Doing Business 2018 Zambia
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Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Page 1
Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Economy Profile of Zambia
Doing Business 2018 Indicators
(in order of appearance in the document)
Starting a business Procedures, time, cost and paid-in minimum capital to start a limited liability company
Dealing with construction permits Procedures, time and cost to complete all formalities to build a warehouse and the quality
control and safety mechanisms in the construction permitting system
Getting electricity Procedures, time and cost to get connected to the electrical grid, the reliability of the
electricity supply and the transparency of tariffs
Registering property Procedures, time and cost to transfer a property and the quality of the land administration
system
Getting credit Movable collateral laws and credit information systems
Protecting minority investors Minority shareholders’ rights in related-party transactions and in corporate governance
Paying taxes Payments, time and total tax rate for a firm to comply with all tax regulations as well as post-
filing processes
Trading across borders Time and cost to export the product of comparative advantage and import auto parts
Enforcing contracts Time and cost to resolve a commercial dispute and the quality of judicial processes
Resolving insolvency Time, cost, outcome and recovery rate for a commercial insolvency and the strength of the
legal framework for insolvency
Labor market regulation Flexibility in employment regulation and aspects of job quality
Page 2Doing Business 2018 Zambia
About Doing Business
The Doing Business project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 190 economies and selected
cities at the subnational and regional level.
The Doing Business project, launched in 2002, looks at domestic small and medium-size companies and measures the regulations applying
to them through their life cycle.
Doing Business captures several important dimensions of the regulatory environment as it applies to local firms. It provides quantitative
indicators on regulation for starting a business, dealing with construction permits, getting electricity, registering property, getting credit,
protecting minority investors, paying taxes, trading across borders, enforcing contracts and resolving insolvency. Doing Business also
measures features of labor market regulation. Although Doing Business does not present rankings of economies on the labor market
regulation indicators or include the topic in the aggregate distance to frontier score or ranking on the ease of doing business, it does present
the data for these indicators.
By gathering and analyzing comprehensive quantitative data to compare business regulation environments across economies and over time,
Doing Business encourages economies to compete towards more efficient regulation; offers measurable benchmarks for reform; and serves
as a resource for academics, journalists, private sector researchers and others interested in the business climate of each economy.
In addition, Doing Business offers detailed subnational reports, which exhaustively cover business regulation and reform in different cities and
regions within a nation. These reports provide data on the ease of doing business, rank each location, and recommend reforms to improve
performance in each of the indicator areas. Selected cities can compare their business regulations with other cities in the economy or region
and with the 190 economies that Doing Business has ranked.
The first Doing Business report, published in 2003, covered 5 indicator sets and 133 economies. This year’s report covers 11 indicator sets
and 190 economies. Most indicator sets refer to a case scenario in the largest business city of each economy, except for 11 economies that
have a population of more than 100 million as of 2013 (Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, the
Russian Federation and the United States) where Doing Business, also collected data for the second largest business city. The data for these
11 economies are a population-weighted average for the 2 largest business cities. The project has benefited from feedback from
governments, academics, practitioners and reviewers. The initial goal remains: to provide an objective basis for understanding and improving
the regulatory environment for business around the world.
The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance
observed on each of the indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is
reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business
ranking ranges from 1 to 190. The ranking of 190 economies is determined by sorting the aggregate distance to frontier scores, rounded to
two decimals.
More about Doing Business (PDF, 5MB)
Page 3Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Ease of Doing Business in DB 2018 Rank
Region Sub-Saharan Africa
190 1
Zambia
Income Category Lower middle income 85
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
Population 16,591,390
0 100
City Covered Lusaka 64.50
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
64.94: Botswana (Rank: 81)
64.50: Zambia (Rank: 85)
60.42: Lesotho (Rank: 104)
59.94: Namibia (Rank: 106)
50.43: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa)
41.49: Angola (Rank: 175)
Note: The distance to frontier (DTF) measure shows the distance of each economy to the “frontier,” which represents the best performance observed on each of the
indicators across all economies in the Doing Business sample since 2005. An economy’s distance to frontier is reflected on a scale from 0 to 100, where 0 represents the
lowest performance and 100 represents the frontier. The ease of doing business ranking ranges from 1 to 190.
