Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición
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Millennium Development Goals (1) eradicating extreme poverty and hunger; (2) achieving universal primary education; (3) promoting gender equality; (4) reducing child mortality; (5) improving maternal health; (6) combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases; (7) ensuring environmental sustainability; and (8) developing a global partnership for development. Estado actual de la malnutrición y los factores determinantes en los países de América Latina y el Caribe. Manuel Hernández- Triana, Presidente de la Sociedad Latinoamericana de Nutrición, Departamento de Bioquímica y Fisiología Instiututo de Nutrición, Habana, Cuba
The child mortality rate has been greatly reduced in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). More than half of the gains in reducing child mortality are attributable to immunization.
“ Latinoamérica era la única de las cinco regiones del mundo que estaba avanzando", ya que había bajado de 53 millones a 45 millones de hambrientos de 1990 a 2005, pero esa relación fue revertida en 2008, a causa de la crisis que envolvió a los mercados”
Seguridad Alimentaria y Nutricional en América Latina y el Caribe FAO, Oct 2011
En 2010, el número de personas con hambre en América Latina y el Caribe fue de 52,5 millones. De igual forma, el porcentaje de personas con hambre (prevalencia) se ha mantenido estable en 9% en los últimos dos años.
Underweight Stunted Overweight 54.5 Cuba 2005 1.3 (1.0 – 2.9) 3.7 (3.3 – 4.9) 12.5 26,8 29.8 30.1 30.1 21,7 23,7 16.3 19.2 15.5 5.6 6,8 9.8
125 cms Nutrition problems in Latin America: 103 100 cms cms • LBW 7 • retarded growth años • micronutrients deficiency 7 4 • overweight and obesity años años 140 millons of children
IMC + Maduración al inicio - Mujeres en Sexual del edad fértil puberal embarazo con ↓ IMC Early Adiposity rebound Glucosa Materna Insulina alimentación artificial Obesidad Crecimiento Central rápido Síndrome Crec. Metabólico Fetal restringido Flujo Sanguíneo Respuesta Placenta Hormonal feto Respuesta Macrosomía hormonal ↑ IMC fetal Obesidad
Gráfico 3. Distribución porcentual de los escolares sobrepeso y normopeso según el peso al nacer. 2008 Ҳ=44.68, p=0.0000
Adultos con sobrepeso
Adultos Obesos
Trends in age-standardised mean BMI by subregion between 1980 and 2008 Men Women Men Increase: 0,6 – 1,1kg/m2 per decade Increase: 0,4 – 1,4kg/m2 per decade
OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY IN PRESCHOOL-AGE CHILDREN 21% 31% 36% 450 surveys from 144 countries with trend data for 111 countries.
América Latina Libre de Ácidos Grasos trans
Deficiencia de Vitamina A Food Nutr Bull. 2009 Jun;30(2):103-11. Are vitamin A and iron deficiencies re-emerging in urban Latin America? A survey of schoolchildren in Bogota, Colombia. Maslova E, Mora-Plazas M, Forero Y, López-Arana S, Baylin A, Villamor E. Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA. 2811 low- and middle-income children 5 to 12 years of age in Bogotá, Colombia. deficiencies of vitamin A (plasma retinol < 0.70 micromol/L) 14% retinol positively associated with child's age and household's socioeconomic stratum, The prevalence rates of vitamin A are not negligible. vitamin A is associated with socioeconomic status and anthropometric indices.
Nutrition and physical activity
↑ frutas ↓ frutas ↑ verduras ↓ verduras ↑ granos integrales ↓ granos integrales ↑ cereales ↓ cereales ↑ legumbres. ↓ legumbres. ↓ alimentos grasos ↑ alimentos grasos ↓ grasa saturada Dieta ↑grasa saturada ↓ azúcares ↑ azúcares ↓ sal ↑ sal ↓ leche ↑ leche ↓ carnes ↑ carnes ↓ cereales refinados ↑ cereales refinados ↓alimentos procesados. ↑alimentos procesados. 50 años 1.200.000 Generaciones entre festines y hambre 2-3 Generaciones en abundancia energética
Actihearts
Calibration at 2, 4 and 6 km/h
Free plasma glucose 1980 - 2008 ♂ ♀ ♀ ♂
By 2030, the number of individuals with diabetes worldwide is expected to rise to 472 million, almost 80% of whom will be in low-income and middle-income countries.
