Air pollution fact sheet 2014 - Poland
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Air pollution fact sheet 2014
Poland
X Design and cover photo: EEA Layout: EEA Copyright notice © European Environment Agency, 2014 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged, save where otherwise stated. Information about the European Union is available on the Internet. It can be accessed through the Europa server (www.europa.eu). European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries
Introduction
Air pollution is a complex problem. Different where exceedances of air quality standards occur.
pollutants interact in the atmosphere, affecting our Particulate matter (PM) and ozone (O3) pollution are
health, environment and climate. particularly associated with serious health risks.
Air pollutants are emitted from almost all economic Air pollutants released in one European country
and societal activities. Across Europe as a whole, may contribute to or result in poor air quality
emissions of many air pollutants have decreased in elsewhere. Moreover, important contributions from
recent decades, resulting in improved air quality intercontinental transport influence O3 and PM
across the region. Much progress has been made in concentrations in Europe. Addressing air pollution
tackling air pollutants such as sulphur dioxide (SO2), requires local measures to improve air quality,
carbon monoxide (CO) and benzene (C6H6). greater international cooperation, and a focus on the
However, air pollutant concentrations are still too links between climate policies and air pollution
high and harm our health and the ecosystems we policies.
depend on. A significant proportion of Europe's
population lives in areas – especially cities –
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 1This fact sheet presents compiled information based addressing air pollution are also published by the
on the latest official air pollution data reported by EEA each year. Information on the data sources
the European Environment Agency’s (EEA) member used is provided in the following sections and at the
countries. A comprehensive overview of back of this fact sheet a glossary explains the various
information about Europe’s air quality is also abbreviations and acronyms used throughout.
published each year by the EEA in the report ‘Air
quality in Europe’. A number of other publications
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 2Box 1. Facts about air pollutants
Pollutant Description and sources Health and environment effects
Sulphur SO2 is formed by oxidation of sulphur (S), mainly SO2 aggravates asthma and can reduce lung
dioxide (SO2) through combustion of fuels containing S. The function and inflame the respiratory tract. It can
electricity generation sector is the most important cause headache, general discomfort and anxiety.
source of SO2. SO2 also can contribute to the SO2 contributes to acid deposition, the impacts of
formation of secondary sulphate particles in the which can be significant, causing damage to
atmosphere. forests and ecosystems in rivers and lakes.
Nitrogen oxides NOx is emitted during fuel combustion e.g. from NO2 is associated with adverse effects on health: it
(NOX) industrial facilities and the road transport sector. NOx can affect the liver, lung, spleen and blood. It can
is a group of gases comprising nitrogen monoxide also aggravate lung diseases leading to respiratory
(NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). NO makes up the symptoms and increased susceptibility to
majority of NOx emissions. NOx contributes to the respiratory infection. As with SO2, NOx
formation of ozone and particulate matter. contributes to acid deposition but also to
eutrophication of soil and water.
Particulate PM is a mixture of aerosol particles (solid and liquid) PM can cause or aggravate cardiovascular and
matter (PM) covering a wide range of sizes and chemical lung diseases, heart attacks and arrhythmias. It
compositions. PM10 (PM2.5) refers to particles with a can also affect the central nervous system and the
diameter of 10 (2.5) micrometres or less. PM is either reproductive system, and can cause cancer. One
directly emitted as primary particles or it forms in the outcome of exposure to PM can be premature
atmosphere from emissions of SO2, NOx, NH3 and death. PM also acts as a greenhouse gas, mainly
NMVOCs. PM is emitted from many anthropogenic cooling the earth’s climate, although in some cases
sources, including both combustion and non- it can lead to warming. PM in the atmosphere can
combustion sources. Important natural sources of PM also alter rainfall patterns, and affect the surface
are sea salt and natural re-suspended dust. albedo properties of snow (the extent to which the
snow reflects light).
Ozone (O3) Ground-level (tropospheric) ozone is not directly Elevated levels of ozone can cause respiratory
emitted into the atmosphere. Instead, it forms in the health problems, including decreased lung
atmosphere from a chain of chemical reactions function, aggravation of asthma, and other lung
following emissions of certain precursor gases: NOx, diseases. It can also lead to premature mortality.
carbon monoxide (CO) and NMVOCs and methane Ozone is also a greenhouse gas contributing to
(CH4). warming of the atmosphere.
