer on all ceremonial tonnes and had a wartime crew of 900. She saw action
occasions. See page 132 for more detail. in all three major battles with the German High Seas
fleet during the First World War: at Heligoland Bight, at
Dogger Bank and at the Battle of Jutland.
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
5
Professional Journal of the
Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
Between Cold Wars: Old Mistakes and New Realities 76
Professor Rouben Azizian
Professor Azizian is the Director of Massey’s Defence and Security Studies programme. He is a former Soviet and Russian
foreign service officer and a classmate of Sergey Lavrov, the current long-serving Russian Foreign Minister. Rouben
reflects on lessons from a life in the Soviet and Russian Foreign Services.
Introduction and Welcome Message 7
Chief of Navy Rear Admiral David Proctor RESEARCH PAPERS
Introduction to the Editorial Review Board 8 Toward a Zero Carbon Navy 80
Chris Howard
How the RNZN could become a regional leader in the development of a comprehensive response to the need to lower
Editorial 10 carbon emissions. Chris has developed his thinking in the light of the government’s commitment to achieve net zero
Dr Lance Beath carbon by 2050. New Zealand Defence Force Advanced Command and Staff Course (Joint) Research Essay 2019.
The case for a professional journal of the RNZN that provides a place for critical and constructive comment on all
matters that concern the Navy and New Zealand’s maritime futures including national strategy, policy, organisation, The RNZN’s Littoral Warfare Force: Embracing Revolution 94
culture, personnel policies, operations and capability. Commander Tim Garvan RNZN
On the need for more innovative thinking in the Littoral Warfare Support community. New Zealand Defence Force
A Background to the Next Round of Strategic Reviews 14 Advanced Command and Staff Course (Joint) Research Essay 2018.
Assistant Chief of Navy (Strategy and Engagement) Commander Des Tiller RNZN
The issues confronting Navy as it prepares for the forthcoming round of strategic reviews. These include fleet renewal, A Maritime Security Reset for the Royal New Zealand Navy 108
personnel numbers, future base location issues, sustainability, resilience, the security of supply lines, force protection Timothy Portland
and national security and combat options.
Constabulary Operations, Capability Investment and the Combating of Transnational Security Threats. New Zealand
Defence Force Advanced Command and Staff Course (Joint) Research Essay 2018.
Special Feature Article: Designing the Next Fleet 22
Captain Andrew Watts RNZNR BOOK REVIEWS
With the Navy facing an unprecedented period of transition, there is an opportunity to design a coherent, affordable
and sustainable fleet through the application of new technology and doctrine. Why The Allies Won | Richard Overy 123
Reviewed by Commander Andrew Dowling RNZN
Toward A New Unifying Military Concept for New Zealand 48
Dr Lance Beath The Mighty Dead: Why Homer Matters | Adam Nicolson 124
In which the Editor opens up a discussion of New Zealand defence policy. Reviewed by Commander John Sellwood RNZN
OPINION PIECES Super Highway: Sea Power in the 21st Century | Chris Parry 125
Reviewed by Commander Andrew Dowling RNZN
Affordability and Value: The Defence Context 60
Rear Admiral John Martin with Gareth Chaplin Bibliography 127
The challenge facing the Navy’s leadership.
Next Issue 131
A Turning Point for New Zealand’s Maritime Periphery 70 A look ahead to content in preparation for Vol. 2 No. One of the Journal, due out in May/June 2021. Notes on key dates,
Simon Murdoch editorial requirements, article length, topics, image selection and requirements.
A former Chief Executive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade and Head of the Prime Minister’s Department
explores the implications of the growing competition for power and influence in New Zealand’s maritime periphery. Tai-Panuku: Symbol of Command 132
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
7
INTRODUCTION AND
WELCOME MESSAGE
CHIEF OF NAVY
REAR ADMIRAL DAVID PROCTOR
There are a number of challenges to overcome in mounting any new professional journal,
particularly one that has been written and produced under Covid-19 lockdown conditions.
The first challenge is to ensure that we meet the highest editorial and production
standards. Objectivity, fairness and accuracy are fundamental. Beyond that I look for
insight, critical thinking, interest and originality of thought and expression. The aim of the
Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy is to encourage careful thought and
debate about our naval and maritime futures.
New Zealand is a maritime nation. The Navy has a role to play, alongside our other service
partners and agencies, in helping to secure New Zealand’s future. That future will be
increasingly bound up in our oceans and in the island countries of the South Pacific that are
our closest friends and neighbours.
To explore these issues as well as those further afield, we have invited our own
Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) thinkers on such matters, and we have reached out to
the best geopolitical and maritime thinkers in New Zealand. In later issues, we will look to
extend our reach further afield, including abroad. Through the pages of the Journal we hope
to provide access to a unique array of talent with which to help the Navy explore the naval
and maritime issues that will confront New Zealand and the Asia Pacific, providing us with
challenges and opportunities in equal measure.
I hope that all those involved with the RNZN, either in the service or associated with it, will
take this as a personal invitation from me to join us in exploring our naval and maritime
futures through the pages of the Journal. I look forward to the journey and congratulate the
team members, led by my Deputy, Commodore Melissa Ross, who have put together this
first issue.
Rear Admiral David Proctor
Chief of Navy
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
9
INTRODUCTION TO THE
EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD
Commander Des Tiller is Assistant Chief of Navy, Strategy
An Editorial Review Board (ERB) has been appointed by the Chief of Navy to oversee the and Engagement. He is a Marine Engineer who had overall
scope, content and standards of the Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy. responsibility for the acquisition and design engineering of
The ERB is chaired by Commodore Melissa Ross, Deputy Chief of Navy (DCN). The initial the Navy’s new ocean-going replenishment vessel HMNZS
appointees to the Board are DCN (Chair), Commodore Mat Williams, Maritime Component Aotearoa. He is the point of contact in Naval Staff advising
Commander and Commander Des Tiller, Assistant Chief of Navy, Strategy and Engagement. on all aspects of the Journal including scope and aims,
budgets, commissioned work, required milestones, publishing
The ERB has invited Rear Admiral John Martin ONZM and Dr Rory Paddock, standards and content. He provides liaison with the Editorial
Lead Faculty member for the Advanced Command and Staff Course (Joint) at the Review Board and with DCN.