Prevalence estimates of diabetes mellitus 2025 South and Central American Region 14 , 5 16,0 12 , 9 12 , 8 14,0 11, 4 11, 3 11, 4 12,0 10 , 4 9 ,7 9 ,3 9 ,4 8 ,7 9 ,0 10,0 7,7 7,9 7,6 7,3 6 ,8 6 ,4 6 ,9 7,1 6 ,6 8,0 6 ,4 6 ,4 6 ,0 5,7 5,9 8 ,5 7,2 6 ,0 5,4 5,2 4 ,8 4 ,9 6,0 5,8 5,9 4 ,0 5,1 4 ,6 4,0 2,0 0,0 Nicaragua Uruguay Paraguay Panama Guatemala Venezuela Honduras El Salvador Dominican Republic Argentina Brazil Ecuador Cuba Bolivia Costa Rica Peru Chile Colombia Puerto Rico 2007 2025 Diabetes Atlas South and Central American Region
Prevalence estimates of glucose intolerance 2025 South and Central American Region Prevalence estimates of glucose intolerance 2025 - South and Central American Region 16 14,5 14 12,5 11,4 12 10,6 Prevalence (%) 10,1 10,4 9,9 9,9 10,2 10,2 9,1 10 8,2 8,6 8,1 7,4 7,4 7,9 7,7 8,1 6,9 7,8 8 7,2 7,0 7,5 6,7 6,6 6,7 6,6 7,0 7,3 6,9 6,3 6,2 5,1 6,0 6 4,4 4,8 4,3 4 2 0 Countries Diabetes Atlas South and Central American Region 2007 2025 Diabetes Atlas South and Central American Region
Causas de muerte por Enfermedades No Transmisibles Tasas por 100 000 habitantes Argentina Brasil Mexico Colombia
Mayas Incas agriculture Peruvian indians Xingu River, Brasilian Amazonian
The Tarahumara Indians from Mexico Sierra Madre Occidental Mountains in the north-central state of Chihuahua, Mexico • remarkable physical endurance and diet, • very little food from animal sources, but beans, corn, and squash. • exceptional capacity for exercise. • cholesterol to be 72 mg/day, • fat intake only 12% of total calories. • mean plasma total cholesterol: 125 mg/dl, • mean plasma triglyceride: 120 mg/dl. • excellent correlation between intake and Chol levels. • A cholesterol-feeding experiment with Tarahumara Indians showed similar changes to those described in normocholesterolemic U.S. subjects Balke B, Snow C. Anthropological and physiological observations on Tarahumara endurance runners. Am J Phys Anthro. 1965;23:293-301 Groom D. Cardiovascular observations on Tarahumara Indian runners –the modern Spartans. Am Heart J. 1971;81:304-14 Jenkison M. The glory of the long distance runner. Nat Hist. 1972;81:54. Connor, WE et al. The plasma lipids, lipoproteins and the diet of the Tarahumara Indians of Mexico. Am J Clin Nutr. 1978;31:1131-42. McMurry MP, Connor WE, Cerqueria MT. Dietary cholesterol and the plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the Tarahumara Indians. A people habituated to a low-cholesterol diet after weaning. Am J Clin Nutr.1982;35:741-4. McMurry MP, Cerqueira MT, Connor MS, Connor WE. Changes in lipid and lipoprotein levels and body weight in Tarahumara Indians after consumption of an affluent diet. New Eng J Med. 1991;325:1704-8
The Brazilian Yanomami Indians • a quite different lifestyle from individuals living in the industrialized world. • agricultural products diet (roots, sweet potato, sugar cane, fruits and insects) • they do not raise animals, • dietary meat comes from hunting; therefore, it is relatively rare. • little access to processed sugar, salt, alcohol, milk, dairy and eggs. • lower TC serum levels compared to Americans • lower TC, LDL-C, and HDL-C Mancilha-Carvalho JJ, Crews DE. Lipid profiles of Yanomano Indians of Brazil. Prev Med. 1990;19:66-75, doi: 10.1016/0091-7435(90)90009-9.
Pima Indians ancestry (separation 700-1000 years ago) living in remote, mountainous locations in northwestern Mexico obesity and, perhaps, type 2 diabetes were less prevalent, traditional lifestyle, diet with less animal fat and more complex carbohydrates, greater energy expenditure in physical labor Ravussin E, Valencia ME, Esparza J, Bennet PH, Schulz LO. Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity in Pima Indians. Diabet Care. 1994;17:1067-74, doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.9.1067.