Ammonia The vast majority of NH3 emissions come from the Exposure to high levels of ammonia may irritate
(NH3) agricultural sector, in connection with activities such skin, eyes, throat, and lungs and cause coughing.
as manure storage, slurry spreading, and the use of People with asthma may be more sensitive to
synthetic nitrogenous fertilisers. It also contributes to breathing ammonia than others. NH3, like NOx,
the formation of secondary particles. contributes to eutrophication and acidification.
Non methane NMVOCs produce photochemical oxidants by NMVOCs include a variety of chemicals. Certain
volatile organic reacting with NOx in the presence of sunlight. NMVOC species, such as benzene (C6H6) and 1,3-
compounds Anthropogenic NMVOCs are emitted from sources butadiene, are directly hazardous to human
(NMVOCs) including paint application, road transport, dry- health. NMVOCs are also precursors of ground-
cleaning and other solvent uses. Biogenic NMVOCs level ozone.
are emitted by vegetation, with the amounts emitted
dependent on species and on temperature.
Carbon CO is emitted due to incomplete combustion. CO can lead to heart disease and damage to the
monoxide (CO) Important sources of CO include road transport, nervous system. It can also cause headache,
businesses, households, and industry. CO reacts with dizziness and fatigue.
other pollutants producing ground-level ozone.
Methane (CH4) CH4 is produced by both anthropogenic and natural Methane is an important greenhouse gas, and is
sources. Significant anthropogenic sources include one of the gases controlled under the UNFCCC’s
the agriculture sector (from the enteric fermentation Kyoto protocol. At the regional and global scale
of CH4 from livestock), the waste sector, and ‘fugitive’ methane also contributes to the formation of
emissions from coal mining and gas. ground level ozone.
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 3Further information and data sources
Data sources
Air quality concentration data are from European legislation establishes air quality
AirBase v. 8, the EEA´s public air quality objectives (limit and target values) for the
database, which stores data reported by EEA different pollutants. These are concentrations that
member countries. Concentration data measured must not be exceeded in a given period of time.
in the year ‘x’ are submitted by 30 September of
the following year (x+1) and become publicly The estimations of the population exposure were
available in AirBase by March of year x+2. These obtained from the EEA´s Core Set Indicator 004.
data correspond to measurements taken at air
quality monitoring stations. Stations are defined Estimated emissions of air pollutants 1990-2012
according to the type of area they represent and and projections data are from the annual
the dominant emission sources in that area. European Union emission inventory submitted
under the UNECE Convention on Long-range
The station types in this document include: Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP), and data
rural stations located outside of built-up submitted under the EU National Emission
urban areas (it corresponds to rural Ceilings Directive (81/2001/EC). Emissions data
background stations in AirBase); for some countries is gap-filled – further details
urban stations located in built-up areas are contained in the annual EU emission
where pollution levels are not influenced inventory report submitted to the LRTAP
significantly by any single source or Convention. Methane data is from GHG data
street, but rather by a combination of reported under the EU GHG Monitoring
many sources (it corresponds to urban Mechanism (280/2004/EC)/UNFCCC.
and suburban background stations in
AirBase); The ‘with measures’ projections illustrated refer to
traffic stations located such that the projections of anthropogenic emissions that
pollution levels they record are encompass the effects, in terms of air pollutant
determined predominantly by the emission reductions, of policies and measures that
emissions from nearby traffic (it have been adopted at the time the projection is
corresponds to rural, urban and suburban calculated.
traffic stations in AirBase); and
other stations, mainly industrial stations, Information on source-receptor relationships was
located such that the pollution levels they obtained from EMEP for the year 2010 (website
record are influenced predominantly by accessed 3 November 2014).
emissions from nearby single industrial
sources or by emissions from industrial
areas with many pollution sources (it
corresponds to rural, urban and suburban
industrial stations in AirBase).
