PRESENTATION ON MEASUREMENT OF INLAND TRANSPORT CO2 EMISSION AND MITIGATION POLICIES - PRESENTED BY: DORJI WANGDI, EXECUTIVE ENGINEER, DEPARTMENT ...

PRESENTATION
                  ON
    MEASUREMENT OF INLAND TRANSPORT
       CO2 EMISSION AND MITIGATION
               POLICIES

PRESENTED BY:
DORJI WANGDI,
EXECUTIVE ENGINEER,
DEPARTMENT OF ROADS, BHUTAN.

Bhutan Map

1.0 Background
• Bhutan is a small country with a population of 695,822
  covering an area of 38,394 km2.
• Landlocked country located in the eastern Himalayas between
  China to the north and India to the south.
• The landscape is mountainous and rugged consist of main
  river valleys and steep mountains with altitude ranging from
  about 2000 to 4000 m.
• Great Himalayas in the north along the Tibetan border
  encompass snow‐capped peaks and alpine meadows above
  4000 m and extremely challenging for development.
• The landscape is dominated by high forest (70.46%) along
  with steep slopes with very little land available for agriculture
  (2.93%).

Contd.
• Climate is highly influenced by Monsoon with 70% of
  precipitation falling during summer (June – September).
• Combination of geography, climate and high forest cover has
  resulted in extremely high biodiversity and home to many
  species that are globally endangered.
• Bhutan has 677 glaciers and 2674 glacial lakes.
• Hydropower is the major source of government’s revenue and
  contributes 19% of GDP mainly through exports to India.
• Agriculture is a significant contributor to GDP in Bhutan
  accounting for more than 18.5% of GDP in 2008 and with 69%
  of the population dependent on this sector.

2.0 Ambient Air Quality in Bhutan
• Air quality in Bhutan has long been regarded as pristine.
• The recent rapid development is placing pressure on air
  quality in the major urban cities like Thimphu and
  Phuentsholing and at several industrial estates with relatively
  heavy industries.

3.0 Emission
The primary source of air pollution in Bhutan are:
• Exhaust emissions from diesel and petrol vehicles
• Particulate matter from brake and tire wear and suspended
  road dust
• Industry emission
• Smoke from wood stove, cooking and space heating
• Wind‐blown dust from building construction sites, bare
  agricultural soil and road construction areas
• Smoke from forest fires and agricultural burning
• Smoke from open fires at construction sites and outdoor
  recreation
• Smoke from roadside wood‐fired heating of bitumen in open
  pans for road paving including on city streets

Emission

4.0 Transport
• The significant increase of vehicle fleet consequent upon
  rapid economic growth.
• More than 17% of registered vehicles have been increased
  from 1997 to 2004.
• The recent statistics on vehicle population show that 58% of
  the total vehicle fleet is in Thimphu which is a capital city of
  Bhutan.
• The emission from the growing population of the vehicle is
  also increasing and the trend is likely to continue in the
  future.
• In 1999, the first comprehensive survey on air pollution in
  Thimphu City was conducted by the Thimphu National
  Environment Commission (NEC).

Contd.
• The report indicated vehicle emission was not a major
  problem at that time but had become a main concern as the
  number of vehicles is rapidly increasing.
• During 1995‐1996, the emission level of more than 1060
  vehicles was inspected for establishing the vehicle emission
  standard for Bhutan.
• It was observed that 66% of petrol vehicles and 96% of diesel
  vehicles did not meet the emission standard.
• The NEC reported that the increase of air pollution is due to
  the vehicle emission caused by poor quality of fuel,
  inefficient fuel combustion and increased traffic movement in
  Thimphu City.

Contd.

• The study recommended the Government to initiate
  strategies such as the establishment of emission standard for
  vehicles to improve the air quality in the city.
• Transport Vision is to provide the entire population with a
  safe, reliable, affordable, convenient, cost‐effective and
  environmentally friendly transport system in support of
  strategies for socio‐economic development.

Transpor
t

4.1 The goals of the transport vision have
been identified as
• Accessibility to activities and supplies needed by people and
  enterprises
• Efficient use of economic resources
• Environmental sustainability
• Transport safety especially on roads

4.2 Transport strategies
•   Road network
•   Civil aviation
•   Inter‐city passenger transport
•   Freight transport
•   Regional connectivity
•   Urban transport
•   Road safety
•   Road transport regulation
•   Transport sector management

5.0 Mitigation Measures and Policies
• Decreasing the number of vehicles as a result of increasing
  prices of cars (elimination of tax exemption for public
  servants) and increasing fuel price
• Time limitation and fee for parking in urban areas
• Regulation of taxis ( highly efficient and electric cars)
• Improved efficiency in the stock of vehicle
• Upgrading pedestrian and cycling facilities
• Increased share of electrical cars in the stock of vehicles
• Improved public transport (safe, affordable and responsive to
  demand)

Contd.