The Pima Indians of Arizona the highest reported prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes. abrupt changes in lifestyle, prevalences increase to epidemic proportions impact of the environment compared with Pima ancestry from Mexico Ravussin E, Valencia ME, Esparza J, Bennet PH, Schulz LO. Effects of a traditional lifestyle on obesity in Pima Indians. Diabet Care. 1994;17:1067-74, doi: 10.2337/diacare.17.9.1067.
The Lima Study Relationship between type of diet and CVD risk factors among vegetarians (VEG), semi-vegetarians (SVEG), and omnivorous (OMN) Peruvian subjects with ethnographic characteristics of mixed Spanish and indigenous descent. VEG subjects are exposed to a lesser degree of cardiovascular risk factors when compared to OMNs, while the SVEG are at an intermediate level of exposure. Acosta Navarro J et al. Blood pressure, blood lipids and other biochemical parameters among vegetarian, semi-vegetarian and omnivorous Peruvians. The Lima Study. JACC. 1998;31(Suppl C):373. Acosta Navarro et al. Pressa˜o sanguı´nea, perfil lipı´dico e outros paraˆmetros bioquı´micos entre peruanos vegetarianos, semi-vegetarianos e onı´voros. O Estudo Lima. Annais Paulist Med Cir. 1998,125:87-101
The Sao Paulo Study Prevalence of CVD risk factors among VEG (n = 65), SVEG (n = 30) and OMN (n = 41) subjects from the Adventist Church of Sao Paulo • no difference in the prevalence of anemia or overt nutritional deficiency, • different nutrient intake among the groups • VEGs had a significantly lower mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure, • lower prevalences of arterial hypertension and hypercholesterolemia, • lower plasma concentrations of TC and LDL-C compared to OMN. • SVEG group showed intermediate values • VEG diet, and less, the SVEG diet are associated with a better CHD risk profile. Acosta Navarro JC et al. Vegetarians and semi-vegetarians are less exposed to CVD risk factors. Int J Atheroscler 2006;1:48-54. Acosta-Navarro J, Caramelli B. Vegetarians from Latin America. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:902
Brazilian study. De Biasi et al • 76 males and females • OMNs, lacto-ovo vegetarians, lacto vegetarians, and vegans. • Significant differences for serum TC, LDL-C, and TG levels. • higher levels by OMNs • decreased levels for VEGs as animal products were restricted • lowest levels by vegans. • Vegetarian diet associated with lower levels of TG, TC, and LDL-C De Biase SG, Fernandes SF, Gianini RJ, Duarte JL. Vegetarian diet and cholesterol and riglycerides levels. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;88:35-9, doi: 10.1590/S0066-782X2007000100006.
↑ fruits ↓ fruits ↑ green leaves ↓ green leaves ↑ whole grains ↓ whole grains ↑ cereals ↓ cereals ↑ legumes. ↓ legumes. ↓ saturated fat ↑ saturated fat ↓ sugars ↑ sugars Diet ↑ salt ↓ salt ↑ milk and dairy prods ↓ milk and dairy prods ↑ meat ↓ meat ↑ refined cereals ↓ refined cereals ↑ processed foodstuffs ↓ processed foodstuffs12 50 years Dramatic increase of sedentary behavior 1.200.000 Generations between gorging and hunger 2-3 Generations in energetic overflow
Firmicutes Firmicutes Bacteroidetes Bacteroidetes Fuente: Peter J, et al. An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 2006;444:1027-131.
Preventive diet The “nutritional transition ” in fruits Latin America took place with a diet : green vegetables fruits whole grains green vegetables Nutritional cereals whole grains Alternative legumes. cereals ????? saturated fat legumes. sugar salt saturated fat milk sugar meats salt refined cereals milk high processed foods meats refined cereals high processed foods Diet favors Desired dietary pattern body weight for the NCD prevention control Dietary pattern promotes inflammation, overweight and glucose intolerance.