New Zealand Defence Force (NZDF) Command and Staff College, to join the Board as
additional members and is delighted that they have both accepted.
Dr Lance Beath, General Editor of the Journal, has been appointed as Advisor to the Board.
Rear Admiral John Martin ONZM is a former Chief of Navy
The purpose of the Journal is to help meet the professional development needs of the who is now Executive Director of the New Zealand Oceans
Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN). The Journal also aims to stimulate and inform debate Foundation (www.oceansnz.com). John is a Fellow of the
amongst the wider New Zealand and international community interested in naval and Centre for Defence and Strategic Studies in Canberra. Since
maritime issues. retiring as Chief of Navy, John has served in a variety of
strategic advisory roles including with the Department of
Following are brief biographic notes on the members of the Board. the Prime Minister and Cabinet and the Ministry of Primary
Industries.
Commodore Melissa Ross is the RNZN’s Deputy Chief
of Navy and Chair of the Journal’s Editorial Review Board.
Commodore Ross has extensive operational experience as a Dr Rory Paddock is a Teaching Fellow at the New Zealand
Marine Engineer. She is a graduate of the Eisenhower School Defence Force Command and Staff College, where he
for National Security and Resource Strategy in Washington, is Lead Faculty member for the Advanced Command
as well as the first woman appointed to Commodore rank and and Staff Course (Joint). Rory retired from the
also the first to serve as Deputy Chief of Navy. Royal New Zealand Air Force as a Group Captain, with his
last posting being as a Syndicate Director for the Australian
Defence Force (ADF) Centre for Defence and Strategic
Studies in Canberra. He is an alumnus of the Asia-Pacific
Center for Security Studies in Honolulu and is currently also
a member of the Editorial Review Board of the Australian
Journal of Defence and Strategic Studies.
Commodore Mat Williams is the NZDF’s Maritime
Component Commander. He is a graduate of the Royal
College of Defence Studies and King’s College London. He is
responsible to Commander Joint Forces NZ for the command Dr Lance Beath is the RNZN Residential Nelsonian
and conduct of maritime operations and the provision of the Fellow. He is a Senior Fellow at Victoria University of
naval contribution to NZDF outputs. Wellington’s (VUW) Centre for Strategic Studies and was
Convenor of VUW’s School of Government post graduate
Strategic Studies Programme 2004–2012. Lance co-edited
the NZDF Maritime Doctrine published in 2019. He is the
General Editor of the Journal and Advisor to the Editorial
Review Board.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
11
EDITORIAL
‘Let a hundred flowers bloom; a hundred schools of thought contend’
From a speech by Chairman Mao Zedong published 27 February 1957: On the Correct Handling of
Contradictions Among the People.
It is a pleasure to write this first editorial as General Editor for the inaugural issue of the I am grateful to them for their vision and support, and also to Rear Admiral David Proctor,
Royal New Zealand Navy’s new professional journal. And yes, before you start a letter writing Chief of Navy, for his strong support and early endorsement of the Journal.
campaign to point out the obvious, I do know that the Great Helmsman’s ill-fated attempt
to wake up the Chinese population did not end well. Especially for Chinese intellectuals. I must also thank all those who have willingly volunteered their work for the Journal and who
So perhaps, given that the Navy does not operate on quite the same scale as the Chinese have put up with the cramped and often insistent demands of editing and publication I have
populace, we do not need a hundred competing schools of thought. One or two perhaps, needed to impose on them. It has been a special pleasure and professionally very rewarding
even three or four, but possibly not quite a hundred. to work with all of you.
The Navy’s aim in publishing this journal is two-fold. First, the Navy wishes to use the Journal Particular thanks to Commander Andrew Dowling and Captain Simon Griffiths for taking
as a means of building the professionalism of the service by providing a safe place for the on the challenge at very short notice of preparing the Book Review pages. This is to be a
development of critical and well-informed thinking. Second, the Navy looks to the Journal to regular feature that I expect will be amongst the most sought-after aspects of the Journal.
engage and exchange views with all those who have an interest in naval and maritime affairs,
or in security and defence matters more generally. Finally, I must also thank and acknowledge the special assistance that Craig Pitman and
Emily Brill-Holland of the RNZAF Publications, Information and Drawing Support team have
To accomplish these aims, the Journal will be outward looking and inclusive in its approach given me throughout. It is their expertise that has given the Journal its distinctive design and
to the development of content. I hope to be able to include a wide array of original material professional appearance. I am proud to claim their friendship, and to have had the benefit of
from New Zealand as well as overseas writers and commentators in future issues. their advice, their professional help and their design and publishing expertise.
I hope that there will be room in these pages to encourage debate and discussion of all Naturally, any faults that remain are entirely my own responsibility. I look forward to
matters relating to the Navy and its sister services, the other agencies with which it works, welcoming all of you to the next issue of the Journal. And I especially welcome any
and all individuals interested in naval and maritime affairs, comments you may have on this first issue. I will of course be introducing a Letters to the
Editor column, and there will also be a separate Commentary section for those wishing to
It is a special pleasure to acknowledge a number of people who have helped me generously take issue with, support or simply add a line or two of your own thoughts on the various
with their time and encouragement in the production of this first issue. Within Naval Staff I issues that have been debated in these pages.
wish to single out Commander Des Tiller, Russell Martin and Gail Carlson for their friendship
and support during the long weeks of Covid-19 lockdown and afterwards, when it was not
always clear how we were going to produce and edit the journal amidst all the disruption of Lance Beath
the pandemic. I need to thank Captain Andrew Watts and Rear Admiral John Martin for their General Editor
special support and friendship, and the members of the Editorial Review Board, chaired by
Commodore Melissa Ross, for their constant encouragement, good humour and help. My
thanks also to Dr Rory Paddock and W/O John Phillips at Command and Staff College who
gave me much early help in locating material for publication and sharing their professional
knowledge and experience of journal production. Also to Paul Clemence and Cushla Lippitt
at the New Zealand Defence Force Command and Staff College library for their help and
friendship.
It would be a serious omission if I did not record the early enthusiasm for the concept of
a journal that one of Captain Brendon Oakley’s essays sparked amongst senior members
of Naval Staff. Brendon had been studying at the US Naval War College in Rhode Island.