Rankings on Doing Business topics - Zambia
2
1
15
28
55
69
82 89 89
Rank
101
109
128
136
149 150
155
163
190
Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving
a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency
Business Construction Investors Borders
Permits
Distance to Frontier (DTF) on Doing Business topics - Zambia
100 95.00
88.71
84.89
80
71.04
60 56.88
DTF
53.33 51.74
49.92 48.69
44.85
40
20
0
Starting Dealing Getting Registering Getting Protecting Paying Trading Enforcing Resolving
a with Electricity Property Credit Minority Taxes across Contracts Insolvency
Business Construction Investors Borders
Permits
Page 4Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Starting a Business
This topic measures the paid-in minimum capital requirement, number of procedures, time and cost for a small- to medium-sized limited
liability company to start up and formally operate in economy’s largest business city.
To make the data comparable across 190 economies, Doing Business uses a standardized business that is 100% domestically owned, has
start-up capital equivalent to 10 times income per capita, engages in general industrial or commercial activities and employs between 10 and
50 people one month after the commencement of operations, all of whom are domestic nationals. Starting a Business considers two types of
local limited liability companies that are identical in all aspects, except that one company is owned by 5 married women and the other by 5
married men. The distance to frontier score for each indicator is the average of the scores obtained for each of the component indicators.
The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally build a warehouse To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) business and the procedures are used. It is assumed that any required information is
readily available and that the entrepreneur will pay no bribes.
â— Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and
The business:
certificates
â— Submitting all required notifications and receiving - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent). If there is more than one type
all necessary inspections of limited liability company in the economy, the most common among domestic firms
is chosen. Information on the most common form is obtained from incorporation
â— Obtaining utility connections for water and
lawyers or the statistical office.
sewerage
- Operates in the economy’s largest business city and the entire office space is
â— Registering and selling the warehouse after its approximately 929 square meters (10,000 square feet). For 11 economies the data
completion are also collected for the second largest business city.
- Is 100% domestically owned and has five owners, none of whom is a legal entity;
Time required to complete each procedure
and has a start-up capital of 10 times income per capita and has a turnover of at
(calendar days)
least 100 times income per capita.
â— Does not include time spent gathering information - Performs general industrial or commercial activities, such as the production or sale
â— Each procedure starts on a separate day (2 of goods or services to the public. The business does not perform foreign trade
procedures cannot start on the same day) activities and does not handle products subject to a special tax regime, for example,
liquor or tobacco. It does not use heavily polluting production processes.
â— Procedures fully completed online are recorded
- Leases the commercial plant or offices and is not a proprietor of real estate and the
as ½ day
amount of the annual lease for the office space is equivalent to 1 times income per
â— Procedure is considered completed once final capita.
document is received - Does not qualify for investment incentives or any special benefits.
â— No prior contact with officials - Has at least 10 and up to 50 employees one month after the commencement of
operations, all of whom are domestic nationals.
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of - Has a company deed 10 pages long.
income per capita)
The owners:
â— Official costs only, no bribes
â— No professional fees unless services required by - Have reached the legal age of majority. If there is no legal age of majority, they are
law or commonly used in practice assumed to be 30 years old.
- Are sane, competent, in good health and have no criminal record.
Paid-in minimum capital (% of income per capita - Are married and the marriage is monogamous and registered with the authorities.
- Where the answer differs according to the legal system applicable to the woman or
â— Funds deposited in a bank or with third party
before registration or up to 3 months after man in question (as may be the case in economies where there is legal plurality), the
incorporation answer used will be the one that applies to the majority of the population.