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 4Air pollutant emissions and projections
Air pollutants are emitted from a range of both Internationally, the issue of air pollution
man-made and natural sources including: emissions is also addressed by the UNECE
burning of fossil fuels in electricity Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air
generation, transport, industry, and Pollution (the LRTAP Convention) and its
households; protocols. The Gothenburg ‘multi-pollutant’
industrial processes and solvent use, for protocol under the LRTAP Convention was
example in the chemical and mining amended in May 2012. In addition to emission
industries; ceilings for 2010 (that for the EU Member States,
agriculture; are either equal to or less ambitious than those in
waste treatment; the EU NEC Directive), the revised protocol now
natural sources, including volcanic includes emission reduction commitments for
eruptions, windblown dust, sea-salt spray 2020 expressed as a percentage of 2005 emissions.
and emissions of volatile organic The revised Protocol also introduced a 2020
compounds from plants. emission reduction commitment for PM2.5.
For EU Member States, the National Emission
Ceilings Directive (NEC Directive) sets emission
ceilings (or limits) for the year 2010 and thereafter The following section shows information on the
for man-made emissions of four key air pollutants past emission trends of key air pollutants. It also
(nitrogen oxides, sulphur dioxide, non-methane compares the latest reported data with respective
volatile organic compounds, and ammonia). national ceiling limits and, shows (where this
These pollutants harm human health and the information is available) information on the
environment. Information concerning the revision expected level of future emissions.
of the NEC Directive is available on the website of
the European Commission's DG
Environment here.
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 5Nitrogen oxides (NO x) Poland
NO x emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
1 400
Energy use & supply excl.
transport (62%)
1 200
Road transport (33%)
1 000
Gg NOx
800 Other transport (1%)
600
Industrial processes (2%)
400
Agriculture (1%)
200
0 Waste (0%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NOx emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for NOx 879 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NOx 596* (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year NOx emission data to emission ceiling in
222 (Gg) 37
2020
Trend of total NOx emissions 1990-2012 - 463 (Gg) - 36
Trend of total NOx emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
- 22 (Gg) -3
quality trends
* calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Non methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) Poland
NMVOC emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
900
Energy use & supply excl.
800 transport (36%)
700 Road transport (23%)
600
Gg NMVOCs
500 Other transport (0%)
400
Industrial processes (7%)
300
200
Agriculture (0%)
100
0 Waste (0%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NMVOC emissions MS projections Other (32%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for NMVOCs 800 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NMVOCs 431* (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year NMVOC emission data to emission ceiling in
199 (Gg) 46
2020
Trend of total NMVOC emissions 1990-2012 - 201 (Gg) - 24
Trend of total NMVOC emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
60 (Gg) 10
quality trends
* calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 6Sulphur dioxide (SO 2) Poland
SO 2 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
3 500
Energy use & supply excl.
transport (99%)
3 000
Road transport (0%)
2 500
Gg SO2
2 000 Other transport (0%)
1 500
Industrial processes (0%)
1 000
Agriculture (0%)
500
0 Waste (0%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
SO2 emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for SO2 1 397 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for SO2 499* (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year SO2 emission data to emission ceiling in
354 (Gg) 71
2020
Trend of total SO2 emissions 1990-2012 -2 357 (Gg) - 73
Trend of total SO2 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
- 583 (Gg) - 41
quality trends
* calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Ammonia (NH3) Poland
NH3 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
600
Energy use & supply excl.
transport (0%)
500
Road transport (0%)
400
Gg NH3
Other transport (0%)
300
Industrial processes (0%)
200
100 Agriculture (98%)
0 Waste (1%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
NH3 emissions MS projections Other (0%)
NECD 2010 ceiling GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for NH3 468 (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for NH3 269* (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year NH3 emission data to emission ceiling in
-6 (Gg) -2
2020
Trend of total NH3 emissions 1990-2012 - 245 (Gg) - 48
Trend of total NH3 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
- 18 (Gg) -6
quality trends
* calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 7Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) Poland
PM2.5 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
250
Energy use & supply excl.
transport (72%)
200
Road transport (17%)
150
Gg PM2.5
Other transport (0%)
100 Industrial processes (5%)
50 Agriculture (0%)
0 Waste (5%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
PM2.5 emissions MS projections Other (1%)
GP 2020 red. commitments
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for PM2.5 n/a (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for PM2.5 118* (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year PM2.5 emission data to emission ceiling in
19 (Gg) 16
2020
Trend of total PM2.5 emissions 1990-2012 - 65 (Gg) - 32
Trend of total PM2.5 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
-4 (Gg) -3
quality trends
* calculated based on the percentage emission reduction commitment for 2020 expressed relative to 2005 emissions
Carbon monoxide (CO) Poland
CO emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
10 000
Energy use & supply excl.