Rear Admiral Jim Gilmour and Commodores Mat Williams, Tony Millar and Melissa Ross all
read Brendon’s essay and agreed that there needed to be a journal to capture the work of
selected officers attending advanced staff courses, and for others wishing to write on naval
and maritime affairs.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
13
LANDFALL IN UNKNOWN SEAS
Allen Curnow1
I
Simply by sailing in a new direction
You could enlarge the world.
You picked your captain,
Keen on discoveries, tough enough to make them,
Whatever vessels could be spared from other Ka tahuna te ururua ki te ahi, e kore e tūmau tonu ki te wāhi i
More urgent service for a year’s adventure; tahuna atu ai; kāore, ka kā katoa te pārae.
Took stock of the more probable conjectures
About the Unknown to be traversed, all When the bush is set on fire, the flames will not remain there in
Guesses at golden coasts and tales of monsters the dry brushwood; no, they will spread right over the plains.
To be digested into plain instructions
For likely and unlikely situations...
The Raupō: Book of Māori Proverbs. A E Brougham & A W Reed, revised by Tīmoti Kāretu
(1987). Reed Publishing (NZ) Ltd. 5th edition Penguin Group (NZ) 2012.
There, where your Indies had already sprinkled
Their tribes like ocean rains, you aimed your voyage;
Like them invoked your God, gave seas to history
And islands to new hazardous tomorrows.
II
Always to islanders danger
Is what comes over the sea;
Over the yellow sands and the clear
Shallows, the dull filament
Flickers, the blood of strangers:
Death discovered the Sailor
O in a flash, in a flat calm,
A clash of boats in the bay
And the day marred by murder...
III
DISCLAIMER
But now there are no more islands to be found
And the eye scans risky horizons of its own
In unsettled weather, and murmurs of the drowned The views and opinions expressed or implied within the Professional
Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy are those of the authors and
Haunt their unfamiliar beaches — do not necessarily reflect those of the Royal New Zealand Navy or the
Who navigates us towards what unknown New Zealand Government.
But not improbable provinces? Who reaches
A future down for us from the high shelf
Of spiritual daring?
1 Allen Curnow (1911‑2001). Extracts from a poem
commissioned by the New Zealand Government to mark
the 300th anniversary of Abel Janszoon Tasman’s voyage to
New Zealand. Tasman was the first known European explorer
to reach the shores of the country that he named New Zealand,
arriving some 12–16 generations after the first of the great Māori
migrations of 1200–1300 AD. His ship’s log recorded his sighting
‘a great land uplifted high’ on 13 December 1642. It was the West
Coast of the South Island. In the same year that Tasman sighted
New Zealand, civil war broke out in England between Parliament
and the Crown; all theatres in England were closed by order of
the Puritans; Rembrandt finished his painting of the Night Watch;
Galileo Galilei died; Isaac Newton was born; and the Portuguese
ceded the Gold Coast of Africa to the Dutch.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand Navy
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
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This article by Commander Des
Tiller backgrounds the next round of
strategic reviews for Defence. These
reviews include a new Defence
Assessment, now underway, and the
possibility of a new Defence White
Paper.
personnel numbers, future base Southwest Pacific as it focuses
The Defence Assessment surveys location issues, sustainability1, more on persistent presence
resilience2, the security of in the South China Sea and
changes in New Zealand’s strategic supply lines and the ability Northern Asia.
security setting and discusses to provide a range of national
security and combat options
Also relevant are increasing
maritime resource pressures
implications for future defence for government, including force
protection for deploying land and
in the region, amplified by the
effects of climate change,
policy. A new Defence White Paper special force elements by sea. the current global pandemic,
will provide a range of defence
These are amongst the and pressure for resources
many factors that the Navy will to support rising national
and security policy options for take into account as it works
with the Ministry of Defence
demands. The principal
challenge is assessing what
government and, amongst other (MoD) to define and generate these factors may mean for
the capabilities required to procuring and maintaining
things, discuss and confirm the meet the government’s defence the maritime capabilities that
maritime capabilities and funding and national security policy
objectives.
New Zealand will need if it is to
respond swiftly and adequately
levels needed to deliver the Backgrounding these to a deteriorating strategic
strategic reviews is the historic security environment.
Government’s policy objectives. shift in the epicentre of global
great power competition from The role of Defence
Europe and the Middle East Assessments
Introduction to the Asia Pacific. With US
and Chinese competition for Defence Assessments
This article backgrounds influence increasing, tension are undertaken by the MoD
a range of current challenges is mounting in and around working with the New Zealand
that are being considered by New Zealand’s immediate areas Defence Force (NZDF) and
the Royal New Zealand Navy of interest. Many commentators other agencies. The Defence
(RNZN) and which are relevant are pointing to an increase in Assessment assesses changes
in the context of the strategic Chinese influence, principally in the strategic environment
A BACKGROUND
reviews now underway. in the maritime domain, and a and implications for
The challenges facing the perceived waning in physical New Zealand’s defence policy
Navy include fleet renewal, presence by the US in the settings.
TO THE
1 Sustainability is the ability to
maintain and deliver maritime
capabilities over the extended
timeframes required of Defence Force
assets (30 years plus).
2 Resilience is the ability to
NEXT ROUND OF
maintain and generate capability in
the face of the unexpected. Examples
LEFT include the COVID-19 pandemic,
New Zealand natural disasters including severe
Marine Realm. weather events, terrorist and other
Image supplied hostile actions including cyber
STRATEGIC REVIEWS
courtesy of NIWA. attacks and other events that are
inherently difficult to plan and
provide for in advance.
Volume 1 | Number One | December 2020
17
Defence Assessments also reviews is contained in a
RIGHT
consider major strategic trends Defence Capability Plan (DCP) An outline of
as well as emerging threats published in June 2019.4 The the maritime MARITIME CAPABILITY PROJECTS
and issues that could affect DCP sets out the Government’s capabilities
set out in
New Zealand’s national security plans for investment in Defence The following are the maritime projects planned and due for delivery between now and 2032:
the Defence
interests. Additionally, they capability out to 2030 along Capability • Patrol and Sealift Communication Upgrades $25–$50 million (by 2022);
provide Government with broad with an indication of potential Plan 2019.