Assayed diet
Dietary Reference Intakes for the Cuban Population, 2009 Cuban Minister of Public Health, Dr. José Ramón Balaguer Cabrera, Deputy Minister of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Dr. Luis Estruch Rancaño Director of the Cuban Institute of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, Dr. Disnardo Raúl Pérez González Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury, Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando Rodríguez Suárez, Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte, Lourdes Valdés Fraga Mercedes Esquivel Lauzurique, Vladimir Ruiz Álvarez, Magaly Padrón Herrera, Gisela Pita Consuelo Macías, Yeneisy Lanyau Domínguez, Daysi Zulueta Torres, Maria Elena Díaz Sánchez, Mayttel de la Paz Luna, Beatriz Basabe Tuero, Blanca Terry Berro Alejandrina Cabrera Hernández, Moisés Hernández Fernández , Elisa Aznar García, 1996 2004 Lázaro Alfonso Novo, Rita Castiñeiras García, Jorge René Fernández Massó, Norma Silva Leal, Berta Rodríguez Anzardo 2003 2009 Publicaciones 1. Porrata C, Hernández-Triana M, Argüelles JM.Recomendaciones nutricionales y guías de alimentación para la población cubana. Havana:Editorial Pueblo y Educación; 1996. 2. Hernández-Triana M. Recomendaciones nutricionales para el ser humano. Actualización. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed. 2004;23(4):266–92. 3. Validación de la Recomendación Diaria de Energía Alimentaria vigente en Cuba para mujeres de 60 a 70 años de edad mediante la medición del gasto energético por el método del agua doblemente marcada. M Hernández, C Porrata, G Estrada, M E Díaz, H S. Bayley, P Jones, I Martín, R Moreno, V Moreno, I Wong, A Ferrer. Resumenes de Congreso, Museo Montane 2005 4. Requerimientos de energía alimentaria para la población adulta. Manuel Hernández Triana. Rev. Cubana de Higiene y Epidemiología 2005;43(1):(www.sld.sld.cu/servicios/revistas/revistas cubanas). 5. Recomendaciones nutricionales para adultos con sobrepeso corporal. Manuel Hernández Triana Tabloide para “Universidad para Todos” La Obesidad, Una Epidemia Mundial 2007. 6. Recomendaciones nutricionales para adultos con sobrepeso corporal. Hernández Triana, Manuel. Rev Cubana Invest Bioméd, Jun 2008, vol.27, no.2, p.0-0. ISSN 0864-0300 7. Recomendaciones Nutricionales. En: Temas de Nutrición. Nutrición básica. C Porrata y M Hernández-Triana. Volumen I, Cap. 5. 2008. http://bvs.sld.cu/libros_texto/nutricion_basica/cap5.pdf 8. Recomendaciones Nutricionales para la Población Cubana 2008. Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury, Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando Rodríguez Suárez,3 Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte, Lourdes Valdés Fraga,5 Mercedes Esquivel Lauzurique. Instituto de Investigaciones para la Industria Alimenticia, La Habana, Cuba; Febrero 2009 ISBN 978-959-7003-23-6. 9. Recomendaciones Nutricionales para la Población Cubana 2008. Manuel Hernández Triana, Carmen Porrata Maury, Santa Jiménez Acosta, Armando Rodríguez Suárez, Olimpia Carrillo Farnés, Álvaro García Uriarte, Lourdes Valdés Fraga. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2009; 28(1):1-50. 10. Dietary Reference Intakes for the Cuban Population, 2008. Manuel Hernández-Triana, Carmen Porrata, Instituto de Nutrición MD, PhD, Santa Jiménez, MD,ePhD, Higiene de los Armando Rodríguez, PhD, Olimpia Carrillo, PhD, Álvaro García, PhD, Lourdes Valdés, PhD, Mercedes Esquivel, MD, PhD. MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4:9-16. Alimentos. La Habana, Cuba
Nutrient DRIs Assayed Diet Energy (kcal) 2000 – 2400 2022 Proteins (g) 75 – 90 60 Fat (g) 55 – 66 36 Carbohydrates (g) 300 – 360 363 Fibre (g) 30 – 50 57 Vit A (μg) 550 – 3000* 3203 Vit E (mg) 9 – 1000 8 Nutritional Vit K (μg) 60 – DN 221 composition of the Vit C (mg) 45 – 2000 69 Vit B1 (mg) 1,2 – DN 2,2 assayed diet. Vit B2 (mg) 1,3 – DN 1,6 Accomplishment of Vit B6 (mg) 1,4 – 100 3,0 Cuban DRIs Vit B12 (μg) 2,0 – ND 0,45 Folates (μg) 400 – 1000 832 Niacin (mg) 16 – 35 26 Ca (mg) 750 – 2500 968 P (mg) 800 – 4000 1250 Mg (mg) 250 – 350** 749 Mn (mg) 2 – 11 16 K (mg) 2000 – 3500 3657 Na (mg) 500 – 2300 3676 Fe (mg) 25 – 53 24 Zn (mg) 12 – 40 15
En Cuba: Campo de arroz orgánico
Arroz integral Demanda creciente: 2 ton diaria, 2 pesos la lb
Máquina de galletas de arroz, Instituto Finlay
Fomento cultivo de ajonjolí. Consumo Finlay: 25 ton al año
Producción de aceite de ajonjolí
Cocina Dietoterapia, Finlay
Comedor, Instituto Finlay
Conferencia de introducción: primer jueves de cada mes.