Page 5Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Starting a Business - Zambia
Standardized Company
Legal form Private Company Limited by shares
Paid-in minimum capital requirement ZMK 0
City Covered Lusaka
Indicator Zambia Sub-Saharan OECD high Overall Best
Africa income Performer
Procedure – Men (number) 7 7.6 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand)
Time – Men (days) 8.5 24.0 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand)
Cost – Men (% of income per capita) 34.2 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom)
Procedure – Women (number) 7 7.7 4.9 1.00 (New Zealand)
Time – Women (days) 8.5 24.1 8.5 0.50 (New Zealand)
Cost – Women (% of income per capita) 34.2 49.9 3.1 0.00 (United Kingdom)
Paid-in min. capital (% of income per capita) 0.0 25.6 8.7 0.00 (113 Economies)
Figure – Starting a Business in Zambia and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
84.89: Zambia (Rank: 101)
83.06: Lesotho (Rank: 119)
80.09: Angola (Rank: 134)
76.82: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa)
76.22: Botswana (Rank: 153)
68.90: Namibia (Rank: 172)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of starting a business is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for starting a
business. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Page 6Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Figure – Starting a Business in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
30
8
Cost (% of income per capita)
7 25
6
20
Time (days)
5
15
4
3 10
2
5
1
0 0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 7Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Details – Starting a Business in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Check the company name for uniqueness Less than one day ZMK 83 for name
Agency : Patent and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA) (online procedure) search and clearance
The name clearance is done at the Patent And Companies Registration Agency (PACRA). and ZMK 166 for
Recently, the online name search was also introduced on the website of PACRA. name reservation
2 Have a Commissioner of Oaths sign Companies Form 11 (Declaration of 1 day ZMK 50 on average
Compliance)
Agency : Commissioner of Oaths
Section 9 of the Companies Act Cap 388 of the Laws of Zambia enacted in 1994 requires
that Companies Form 11 (Declaration of Compliance) must be commissioned by a
Commissioner of Oath.
The cost varies based on the Commissioner. A Commissioner for Oath who has an office
next to PACRA head office charges ZMK 20 to Commission the Companies Form 11,
others typically between ZMK 30 - ZMK 80. Other Commissioners for Oath such as
bank managers and Commissioners from courts do not charge for this service. They offer
this service free of charge.
3 Register the company 3 days see procedure details
Agency : Patent and Companies Registration Agency (PACRA)
The registrar is located at the PACRA. PACRA is a stand-alone office with a customer
service center, where the applicant submits the completed Form 2: Application for
Incorporation, Form 5: Declaration of Consent to act as a Director or Secretary, and Form
11: Declaration of compliance. He or she then receives a case number to track the
application status and pays the fees at the cashier. At the end of the process, the applicant
obtains the certificate of incorporation and the certificate of share capital.
The fees payable to PACRA are as follows:
- Registration Fee: 2.5% of nominal capital (with a minimum fee of ZMK 250)
- Certificate of incorporation: ZMK 83
- Certificate of share capital: ZMK 83
- Companies Form 5: ZMK 83
- Companies Form 11: ZMK 83
4 Obtain a tax payer's tax number 1 day no charge
Agency : Zambia Revenue Authority
To obtain a VAT tax number at the Zambia Revenue Authority (ZRA), promoters must
file the Certificate of Incorporation.
5 Register for Social Security 1 day no charge
Agency : National Pensions Scheme Authority
In order to register with the National Pension Scheme Authority, the applicant must file
an Employer Registration form and attach a copy of the company's Certificate of
Incorporation. The employees must complete a membership registration form and attach
copies of their National Registration Cards.
6 Pay business levy 1 day ZMK 450
Agency : Lusaka City Council
All businesses are required to pay a business levy to commence business activities.