• Anzac class ships communication upgrades to support interoperability with allies and other NZDF
advice on options to achieve investments in the period force elements including the P-8A Poseidon and the Network Enabled Army $50–$100 million (by
the Government’s defence after 2030. 2024);
policy goals. The DCP 2019 maintains • A new Southern Ocean Patrol Vessel $300–$600 million (in service by 2027);
Defence Assessments the indicative $20 billion in • Enhanced Sealift Capability $1 billion plus (by 2029);
are conducted approximately capital investment in Defence
• Maritime Helicopter replacement project $1 billion plus (by 2028); and
every five years3 and generally to 2030 first signalled in the
• Offshore Patrol Vessel (OPV) replacements $600 million–$1 billion (by 2032).
precede the development of a 2016 Defence White Paper.
Defence White Paper. Preparing It is the result of extensive Maritime capabilities due for review before the next Defence White Paper include:
Defence Assessments and consultation between MoD, the • The future surface combatants to replace the Anzac frigates;
Defence White Papers on a NZDF, Treasury and a range
• Additional and enhanced sealift capability (to replace Canterbury);
regular basis helps to ensure of other government agencies.
• Dive and hydrographic capability (to replace Manawanui);
that the NZDF is able to It is the means by which the
keep pace with, and respond Defence organisations, working • Littoral Warfare Systems to support Manawanui and its replacement;
to, changes in the security together, will implement the • Upgrade to Phalanx CIWS and ship-launched torpedoes on the Anzac frigates;
environment. The last Defence Government’s Strategic Defence BELOW • Upgrades to the current fleet of SH-2G(I) Seasprite helicopters to keep them in service until they can
Assessment was completed Policy Statement 2018 and the Defence Capability be replaced;
Plan 2019.
in 2014 and the most recent Pacific Reset. • Upgrades to the machinery spaces, navigation and other capabilities on the OPVs;
Defence White Paper in 2016. • Enhanced Maritime Awareness Capability (may include maritime satellite surveillance, Unmanned
4 Ministry of Defence, Defence Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and fixed wing assets);
Defence White Papers Capability Plan 2019. • P-8A Poseidon upgrades;
• Long Endurance Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs);
Defence White Papers
• Electronic Warfare Capability upgrades; and
set out the Government’s
• Replacement of the Defence High Frequency Radio Network.
defence policy objectives in
the light of the most recent
Defence Assessment. They
contain options for how the
Defence Force should be Maritime capabilities and combat options and force
structured and equipped to protection for deploying land
deliver these objectives and An outline of the maritime and special force elements. It
Government decisions on the capabilities contained in the is important to note that the
broad funding levels that will be DCP, for decision and delivery capabilities identified and the
made available in order to meet by 2030, is set out above. Also proposed funding level of $20
these options. included is a list of maritime billion for capital investments
capabilities foreshadowed in out to 2030 are both indicative.
The Government’s Defence the Defence Capability Plan for Each investment is subject
Capability Plan 2019 review before the next Defence to the completion of detailed
White Paper (i.e. before 2022, business cases and the
While capability issues are based on current planning). availability of capital through
discussed in both Defence This includes the major set the normal budget processes.
Assessments and Defence of issues surrounding fleet
White Papers, the New Zealand renewal, including the question Other reviews
practice in recent years has of future replacements for the
been to examine detailed Anzac class frigates. In addition to major
capability requirements and These capabilities are Defence Assessments, the
funding implications in a series the means by which the Navy MoD has instituted a practice
of follow-on reviews. The most works to meet the issues of regular annual reviews of
recent of these capability mentioned earlier including the New Zealand strategic
fleet renewal, sustainability, environment and a series
resilience, the security of of more specialised reviews
3 Ministry of Defence, Statement of
Intent 2020-2024. supply lines, national security that examine individual topics.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
19
Examples of these reviews explore the options for a more through New Zealand ports. of all the instruments of states
include the Strategic Defence cost-effective, sustainable and New Zealand’s trade, with some working together, including law,
Policy Statement 2018; a series future-proofed naval force 240 nations and territories, diplomacy, policing and the
of Climate Change Reviews, an structure for the 21st century. accounts for 60% of its total application of military power
assessment of the Changing A study like this will investigate economic activity. China alone where necessary. As a maritime
Character of Peacekeeping and options to deliver a credible makes up $23 billion of that state critically dependent on the
a policy review titled Advancing combat force that provides trade, which has tripled in the smooth operation of globalised
Pacific Partnerships. more resilience and a greater past decade. Any disruption to trade, we have to be prepared
range of response options shipping would have the most to contribute to that effort in
Resilience across the spectrum of naval serious consequences for the a manner which reflects its
and maritime national security national economy. importance to New Zealand’s
The recently released 2019 and combat operations for New Zealand is dependent national interests.
Treasury Baseline Review of government. on an international rules-based
Defence highlights a range of order in which the interests of Key challenges
issues arising from multiple New Zealand’s strategic all countries are protected by
defence transformation and environment: a maritime collective agreement and action. World population is
resizing programmes. One of perspective It is critical that maritime states projected to increase from 7.7
those programmes included like New Zealand recognise billion currently to 9.7 billion
the civilianisation of the NZDF’s The ocean is the primary the dependency of the global by 2050, and nearly 11 billion
workforce in response to the medium on which the vast system of commerce on the by 2100.6 Global demand for
recommendations made by the majority of the nation’s free movement of shipping. energy, food and water will
2010 Value for Money Review. goods, imports and exports The protection of this system increase significantly along
The result of the civilianisation are carried to and from is beyond the abilities of with population growth, rising
programme was reduced New Zealand by internationally any one state. It can only be living standards and levels
numbers of military personnel owned container-carrying achieved by the combination of consumption. This demand,
in the mid-level ranks, both at vessels operating to very tight
officer and rating levels. schedules. The value of this 6 United Nations, “Growing at a
slower pace”.
The net result has been the cargo is immense. More than
need to optimally balance the 90% of New Zealand’s trade
delivery of operations with the in goods by value and 99% KEY MARITIME CHALLENGES FACING NEW ZEALAND 2020–2050
need to regenerate upgraded by volume is transported in
and new capabilities as they are ships (over 5,000 visits to 14 • The international security environment is becoming more uncertain, and arguably more dangerous,
introduced into service. commercial ports in 20175). RIGHT in the face of increasing Great Power Competition.