9 000 transport (75%)
8 000
Road transport (23%)
7 000
6 000
Gg CO
Other transport (0%)
5 000
4 000 Industrial processes (1%)
3 000
2 000 Agriculture (0%)
1 000
0 Waste (1%)
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Other (0%)
CO emissions
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for CO n/a (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for CO n/a (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year CO emission data to emission ceiling in 2020 n/a (Gg) n/a
Trend of total CO emissions 1990-2012 -4 588 (Gg) - 62
Trend of total CO emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
95 (Gg) 3
quality trends
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 8Methane (CH4) Poland
CH4 emissions and projections Emissions by sector - 2012
2 500
Energy use & supply excl.
transport (48%)
2 000
Transport (0%)
1 500
Gg CH4
Industrial processes (1%)
1 000
Agriculture (8%)
500
Waste (43%)
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
Other (0%)
CH4 emissions
Current and projected progress towards ceilings Value Unit
Progress towards ceilings
2010 NECD emission ceiling for CH4 n/a (Gg)
2020 Gothenburg protocol (GP) reduction commitment for CH4 n/a (Gg)
2015 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
2020 with measures projections n/a (Gg)
Relative
Absolute Unit
(%)
Distance of latest year CH4 emission data to emission ceiling in
n/a (Gg) n/a
2020
Trend of total CH4 emissions 1990-2012 - 410 (Gg) - 17
Trend of total CH4 emissions 2001-2012 for comparison with air
- 106 (Gg) -5
quality trends
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 9Linking air emissions and air quality
Emissions of the main air pollutants in Europe have precursor substances by vegetation; the increase in
declined since 1990. Over the past decade, this global background ozone concentrations; and
reduction in emissions has resulted – for some of the transportation of ozone and of ozone precursor
pollutants – in improved air quality across the substances from source areas outside Europe. All
region. However, due to the complex links between these contributing factors mean that European
emissions and air quality, emission reductions do emission reductions of pollutants contributing to the
not always produce a corresponding drop in formation of ozone may not result in equivalent
atmospheric concentrations, especially for PM and reductions of ozone concentrations.
O3.
Improving our understanding of air pollution
For example, while reductions of O3-forming therefore remains a challenge. Developing and
substances (i.e. O3 precursor gases) have been implementing effective policy to reduce air pollution
substantial in Europe, O3 concentrations in Europe should be a priority. For further information, see the
have remained stable. Concentration levels depend EEA annual report Air quality in Europe.
on year-by-year variations in weather conditions
including sunlight; natural emissions of ozone
Exposure of urban population to selected
air pollutants
(1)
Exposure of urban population
Urban population exposed to air pollutant concentrations above the EU air quality objectives (2010-2012) (2)
Poland EU reference value Exposure estimate (%)
2010 2011 2012
PM10 day (50 μg/m3) 81.0 87.8 80.8
O3 8-hour (120 μg/m3) 0.0 0.0 11.0
NO2 year (40 μg/m3) 0.9 1.4 1.3
The colour coding of exposure estimates refers to the fraction of urban population exposed to concentrations
above the reference level:
0% 75 %
(1) The detailed methodology of the calculation can be found at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/indicators/exceedance-of-air-quality-limit-3
The pollutants in this table are ordered in terms of their relative risk for health damage. The reference levels include
(2)
EU limit or target values. For PM10 and NO2 the estimates are related to the most stringent EU limit value set for the
protection of human health. For O3 there is only one target value.
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 10Air quality status
Directive 2008/50/EC hourly limit value (HLV): 200
The calculations for the attainment status presented μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than 18 times
below have been made for stations with a data
capture of at least 75 % per calendar year. NO2 HLV attainment status at monitoring stations
(year 2012)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
(percentage of station type)
Number of stations in non-
NO2 monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality
Percentage of stations in
Percentage of stations in
non-attainment of HLV
non-attainment of HLV
database – AirBase (year 2012)
Station classification
(percentage of total)
Number of stations
attainment of HLV
Station Number of
Percentage
classification stations
Other 19 13.1
Rural 21 14.5
Traffic 11 7.6
Urban 94 64.8 Other 18 0 0.0 0.0
Total 145 100 Rural 17 0 0.0 0.0
Traffic 9 0 0.0 0.0
A map with the stations location and classification Urban 83 0 0.0 0.0
can be found at:
Total 127 0 0.0 -
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air
base-reporting-stations.