Publicaciones científicas 1. Security and nutritional value of macrobiotic diet. The Cuban experience. C. Porrata, Manuel Hernández Triana, D. Castro, M. Naranjo, R. Vilá, M. E. Díaz, T. De Armas Proccedings of Intrafood-2005, Elsevier, 25-28 oct, Valencia, España, 2005. 2. Efecto terapéutico de la dieta macrobiótica Ma-Pi 2 en 25 adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Carmen Porrata Maury, Alfredo Abuín Landín, Abraham Morales, Raúl Vilá Dacosta-Calheiros, Manuel Hernández Triana, Jorge Menéndez Hernández, María Elena Díaz Sánchez, Mayelín Mirabal Sosa, Concepción Campa Huergo Mario Pianesi. Rev Cubana Invest Biomed 2007;26(2): 3. Manual de Dietoterapia Macrobiótica Ma-Pi. Diabetes mellitus tipo 2. Pianesi M, Porrata-Maury C, Hernández Triana M, Campa-Huergo C. Editorial La Pica, Roma, Italia, Dic 2008 4. Caracterización y evaluación nutricional de las dietas macrobióticas Ma-Pi. Carmen Porrata Maury, Manuel Hernández Triana, Concepción Campa Huergo, Alfredo Abuín Landín y Mario Pianesi. Revista Cubana de Investigaciones Biomédicas. 2008; 27(3-4):1-36 5. Ma-Pi 2 Macrobiotic Diet Intervention in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitas. Carmen Porrata, MD, PhD, Julio Sánchez, MD, Violeta Correa, MD, Alfredo Abuín, MD, Manuel Hernández-Triana, MD, PhD, Raúl Vilá Dacosta-Calheiros, MD, María Elena Díaz, PhD, Mayelín Mirabal, MS, Eduardo Cabrera, PhD, Concepción Campa, MS, Mario Pianesi. MEDICC Review, Fall 2009, Vol 11, No 4:29-35. 6. Intestinal Microbiota, Inflamation, glucosa intolerante and ethiology of chronic diseases. Manuel Hernández Triana, Vladimir Ruiz. Public Health Nutrition 2010;13(9A):6 7. Therapeutic effect of the macrobiotic Ma-Pi diet in type 1 diabetic children. C Porrata, T Montesino, N Ocaña, M Hernández-Triana, M Mirabal, Maria E Diaz, R Vila, E Cabrera, C Campa, M Pianesi. J Arab Borrad Health Specilizat 2010;11 4:2-22. 8. Short term effect of the Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet in adults with type 2 Diabetes mellitus of Beijing, 2008.Wang Bin, Porrata C, Weiguo Ma, Bing Xu, Alegret M, Yujing Quian Hernández M, Ruíz V, Pianesi M. Enviado a Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism 2011 (Junio 2011) 9. Impacto de una intervención intensiva durante 6 meses con dieta macrobiótica Ma-Pi 2, en adultos con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, Costa de Marfil, 2009-2010. Yapo MR,1 Adouéni KV,2 Euhoman G,3 Porrata C,4 Ruíz V,5 Pianesi M. 6 Enviado a Jornal of Nutrition and Metabolism Oct 2011 10. Ma-Pi 2 macrobiotic diet intervention during three months in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus, Mongolia, 2008. Jambal Khatanbaatar, a Tsermaa Yondonperenlei, b Tseremsambuu Narantuya, c Carmen Porrata-Maury, d Vladimir Ruíz, e Manuel Hernández, f Mario Pianesi. Enviado a Jornal of Nutrition and Metabolism Nov 2011
En 2010, el número de personas con hambre en América Latina y el Caribe fue de 52,5 millones. De igual forma, el porcentaje de personas con hambre (prevalencia) se ha mantenido estable en 9% en los últimos dos años.