The key
The Defence Capability Every year 49 million tonnes • Over the last 30 years, the centre for potential Great Power Competition has shifted decisively from
challenges
Plan 2019 identified the need of imports and exports worth facing Europe and the Middle East to the Asia Pacific; confrontation and conflict, should it happen, is likely to
BELOW for a Future Force Study to $138 billion is exchanged New Zealand be maritime rather than land-centric in character.
A selection from a • Maritime security is fundamental to the New Zealand economy and way of life: much of the pressure
of reviews maritime being felt in the Asia Pacific region is maritime in nature.
that examine 5 Statistics New Zealand publishes
perspective
New Zealand’s trade statistics • Growth in world population will place increasing pressure on maritime resources: food, water,
individual over the period
based on exporter and importer energy, metals and minerals. This pressure is exacerbated by rising living standards and consumption
topics. documentation processed through 2020–2050.
levels amongst Asia’s growing middle classes, falling agricultural productivity on land and large-scale
New Zealand Customs. There is a
refugee movements driven by climate change.
substantial lag in the statistics. 2017
is the most recent year for which • The search for new maritime resources to meet increasing demand will lead to greater pressure
figures are available. on the Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) and continental shelves of South Pacific island states and
metropolitans, leading to a potential breakdown in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the
Sea (UNCLOS) and the International Seabed Authority (ISA).
• The Antarctic Treaty System and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
Resources (CCAMLR) are likely to come under increasing international pressure to relax existing
prohibitions against the exploration and exploitation of Ross Sea and Antarctic mineral and living
marine resources.
• Pacific Island countries are facing increasing pressures from wolf-warrior diplomacy, transnational
crime, drug and people trafficking, climate change effects and rising levels of youth unemployment.
• COVID-19 is placing increasing pressure on South Pacific health systems and resources as well as
disrupting economic activity and government revenues associated with international tourism.
• Great Power Competition and state sponsored attacks on the international rule of law and western
based values and norms, principally in the maritime domain, are increasing the threat of state on
state conflict over the resources of the sea, deep sea and seabed as well as EEZ and continental
shelf resources.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
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alongside potentially static or is most likely to play out in the maintenance and repair Conclusion
falling agriculture productivity Asia Pacific maritime region. costs, and underinvestment
due to issues like climate in infrastructure. Treasury’s The RNZN will continue to
change, may lead to increasing The response report on the baseline review work with the MoD to develop
competition between powers for highlights what it calls ‘the New Zealand’s defence
resources like energy, minerals The RNZN’s capacity to difficulty of reconciling fixed capability and responses to
and metals, protein, and water. respond to these challenges is defence policy and funding current and future regional and
This, in turn, may lead to nations under increased pressure for settings with dynamic changes global challenges. In doing so
attempting to explore and exploit a variety of reasons. Some of in NZDF’s costs and operating we will not go far wrong if we
the relatively untapped marine these have been highlighted model’ and suggests that one remember the basic fact of
resources of our own region: in last year’s baseline review option for Ministers, other than our geography: that we are a
the South Pacific Ocean and of the Defence Force. The additional funding, may be to maritime nation with two great
COMMANDER DES
Antarctica. Treasury report identifies a revisit policy settings.7 seafaring heritages to preserve TILLER RNZN
By 2030, Asia is number of areas of current Other pressures on and build upon. And also our ASSISTANT CHIEF OF
expected to have surpassed concern including increased the Navy are new, notably history. In both World Wars we NAVY (STRATEGY AND
ENGAGEMENT)
North America and Europe pressures on operating the impact of COVID-19 on lost ships in our own waters
combined in terms of global funding, personnel costs, balancing the delivery of to enemy action. It follows In his current role, Des is the
principal advisor to the Chief
power, military spending and maintenance and repair operations, which includes that war and conflict is not
of Navy on naval strategy and
technological investment. From costs, and underinvestment protecting New Zealand’s something that is necessarily engagement matters. The role is
a naval perspective, demands in infrastructure. Additionally, borders, with the need to fought in distant places or in responsible for the leadership and
are changing. Great Power it highlights what it calls a regenerate upgraded and defending other countries’ oversight of the strategic direction
Competition has returned, as number of areas of current new capabilities as they are interests. Kippenberger once of the Navy, including executive
reporting, policy and change
have state sponsored threats concern including increased introduced into service. In observed that the approaches
management.
to the rule of law at sea. pressures on operating addition, the inability to source to New Zealand begin in the His previous roles included
If superpower conflict results, it funding, personnel costs, a variety of the key international Middle East. No doubt he was Project Manager and Design
skills and equipment required thinking of his own wartime Manager for the procurement of
to bring ships into service for experiences in Egypt, Syria, HMNZS Aotearoa. The new naval
tanker will support a full range
operations is also affecting Greece and Crete. But since
of NZDF deployments, including
availability, as are restrictions then a historic shift has maritime sustainment and
on the movements of key taken place. Our geography humanitarian and disaster relief
NEW ZEALAND’S MARITIME RESPONSE personnel. has shrunk as the world has operations. Additionally, the ship
become more connected and incorporates ice-strengthening
• When the accepted rules of law and good order at sea are under pressure, or directly challenged, and winterisation features to
Regional engagement more globalised. The epicentre
New Zealand’s ability to support and preserve the freedom of the high seas and sea lines of support the delivery of specialised
communication ultimately depends upon its maritime and naval capabilities. of possible conflict has shifted Antarctic fuel and containerised
Traditionally, the RNZN from Europe and the Middle scientific material and supplies to
• With a number of major maritime defence assets due for replacement in the 2020s and 2030s, this
conducts a programme of East to the Asia Pacific. Our McMurdo Sound.
has significant implications for New Zealand’s capacity to sustain and respond to growing pressures
in the international system. regional engagement visits approaches, wherever it is that During his career, Des has
served on a number of operations,
• The maritime capabilities required include those identified in the Defence Capability Plan 2019 for coordinated through the they may start, finish by being
including Operation Enduring
investment in the period up to 2030 and those which are to be reviewed before the next Defence Ministry of Foreign Affairs conclusively maritime in nature. Freedom (1995 and 2002), in the
White Paper (currently scheduled for 2022). and Trade. The Navy plays As we think about the Navy’s Solomon Islands on Operation
−− These capabilities include major fleet assets for the Navy; enhanced maritime awareness for a key supporting role in role in the strategic reviews and Purple Haze (2000), and was
the Airforce, including planned upgrades for the Poseidon P-8A aircraft; the communication New Zealand’s diplomatic the capabilities that we need to awarded a Deputy Chief of Navy
assets, knowledge and training required for a Networked Enabled Army to operate effectively in Commendation.