7 Register for VAT 1 day no charge
Agency : Zambia Revenue Authority
The VAT registration annual turnover threshold is ZMK 800,000 per the VAT Act Cap
331 and Regulations.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 8Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Dealing with Construction Permits
This topic tracks the procedures, time and cost to build a warehouse—including obtaining necessary the licenses and permits, submitting all
required notifications, requesting and receiving all necessary inspections and obtaining utility connections. In addition, the Dealing with
Construction Permits indicator measures the building quality control index, evaluating the quality of building regulations, the strength of
quality control and safety mechanisms, liability and insurance regimes, and professional certification requirements. The most recent round of
data collection was completed in June 2017. See the methodology for more information
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally build a warehouse To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) construction company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used.
â— Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
The construction company (BuildCo):
all necessary clearances, licenses, permits and
certificates - Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s
â— Submitting all required notifications and receiving largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second
all necessary inspections largest business city.
- Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a
â— Obtaining utility connections for water and
legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with
sewerage
the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any
â— Registering and selling the warehouse after its other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or
completion topographical experts.
- Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse
Time required to complete each procedure
upon its completion.
(calendar days)
â— Does not include time spent gathering information The warehouse:
â— Each procedure starts on a separate day— - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.
though procedures that can be fully completed - Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of
online are an exception to this rule approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3
â— Procedure is considered completed once final meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of approximately
document is received 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the
warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita.
â— No prior contact with officials
- Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further
income per capita) documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted
as procedures.
â— Official costs only, no bribes
- Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and
regulatory requirements).
Building quality control index (0-15)
â— Sum of the scores of six component indices: The water and sewerage connections:
â— Quality of building regulations (0-2) - Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there
â— Quality control before construction (0-1) is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is
no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be
â— Quality control during construction (0-3)
installed or built.
â— Quality control after construction (0-3) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average
â— Liability and insurance regimes (0-2) wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of
â— Professional certifications (0-4) 1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
gallons) a day.
- Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the
year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for
the sewerage connection.
Page 9Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Dealing with Construction Permits - Zambia
Standardized Company
Estimated value of warehouse ZMK 584,718.60
City Covered Lusaka
Indicator Zambia Sub-Saharan OECD high Overall Best
Africa income Performer
Procedures (number) 10 14.8 12.5 7.00 (Denmark)
Time (days) 189 147.5 154.6 27.5 (Korea, Rep.)
Cost (% of warehouse value) 3.1 9.9 1.6 0.10 (5 Economies)
Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0 8.0 11.4 15.00 (3 Economies)
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
72.27: Botswana (Rank: 59)
71.04: Zambia (Rank: 69)
68.80: Angola (Rank: 80)
66.10: Namibia (Rank: 107)
56.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa)
51.57: Lesotho (Rank: 167)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of dealing with construction permits is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for
dealing with construction permits. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component
indicators.
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
2.5
180
Cost (% of income per capita)
160
2
140
120
Time (days)
1.5
100
80
1
60
40 0.5
20
0 0
1 2 *3 4 5 6 7 *8 9 10
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 10Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Figure – Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
15
10.0 10.5
Index score
10
8.0
6.0 6.5
5.0
5
0
Zambia Angola Botswana Lesotho Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa
Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Obtain certified copy of property title from the Ministry of Lands 90 days ZMK 150
Agency : Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and Environmental Protection
A certified copy of the property title must be obtained from the Ministry of Lands. They
will stamp the copy upon receipt to indicate that it is a true copy.
2 Submit Project Brief and receive approval from the Environmental Council 55 days ZMK 13,000
Agency : Zambia Environmental Management Agency
A Project Brief (12 copies) must be submitted to the Environmental Council. The brief
must specify the noise levels, heat, radioactivity, emissions, and environmental effects
(Environmental and Pollution Act CAP 204). For a simple warehouse project, the report
can be prepared in-house.
3 Obtain building permit from the Municipal Authority (City Development 60 days ZMK 4,331
Department)
Agency : Lusaka City Council
The approval permit is valid for 6 months and may be extended for another 6 months.