• Improved traffic engineering and management techniques
• Introduction of large and more comfortable buses on major
  routes
• Introduction of incentive measures including tax waivers for
  new environmentally friendly and fuel efficient buses and
  taxis
• Construction of bus terminals and taxi parking in all
  Dzongkhag centers including bus stops along the highways
• Improving efficiency of petrol and diesel vehicles through
  standards

Contd.
•   Introduction of vehicles running on alternative fuel:
9   Compressed natural gas
9   Liquefied petroleum gas
9   Bio fuels
9   Electric vehicles
9   Mass transit options (electric trolley bus, light rail transit)
•   Promotion of motorized transport
•   Integration of land use and transport planning
•   Improved bus service system by reducing the waiting time
    between the buses and the road user will shift their mode
    choices and the number of private car users will be reduced

Contd.

• Convert from two‐way narrow street to one‐way street in the
  city area
• As the two‐way narrow streets could create heavy traffic
  congestions especially during peak hour periods
• This will generate less exhaust emission from vehicle engines
  as changing to one‐way can improve traffic flow and reduce
  traffic congestion
• To provide electric train within the city area as Bhutan can
  produced the electricity in a tremendous amount

5.1 Case and best practices of emission reduction and
sustainable transport policies:
• Integrated Energy Management Master Plan for Bhutan
  TERI/DoE 2010 (IEMMP)
• Bhutan: Economic Analysis of Cleaner Technological and
  Options in the Non‐Energy Sector, ADB, December 2010
• Given the mountainous terrain, transport of goods through
  rope ways should be considered for transport of both goods
  and people
• Rope ways would reduce the threat to loss of habitat and
  species especially in ecologically sensitive areas
• Environmental damage associated with road construction can
  also be avoided
• Pedestrian day observation, cycling and walking to the work
  areas
• Introduction of electric and solar cars

Feasibility of Rope Way

6.0 High vehicle emissions in Bhutan can
be attributed to:
•   lack of legal framework to control vehicle emissions
•   poor quality of road network
•   import of reconditioned diesel vehicles (recently banned)
•   low quality fuel/lubricants
•   poor maintenance of vehicles and lack of genuine spare parts
•   inadequate public transport
•   overloading of heavy vehicles

Data related to transport emissions and sustainable transport
indicators (provide time series data where possible)

                        Vehicle population

                                Source: RSTA Annual Report (Financial Year 2011‐2012)

Vehicle Population by classification

7.0 Vehicle Emission Standards
    Timeline Significant developments in Bhutan’s management of
    vehicle emissions include:
•   1996 Import of used vehicles and 2‐stroke two‐wheelers was
    banned effective 1996;
•   1999 RSTA developed Road Safety and Transport Regulations
    that included emission requirements for all vehicles
    registered in Bhutan;
•   2001 Bhutan began import of unleaded petrol;
•   2002 EURO 1 type approval standards required for all new
    light duty vehicles

Contd.

• 2003 Bhutan began import of ultra low sulphur diesel fuel
  (0.025% sulphur content);
  Reduction of import tax on vehicle spare parts in particular
  parts relevant to vehicle emission such as air filters, oil filters
  and fuel filters;
• 2003 Establish in‐use vehicle emission standards and an
  emission testing programme;
• 2006 Vehicle testing programme was contracted to two
  private companies in Thimphu and Phuentsholing;

Contd.
Revised emission standards effective from 1st March 2008

Fuel Type                Vehicles registered Vehicles registered
                         prior to 1 Jan 2005 after 1 Jan
                                             2005
Petrol (% CO)                     4.5                  4

Diesel (%HSU)                        75                        70

All New vehicles imported into the country must meet euro-II type approval

Contd.
• Fuel quality Bhutan imports unleaded petrol and low‐sulphur
  diesel fuel of sufficient quality for EURO II and EURO III
  requirements. Fuel quality is regulated by the Department of
  Trade, Ministry of Economic Affairs.

• Driver awareness Maintenance requirements for their
  vehicles were made aware.
  Vehicles with higher than normal emission contributes to poor
  air quality and expensive to drive to reduced fuel economy.
  Tampering with engine adjustment and adulteration of fuel
  contributes to increased health risks and costs from air
  pollution.
  Continuing efforts for public awareness are necessary to built
  support and compliance with stricter emission standards &
  maintenance requirements.