a combined arms maritime setting; and, for Defence, enhanced electronic warfare, cyber assets efforts and this is facilitated be working toward, the maritime
Des is married to Treena, and
and a replacement High Frequency Radio network. through defence diplomacy nature of our approaches and they have two adult children,
• An increasingly important part of New Zealand’s response will be the investment required to improve visits by Navy vessels to foreign dependency on open sea lines Dylan and Demi. He enjoys
detailed knowledge of its own maritime resources including the resources of the EEZ, the continental ports. However, COVID-19 has of communication for ongoing motorcycling, rugby, sailing and a
shelf and the contiguous areas beyond the continental shelf. seen a significant reduction in economic prosperity are facts good glass of red wine.
LEFT
• New Zealand will need to continue assisting the small island states of the Pacific in the regulation of physical visits by senior leaders, that we should hang on to.
A summary of how
fishing and the development of laws and regulations to govern the deep sea mining of minerals and ships and aircraft, and this is
the Navy sees its
metals needed as a result of the international movement toward lower carbon energy systems.
response to current at a time when such visits are
• New Zealand will need to develop its capacity to contribute to international collective efforts to challenges. seen as being all the more
support and preserve the international rule of law including UNCLOS, CCAMLR and the Antarctic
necessary as a result of current
Treaty system.
uncertainties in the region.
7 The Treasury New Zealand,
“Budget 2020 Information Release:
July 2020”.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
23
DESIGNING In this special feature article for the
RNZN’s new Professional Journal,
Captain Andrew Watts RNZNR argues
THE that new technologies and doctrines
are combining to give the Navy an
unprecedented opportunity to design a
NEXT
coherent, affordable and sustainable fleet
of ships to take the Navy into the future. Introduction
Our navy is facing an seas2 on which this depends
FLEET
unprecedented period of is neither a permanent nor a
transition. Most of the ships in natural state of affairs. Piracy
our existing fleet will wear out still manifests itself wherever
over a very short time frame the means and the will to
in the early 2030s, and we defend peaceful trade against
are beginning the process of it are absent. Drugs, weapons,
acquiring yet more diversity in and people are trafficked by
Timeframes are capability with the Southern sea in huge quantities with
pressing. The thinking Ocean Patrol Vessel (SOPV)1 de-stabilising effects on fragile
and design processes and a new amphibious ship. systems of governance. Some
We have an opportunity of the fundamental principles
for fleet renewal
to put in place a coherent, underpinning the Law of
should start now affordable and sustainable the Sea are being directly
fleet should we choose to fully challenged by nation states—
exploit new technologies and China’s actions in the South
doctrines, but time frames China Sea are by no means
are such that we must start the only example. Challenges
thinking about them now. This to the rule of law at sea may
paper describes the fleet generally arise in areas remote
re-capitalisation opportunity from New Zealand, but every
Dependence on with a view to stimulating break down de-stabilises the
further discussion, particularly rules-based order on which our
sea-borne trade is amongst naval practitioners, security and prosperity depend.
the dominating fact New Zealand Defence Force One of the enduring constants
of New Zealand’s (NZDF) capability staffs in New Zealand defence policy
economic life across all domains, and is that as a direct beneficiary of
Ministry of Defence officials the rule of law at sea, we have
who will be confronted with the a direct stake in the collective
fleet re-capitalisation problem effort to protect it.
over the next two to three years.
Exclusive Economic Zone
Dependence on trade
IMAGE Coupled with this, our
HMNZS Te Kaha Our dependence on sea Exclusive Economic Zone is
before the Frigate borne trade is the dominating one of the largest in the world.
Systems Upgrade (FSU)
fact of New Zealand economic The resources it contains
programme. Image
courtesy of NZDF. life, but the freedom of the must be protected, both for
1 The SOPV will be designed and 2 The enormous burden borne
equipped to operate in the ice, sea by the United States Navy in
state and temperature conditions maintaining the freedom of the seas
typical of the Southern Ocean and must be acknowledged. It dwarfs
Antarctic region, carrying out a the contribution of every other
wide range of scientific and security democratic nation.
missions.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
25
the good of our economy and Force structure in the early 60s, followed by delivered seven ships with
to preserve the eco-systems transitions...the history the Improved Type 12 (Leander patrol and sealift capabilities.
on which future generations behind the present fleet class) HMNZS Waikato in 1966 With the commissioning of the
will depend. Our borders are and HMNZS Canterbury in 1971.4 final Protector ship in 2010, The third transition is
protected by the thousands of Our first force structure Two second-hand Leander the RNZN was left with a now upon us, bringing
miles of ocean that surround was established immediately class frigates were acquired heterogenous fleet of 12 ships
with it greater force
them, but this protection will after the Second World from the Royal Navy in the of seven different classes.
not be permanent as threats War, when a navy suited to early 80s to replace Otago and That number now stands at 10 structure design
mount and technologies New Zealand’s needs had to Taranaki as a stop-gap measure, ships of six different classes. challenges than any in
New Zealand’s develop. We have constitutional be designed from scratch. and a force of four frigates was Even allowing for shortfalls in our history
protection by responsibilities for the defence The choices made were thus maintained until the mid- availability brought about by
of some of our Pacific partner excellent; six nearly new Loch late 90s when first Southland work force attrition and delays
geography will nations and familial ties with class frigates, the best Anti- and then Waikato reached the in upgrade programmes, the
not be permanent. Four frigates were
others which make their submarine Warfare (ASW) ships end of their service lives. fact that we have been able
Threats are mounting security interests inseparable in the world at the time, were maintained by the The second transition to remain viable in the face of
and technologies from our own. We must be able acquired from Britain, followed RNZN into the 90s began in the late 90s and such diversity speaks volumes
to project and support our land by two relatively modern light continued until the Protector for the dedication and flexibility
developing and special forces when they cruisers. Although these ships fleet became fully operational of people at all levels of our
are deployed. That these drivers spent a high proportion of in 2010. It could be described organisation.