Changes in NO2 concentrations
Directive 2008/50/EC annual limit value (ALV): 40 Changes in annual mean concentrations of NO2 (2003-
μg/m3 2012) per station type
NO2 ALV attainment status at monitoring stations
(year 2012)
(percentage of station type)
Number of stations in non-
Percentage of stations in
Percentage of stations in
non-attainment of ALV
non-attainment of ALV
Station classification
(percentage of total)
Number of stations
attainment of ALV
Other 19 0 0.0 0.0
Rural 21 0 0.0 0.0
Traffic 9 6 4.6 66.7
Urban 82 0 0.0 0.0
Total 131 6 4.6 -
A map with the NO2 annual mean concentrations at
the reporting stations can be found at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/no
2.
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 11Particulate matter (PM10) This percentile 90.4 represents, in a complete series,
the 36th highest value. If it is above 50 μg/m3, it
According to current legislation, Member States can indicates non-attainment of the DLV.
subtract contributions from natural sources and
from re-suspension due to sanding or salting of Daily limit value: 50 μg/m3, not to be exceeded more than
roads in the winter. The results below do not take 35 times
into account these possible subtractions.
PM10 DLV attainment status at monitoring stations
PM10 monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality (year 2012)
database – AirBase (year 2012)
(percentage of station type)
Number of stations in non-
Percentage of stations in
Percentage of stations in
Station Number of
non-attainment of DLV
non-attainment of DLV
Percentage
Station classification
classification stations
(percentage of total)
Number of stations
attainment of DLV
Other 21 10.0
Rural 12 5.7
Traffic 7 3.3
Urban 170 81.0
Total 210 100
Other 20 6 3.1 30.0
A map with the stations location and classification Rural 10 2 1.0 20.0
can be found at: Traffic 7 5 2.6 71.4
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air
Urban 157 126 64.9 80.3
base-reporting-stations.
Total 194 139 71.6 -
Directive 2008/50/EC annual limit value (ALV): 40
μg/m3 Changes in PM10 concentrations
PM10 ALV attainment status at monitoring stations Changes in annual mean concentrations of PM10 (2003-
(year 2012) 2012) per station type
(percentage of station type)
Number of stations in non-
Percentage of stations in
Percentage of stations in
non-attainment of ALV
non-attainment of ALV
Station classification
(percentage of total)
Number of stations
attainment of ALV
Other 20 1 0.5 5.0
Rural 10 0 0.0 0.0
Traffic 7 2 1.0 28.6
Urban 157 44 22.7 28.0
Total 194 47 24.2 -
A map with the PM10 annual mean concentrations at
the reporting stations can be found at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/p
m10.
A map with the 90.4 percentile of PM10 concentration
in 2012 can be found at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-
maps/figures/airbase-exchange-of-information-5.
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 12Ozone (O3)
A map with the 93.2 percentile of ozone
The results presented below have been calculated concentrations in 2012, and a map with the annual
for the target value threshold (TVt) as defined in the mean ozone concentrations in 2012 can be found at
annual summer ozone reports published by EEA ( 3). http://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-
maps/figures/airbase-exchange-of-information-5.
Ozone monitoring stations in the EEA´s air quality
database – AirBase (for protection of human health, year This percentile 93.2 represents, in a complete series,
2012) the 26th highest value. If it is above 120 μg/m3, it
indicates non-attainment of the TVt.
Station Number of
Percentage
classification stations
Other 2 2.6 Changes in ozone concentrations
Rural 21 26.9 Changes in annual mean of the daily maximum 8-h
Traffic 0 0.0 average O3 (2003-2012) per station type
Urban 55 70.5
Total 78 100
A map with the stations location and classification
can be found at:
http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/interactive/air
base-reporting-stations.