8.0 Recommendations
    The following are recommended for improvement of the
    emission testing programme:
•   Require reporting of test results every 6 months, so results
    through midyear can be used to adjust requirements for
    following calendar year;
•   Include standard breakdowns of test results in the 6 month
    report, such as by test (CO, HC, Smoke), fuel type, weight
    class, EURO class and vehicle age;
•   Establish a database format for exchange of digital data from
    the testing centres and require that digital data be delivered
    to RSTA together with 6‐month report;
•   Initiate auditing of emission test centres and test technicians
    by RSTA officials. Check instruments for calibration and
    linearity, check that the standard operation procedure is
    followed by testers;

Contd.
• Send RSTA selected vehicles for duplicate testing at each of
  the test centres in both Thimphu and Phuentsholing to
  document the variability in test results between centres and
  between cities;
• Arrange an annual meeting of all the persons involved in
  vehicle emission testing (managers, test operators, assistants
  and government officials) to refresh the testers’ knowledge of
  the regulations and standard procedures (including hands‐on
  demonstrations) to exchange experience with testing
  operations and dealing with vehicle owners and to present
  and discuss the testing results.
• RSTA should link the received test data to vehicle registration
  data to identify vehicles which have not been tested;

Contd.
• Permit to import some specific model and type of vehicles
  which meets the certain standard of emission control as there is
  no vehicle manufacturer in Bhutan;
• Increase sales tax and import tax by more than 50% to minimize
  the import of cars as the customers have to pay more cost to
  own a car;
• Increase interest rates of vehicle loan for non‐public transport
  vehicles as the policy in Bhutan of granting low interest rates of
  vehicle loan from financial institutions increases the purchase
  rate of private cars in Bhutan;
• Provide bicycle lanes in the city area and promote the use of
  bicycle for short trip. This strategy is to limit the use of private
  cars;
• Construction of pedestrian footbridges at busy street crossings
  within the city area to improve the walking facilities for
  pedestrians in the city area;

Contd.
• Plans should be made to establish a chassis dynamometer test
  Centre in Thimphu for advanced monitoring of vehicle
  emissions at Thimphu’s altitude and to evaluate the benefit
  and practicality of requiring dynamometer testing, especially
  for smoke;
• Require emission test certificate to be examined whenever
  vehicle registration papers are examined including during
  roadside checks by police;
• Establish penalties for failing to get the vehicle emission test or
  for repeated failure of the test. Strict enforcement of annual
  emission testing;
• Increase the number of city bus service at least two buses per
  hour on each existing routes to reduce the waiting time
  between the buses and the road user will shift their mode of
  choices and the number of private car users will be reduced;

Contd.
• Switch from diesel fuel to Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) bus
  engine for the public transport vehicles;
• Install On‐Board Diagnostic (OBD) system in the vehicles to
  alert drivers when the emission from their vehicle exceeds the
  limits;
• Retrofit and scrap motor vehicles which have emissions
  beyond the standards;
• To establish effective strategies and mandatory regulations
  followed by policies involving infrastructure development and
  fiscal policy measures;

Road Accident Fatalities (deaths) in Bhutan (2000‐2012)

Why vehicle accidents are increasing?

• Unplanned and unchecked growth in vehicle numbers;
• No proper assessment of road crash costs‐ Government not
  well informed;
• Inadequate fund for safety activities;
• Lack of coordination among relevant stakeholders;
• Poor road design and condition;
• In‐adequate manpower‐ inadequate inspections;
• Lack of professionals (Traffic Engineers, Road Safety Experts,
  Traffic and Transport Planners etc.

Causes of Road Accidents
Human (driver)              Road Conditions          Mechanical condition      Weather condition and
behavior                                             of vehicles               other external factors

9   Alcohol and drugs       9   Poor planning and    9   Use of poor quality   9   Poor visibility due to
9   Speeding                    road designs and         vehicles                  fog along highways
9   Reckless driving            conditions           9   Poor vehicle
9   Overloading             9   Lack of proper           maintenance           9   Land‐slides and
9   Inexperienced and           maintenance of       9   Lack of good              shooting boulders
    untrained drivers           roads                    workshop facilities       due to heavy rain in
9   Learner drivers         9   Lack of footpaths        and trained               summer months
9   Not following proper        and pedestrian           mechanics
    lanes                       crossings in urban   9   Use of spurious       9   Snow and Ice on
9   Not following traffic       areas                    spare parts               roads during winter
    rules                   9   Inadequate road      9   Drivers/vehicle           in cold places
9   Not following proper        markings and             owners lack basic
    parking rules               signage                  knowledge on
                            9   Inadequate crash         mechanical
                                barriers                 conditions of the
                            9   Dumping of               vehicles
                                construction
                                materials on road
                                space

Road Conditions

Contd.

Road condition   Mechanical Condition

Mechanical Condition   Weather Condition

Weather Condition

Over loading

Human Behaviour

Gate Way of Bhutan

Capital City

Neighboring Indian Town