for maritime defence capability their service lives in reserve, as the outcome of a collision The third transition is
exist is not contentious. Without this credible, balanced force between two separate streams now upon us, and it brings The RNZN will soon
identifying specific levels of gave government a range of of thought concerning defence with it force structure design be confronted by
capability (and investment), options for contributing to and security. Following a great challenges greater than any
unprecedented block
this paper discusses strategies the type of operation most deal of public and political in our history to date. Every
for addressing our maritime likely at the time—large allied controversy, the Palmer Labour ship in the current fleet except
obsolescence AND
defence capability needs, coalitions based on operational government signed a treaty HMNZS Aotearoa will reach the the addition of two
and the opportunities which frameworks provided by the US with Australia in 1989 for the end of its projected service life new ship types to a
underpin those strategies. and Britain. supply of two Anzac class in a very short time frame—by
fleet that may already
The first transition frigates with an option for two some calculations, between
Designing a force structure occurred when the war- more to be exercised by 1997. 2032 and 2035.5 In addition,
be diverse beyond the
(not replacing ships) built Loch class frigates and In the event, the Bolger National a project is underway to point of sustainability
Improved Dido class cruisers government allowed the option acquire yet another distinctive
This paper is based on ran out of service life in the Project Protector to lapse, despite the intention ship type in the SOPV, and
the premise that “like for like” early to mid-60s. The new delivered seven new to maintain a three-ship naval the Defence Capability Plan
replacement of the current generation of ASW frigates ships...leaving the combat force expressed in the 2019 (DCP 19) includes a new
fleet should not be the default then being acquired by the 1997 Defence White Paper and type of amphibious ship.6
force structure option. Fleet Royal Navy (RN), Royal
Royal New Zealand the increasing ages of the last Both SOPV and the new
re-capitalisation must be based Australian Navy (RAN) and Navy with twelve two Leander class frigates, amphibious ship are projected But this is not an
on a unified, top-down view Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) ships of seven HMNZ Ships Wellington and to reach Initial Operational
insoluble problem...
of operational requirements, offered an affordable means different classes... Canterbury. Attempts made to Release before 2029. We are
we have the
We must design a informed by technological and of contributing to wider allied
creating an enormous
re-litigate this decision became therefore confronted with
doctrinal opportunity and by efforts to balance Soviet naval academic with the election of both unprecedented block opportunity to
fleet, not replace sustainment
affordability in acquisition and expansion, while capitalising the Clark Labour government obsolescence and the addition design an affordable
ships through-life sustainment. We on the expertise in frigate challenge in 1999. It brought with it a very of two new ship types to a
force structure that
must design a fleet, not replace operations that had been built different view of New Zealand’s fleet that many would argue
ships, and the very short time up since the Second World security needs culminating is already diverse beyond the
meets our long-term
frame in which most of our War.3 The Type 12 ASW frigates in Project Protector, which point of sustainability. maritime defence
ships wear out gives us an HMNZ Ships Otago and needs
opportunity to do so. Taranaki were commissioned
4 On the decommissioning of the 5 On the one hand, this estimate
last cruiser, HMNZS Royalist, in 1966, assumes service lives for some
3 Many European and some Asian the Type 12 frigate HMNZS Blackpool ships that have yet to be subjected
countries have since established was acquired on loan from the Royal to detailed assessment of service
maritime defence industries Navy and returned when Canterbury life remaining. On the other hand,
producing modern naval platforms was commissioned. readers will be aware that some
of every type. In the post-war period, ships in our current fleet are already
choice was effectively limited to ships difficult to maintain.
of US, British, Canadian, or French 6 The exemplar capability used in
origin. DCP 19 is the Amphibious Transport
Dock, or LPD under the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization (NATO) ship
designation system.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
27
RIGHT
This is not an insoluble for managing investment in HMNZS Te Kaha:
problem. Rather, it presents ships and systems over the the first of the
us with an opportunity to lift course of their projected Anzac class frigates
to receive a Frigate
our sights beyond like for like service lives. Above all, an
Systems Upgrade.
replacement and design an investment decision taken on Image courtesy of
affordable force structure that the grounds of cost that does Canadian Defence
meets our country’s long-term not deliver the outcome sought Public Affairs.
maritime defence needs. by the investment cannot be
considered affordable just
Affordability because it can be achieved
within a pre-set fiscal envelope.
Affordability is crucial and This principle is applied
extends beyond the acquisition throughout the Capability
Affordability is not cost of new capability. It Management System: whether
necessarily achieved includes our ability to sustain a given solution will meet the
by paying the lowest our force structure over time requirement identified in the
possible acquisition so that it remains available Strategic Case is tested at key
for operations and adapted to points in the project life cycle. BELOW
price...it requires evolving strategic and operational The same principle that the Frigate Systems
sensible strategies needs. Affordability is also the Capability Management System
Upgrade. Te Kaha
is now fitted with
that address both ability to raise and sustain a applies to projects must be open computing
architecture supplied
acquisition AND viable work force, with all that applied to the design of our
by Lockheed Martin
that entails. naval force structure as a whole.
the management of Affordability is about how
Canada: the CMS 330
Combat Management
investment in ships much is paid for a product or The opportunity System. Image
and systems over service, but it is not necessarily courtesy of NZDF.
their service lives achieved by paying the lowest The opportunity for our
possible acquisition price. Navy is enabled by four
Over time, it is more likely to emerging trends. Three are
be brought about by sensible technological; the fourth derives
strategies that address both from new distributed operating
acquisition and sustainment, concepts and the doctrine
and by sound processes being developed to apply them.