En agosto de 2011 el índice de precios internacionales de los alimentos de la FAO alcanzó un nivel 26% superior al de agosto de 2010.
Precios de Cereales, FAO 2011 Maíz Soya Trigo Arroz
los precios de los alimentos en el periodo 2006-2011 se encuentra 73% por sobre los niveles del quinquenio previo 2000-2005.
Según los pronósticos de FAO y OCDE, los precios permanecerán altos y volátiles en los próximos años.
Highly unusual extreme weather events affected the Latin America region over recent years. • Venezuelan rainfall (1999, 2005) • flooding in the Argentinean Pampas (2000-2002) • Amazon drought (2005), • hail storm in Bolivia(2002) • hail storm in the Great Buenos Aires area (2006), • the unprecedented hurricane Catarina in the South 8 Atlantic (2004) • the record hurricane season of 2005 in the Caribbean Basin.
Important changes in precipitation and increases in temperature during the last decades in Latin America. • Increased rainfall and floods in Bolivia, southeast Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, the Argentinean Pampas • Declining trend in precipitation in southern Chile, southwest Argentina, southern Peru, and western Central America. • Increases of temperature in Mesoamerica and South America (1°C) and Brazil 0.5ºC • Trend in glaciers retreat is accelerating. • Glaciers retreat is critical in Bolivia, Peru, Colombia and Ecuador (Water availability for consumption or hydropower generation already compromised). • Problems are expected to increase in the future
Land use changes have intensified the use of natural resources and exacerbated many of the processes of land degradation in Latin America. • 3/4 of the dryland´s surface affected by degradation processes. • Natural land cover continues to decline at very high rates. • Tropical forests deforestation increased during the last five years. • Biomass burning aerosols may change regional temperature and precipitation in the southern part of Amazonia. • Biomass burning also affects regional air quality with implications on human health. • Increased vegetation fire risk
Mayor riesgo para la seguridad alimentaria y nutricional de las poblaciones vulnerables en América Latina y el Caribe. El 9% de su población total (52,5 millones de personas) sufren hambre Esta cifra crecerá !!!
• Projected mean warming for LA to the end of the Century of 1- 4°C • Under climate change: risk of species extinctions in tropical LA • Increase in Sea Level Rise, weather and climatic variability and extremes will affect coastal areas, • mangrove ecosystems and region's fisheries. • By the 2020s: net increase of people under water stress due to climate change: 7-77 million • Diseases are weather and climate related; vectors development favored (malaria, dengue). • Decreased yields projected for numerous crops (rice, maize, wheat, barley, grapes) Adaptive capacity of human systems in LA is low, particularly to extreme climate events, and vulnerability is high. Sustainable development plans in LA should include adaptation strategies to enhance the integration of climate change into development policies.
Amplio debate internacional sobre los fundamentos mismos y los límites estructurales del estilo de desarrollo predominante. Lo que se cuestiona es el predominio del mercado sin contrapesos, alimentado por un proceso de globalización carente de mecanismos de gobernabilidad, que ha convertido a: la desigualdad en el estigma de nuestra época. José Graziano da Silva Representante Regional de la FAO para América Latina y el Caribe
Principales mensajes • El precio de los alimentos y la volatilidad ponen en riesgo los avances en la erradicación del hambre y de la desnutrición infantil en la región. • Incorporar políticas para subnutrición y sobrepeso • El alza de precios de alimentos aumenta la pobreza y reduce acceso a alimentos • La región como bloque no tiene problemas de disponibilidad de alimentos 2011 • En los cereales, se pronosticó una leve caída.
Recomendaciones • Dinamización del comercio intraregional de alimentos • Revisión de los aspectos más permanentes o estructurales de la sociedad • Agenda de políticas públicas para enfrentar los principales desafíos de la región • Rol político más activo en mecanismos de gobernanza de la seguridad alimentaria • Transformación de los patrones de producción y consumo • Prioridad a la inclusión de la agricultura familiar • Adaptar la agricultura al cambio climático • Mayor transparencia y competencia en los mercados agroalimentarios • Políticas de redistribución de los ingresos • Ampliación de los sistemas de protección social, reformas en sistemas tributarios
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