Protection of human health: Directive 2008/50/EC long
term objective (LTO): Maximum daily eight-hour mean =
120 μg/m3. Target value threshold (TVt): 25 exceedances
of the LTO
Ozone TVt attainment status at monitoring stations
(year 2012)
of LTO but TVt (percentage of station type)
Percentage of stations in non-attainment of
Percentage of stations in non-attainment of
Percentage of stations in non-attainment of
Percentage of stations in non-attainment
Number of stations in non-attainment of
Number of stations in non-attainment of
LTO but TVt (percentage of total)
TVt (percentage of station type)
TVt (percentage of total)
Station classification
Number of station
LTO but of TVt
TVt
Other 2 0 2 0.0 2.7 0.0 100.0
Rural 21 6 15 8.1 20.3 28.6 71.4
Traffic 0 0 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Urban 51 10 33 13.5 44.6 19.6 64.7
Total 74 16 50 21.6 67.6 - -
(3) EEA technical report No 3/2013: Air pollution by ozone
across Europe during summer 2012
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 13Changes in concentrations and impacts of
air pollutants caused by emissions from
other countries
Source-receptor (SR) relationships are a type of data The charts below show the source-receptor
developed by the Cooperative Programme for relationships for each country for three selected
Monitoring and Evaluation of the Long-range parameters:
Transmission of Air Pollutants in Europe (EMEP).
Ground-level mean ozone over 35 ppb
SRs provide information on the change in air (SOMO35) (effect of a 15% reduction in
concentrations, deposition or impacts that arise from precursor NOx emissions);
changes in emissions from different emitting Ground-level mean ozone over 35 ppb
countries. (SOMO35) (effect of a 15% reduction in
precursor NMVOC emissions);
Each figure which follows provides an indication of PM2.5. Effect on PM2.5 concentrations caused by
the distribution of imported air pollution by a 15% reduction in all precursor emissions (i.e.
country. Results are dependent upon the version of primary PM2.5, SOx, NOx, NH3 and VOC).
the EMEP model being used, the absolute
magnitude of emissions, and meteorological drivers. Further information on the source-receptor matrices
is available from the EMEP website.
The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in
SOMO35 in Poland that would result from a 15 % decrease in NO x emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W
Note: BIC – Boundary and Initial Conditions; RUE – Russian Federation (extended EMEP domain); ATL –
Remaining N.E. Atlantic
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 14The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in
SOMO35 in Poland that would result from a 15 % decrease in NMVOC emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W
The six most important emitter countries, or regions, with respect to the reduction in
primary and secondary PM2.5 in Poland that would result from a 15 % reduction in
emissions
Source: EMEP/MSC-W
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 15Units, abbreviations and acronyms
ALV Annual limit value NO Nitrogen monoxide
C6H6 Benzene NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
CH4 Methane NOx Nitrogen oxides
CO Carbon monoxide O3 Ozone
DLV Daily limit value PAH(s) Polycyclic aromatic
EEA European Environment Agency hydrocarbon(s)
EMEP European Monitoring and Evaluation PM Particulate matter
Programme (Cooperative PM10 Coarse particulate matter
programme for monitoring and (particles measuring 10 µm or
evaluation of the long-range less)
transmissions of air pollutants in PM2.5 Fine particulate matter (particles
Europe) measuring 2.5 µm or less)
EU European Union ppb parts per billion
Gg 1 gigagram = 109 g = 1 kilotonne (kt) SO2 Sulphur dioxide
GHG Greenhouse gas SOx Sulphur oxides
GP Gothenburg Protocol of the LRTAP SOMO35 The sum of the amounts by which
Convention maximum daily 8-hour
HLV Hourly limit value concentrations of ozone exceed
LRTAP Long-range Transboundary Air 70 μg m-3 (cut-off value) on each
Pollution (Convention) day in a calendar year.
LTO Long-term objective SR Source-receptor relationships
MS Member State TVt Target value threshold
MSC-W EMEP Meteorological Synthesizing µg/m3 micrograms per cubic meter
Centre - West UNECE United Nations Economic
n/a Not applicable/not available Commission for Europe
NECD NEC Directive: EU National UNFCCC United Nations Framework
Emission Ceilings Directive Convention on Climate Change
(2001/81/EC) VOC(s) Volatile organic compound(s)
NH3 Ammonia
NMVOC(s) Non-methane volatile organic
compound(s)
Air pollution fact sheet 2014 – Poland 16© EEA, 2014 European Environment Agency Kongens Nytorv 6 1050 Copenhagen K Denmark Tel.: +45 33 36 71 00 Fax: +45 33 36 71 99 Web: eea.europa.eu Enquiries: eea.europa.eu/enquiries
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