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Professional Journal of the Royal New Zealand NavyVolume 1 | Number One | December 2020
29
The technological system fitted in Southland maintained and upgraded Modularity Modular installations, like generation, accommodation,
opportunities derive from created an ADAWS type manual over time almost indefinitely. self-contained modules, cooling, communications and
accelerating trends in injection guide to help them As the software evolves to The term modularity often have defined interfaces navigation are regarded as
the development and adapt. incorporate new capabilities or creates confusion because but much broader defined a fixed backplane to which
adoption of open computing For some time, naval address new threats, hardware it can be applied on different boundaries. The U.S. Navy a removable payload system
architectures; “modularity” mission systems such as including processors (based levels. A useful definition of LCS and the Royal Danish tailored to a particular mission
in the conceptualisation of Combat Management Systems on standard commercial these levels was outlined in Navy’s Absalon class ships and level of capability is added.
ship design; and remote and (CMS) have been based on hardware) can be iteratively a RAND Corporation paper are examples of this type of This is not a new concept.
autonomous systems. The open architecture software. replaced to provide the greater released in 20167: modularity.’ The Royal Danish Navy first
doctrinal opportunity arises It should be noted that there processing power required by deployed the STANFLEX
because even very large is a big difference between a new software edition or new ‘Common modules used In this paper, the term modular system in the 1990s
navies recognise that the cost the terms “open architecture” functionality. As new weapons across multiple classes “modularity” is used in the aboard the Flyvefisken class
of traditional multi-function and “open standards”, and the and sensors are developed, of ships. These common sense of the third definition small combatants (54m length
surface combatants makes it two are sometimes confused. an open architecture CMS can modules are structural above, because, as it will overall, 450 tonnes full load).
impossible to acquire sufficient Systems based on the latter be integrated with them with pieces of the ship that are hopefully become clear below, A large, specialised fleet of
numbers to address the threats can be maintained and relative ease. The RNZN has built and tested in a factory- that is the level which offers 20 ships was replaced by 14
posed by both peer and non- enhanced by the user (such moved into this era with the like environment. Although us the greatest opportunity that could be adapted (within
peer competitors; doctrine is as, by the development of Lockheed Martin Canada CMS not currently adopted in for long term operational the limits of their small size)
being developed to address specific applications) without 330 system being installed in Navy ship designs, potential viability. However, the second to ASW, ASuW, Mine Counter
this reality. Each of these four reference to the originator the Anzac class frigates, but the applications include hotel- definition above is also relevant, Measures (MCM) and other
factors is addressed below. of the software, because the best example is possibly the US like functions such as dovetailing with the third. roles by the installation of role-
standards on which it is based Aegis system, which has been galleys, medical facilities, The Mk 41 Vertical Launching specific modules. The platforms
Open computing are freely available. Naval in service since the early 1980s. and laundries. System (VLS) fits very neatly are almost identical, although
architectures systems, whilst now almost It will remain in service in the with “plug and play” modularity, some are fitted with a separate
invariably open architecture, US and several allied navies for Self-contained modules in that the same basic system hydraulic propulsion system
The application of digital are generally proprietary, which the foreseeable future and is that provide a plug-and- is compatible with almost every for MCM operations. Modules
computing technology to means that the originator or being used as the basis for new play capability for the missile in the US inventory.8 A are designed to connect with
defence problems began in “owner” controls the means by generations of scalable CMS equipment inside the ship fitted with Mk 41 VLS can standard container positions
the 1950s. Early generations which they are upgraded and being designed for new, smaller module. These modules thus be adapted to different aboard the platforms and
of computer-based mission enhanced. combatants. have defined interfaces missions by altering the missile use standard interfaces to
systems were based on Large navies tend to In addition to CMS, open and boundaries and are load out, and is adaptable for connect with platform systems,
hardware and software seek control over software architectures should be designed for a specific task, future missions given that future including the CMS. The Royal
tailored to a specific purpose, architecture configuration and applied to other key software such as firing a missile. missiles will be designed for Danish Navy has extended
a combination of weapons and development, which means defined naval systems, Where common modules compatibility with Mk 41. If a the modularity concept to its
sensors, and installation. having to pay the originator of including Integrated Platform can be used across modular platform fitted with Absalon class support ships
ADAWS (fitted to HMNZS the software very large sums Management Systems, different classes of ships, Mk 41 were to be “re-roled” from and Iver Huitfeldt class air
Southland) and NAUTIS (fitted of money, as the originators Integrated Bridge Systems self-contained modules Anti-surface Warfare (ASuW) defence frigates and plans to
to HMNZ Ships Wellington and not unnaturally seek to recoup and communications control are typically used within a to ASW by the installation of replace the Flyvesfisken class
Canterbury) represented huge the cost of developing the systems, all of which have the single class of ships. The the necessary mission modules, with new platforms based on
advances over the manual software. Smaller navies like same need for ongoing support vertical launch system the Mk 41 missile loadout could the STANFLEX concept.
capabilities that they replaced, ours are probably better served and development as CMS. (VLS) modules on Arleigh be altered to increase the Without access to protected
but over time they became by licensing agreements which Finally, and again crucially, Burke-class destroyers proportion of ASW weapons, sources, it is difficult to
difficult to support and then leave software configuration open architecture computing are an example of a self- such as the US Anti-submarine determine the extent to which
obsolete because they could control and development in systems can be adapted to a contained module. Rocket (ASROC), to that of anti- the Royal Danish Navy re-
not be iteratively upgraded the hands of the originator, as wide range of functions and ship missiles. roles the Flyvesfisken class by
to any meaningful degree. we are unlikely to be able to interfaced with a wide range Modular installations Modularity in the sense exchanging one set of mission
They also had unique user afford the in-house software of physical systems, enabling that provide a basic ship used in this paper de- modules for another, although
interfaces which required time management capability needed standardisation across a multi- structure and services couples a ship’s platform and early publicity suggested that
and practise for operators to to “own” these functions even function fleet. For a navy the that allow various mission “payload” systems. In this this could be carried out in a
become fully proficient. This if we are able to afford access size of ours, the advantages thus packages to be installed conceptualisation, a ship’s matter of days. It may be that
process had to be repeated to source code (although a gained in terms of standardised and interchanged as hull and its core systems for those ships with hydraulic
when operators were posted possible alternative is a cost operator and maintainer needed. propulsion, electrical power secondary propulsion systems
to a ship with a different sharing partnership with a interfaces and the rationalisation
system. Although the NAUTIS larger navy). Regardless of the of supply chains could possibly 7 John F. Schank et al., Designing 8 Noting that different missiles
Adaptable Ships: Modularity and require different launcher peripheral
system fitted to Wellington and way in which it is controlled and mean the difference between a Flexibility in Future Ship Designs, xiii. equipment to provide the necessary
Canterbury was menu-based, by whom, an open architecture fleet (and a work force) that is interfaces between CMS and
missiles in the launcher—not a trivial
operators posted to those ships computing system is designed sustainable in the long term, and
consideration, but the key point
who were used to the ADAWS in such a way that it can be one that isn’t. above is valid.
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