The following documents are required to obtain a building permit:
• 4 copies of technical drawings which include:
1. Floor plan
2. Foundation plan
3. Elevations
4. Roof Plan
5. Door and window schedule
6. Site plan
7. Block Plan
8. Cross section
9. Structural drawing for multi-story structures
• Certified copy of ownership of the plot
• Complete application form
• Copy of receipts for scrutiny and stage inspection fees
The pertinent project documents are circulated for clearance and approval among the
following departments:
• Fire Department
• Environmental Council
• Health Department
• Water Authority
The application for a building permit is scrutinized by all departments of the local
authority noted above. The procedure includes inspections. Approximately once a month,
the different agencies meet to approve the permits. The statutory time limit for approval
of a building permit is 90 days, after which, legally, the company only has to notify the
municipality and start construction. Most of the permits are granted on the first
application. The payment is KR 3.33 per square meter, assuming the warehouse is
considered a 'light construction.'
All inspections mentioned are required by the General Authorities Bylaws to take place
on the site. In practice, however, most are done administratively. The only departments
that might go on site are the Environmental Council and, to a lesser degree, the Sewerage
Department. More often than not, these departments do not check the site because they
already know where it is located and what it is equipped with. If the Environmental
Council ever inspects the site, it would not need to notify the constructor unless it needed
to resolve some issues with BuildCo present.
4 Inform the Local Authority of the beginning of construction and receive 1 day ZMK 200
inspection of foundation works
Agency : Engineering Department of the Local Authority
The Council has introduced an inspection fee through the Engineering Department. This
covers transportation for inspectors. The inspection usually takes place within 1 -- 2
hours. This is a one-off payment and covers all inspections.
Page 11Doing Business 2018 Zambia
5 Request and receive inspection of concrete works 1 day no charge
Agency : Engineering Department of the Local Authority
Although there is no additional charge, the transport costs of the Engineering Department
are usually provided by the builder. The inspection involves quality checks of materials
and procedures (1 -- 2 hours).
6 Request opinions on project completion (final inspection) 7 days no charge
Agency : Fire Department, Public Health Department and Building Inspectorate
There is one joint inspection by the Fire Department, Public Health Department and
Building Inspectorate. This final joint inspection is done as a prerequisite to obtaining the
occupancy permit. BuildCo must inform the Building Inspectorate of the completion of
the construction and they organize the joint inspection. Sometimes this requires
significant follow up but generally it takes 1 week to organize and the inspection itself is
done in 1 day. If the final inspection goes well (the building is built according to design,
safety of building is according to standards etc.), the Public Health Department will then
issue the occupancy permit.
7 Obtain completion certificate / occupancy permit 21 days no charge
Agency : Public Health Department
8 Request water and sewerage services and inspection 1 day no charge
Agency : Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited
9 Receive site inspection by the water authority 1 day no charge
Agency : Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited
10 Obtain water and sewerage connection 7 days ZMK 500
Agency : Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company Limited
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 12Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Details – Dealing with Construction Permits in Zambia – Measure of Quality
Answer Score
Building quality control index (0-15) 10.0
Quality of building regulations index (0-2) 2.0
How accessible are building laws and regulations in your economy? (0-1) Available online; 1.0
Free of charge.
Which requirements for obtaining a building permit are clearly specified in the building List of required 1.0
regulations or on any accessible website, brochure or pamphlet? (0-1) documents; Fees
to be paid;
Required
preapprovals.
Quality control before construction index (0-1) 1.0
Which third-party entities are required by law to verify that the building plans are in Licensed 1.0
compliance with existing building regulations? (0-1) architect;
Licensed
engineer.
Quality control during construction index (0-3) 1.0
What types of inspections (if any) are required by law to be carried out during construction? Inspections at 1.0
(0-2) various phases.
Do legally mandated inspections occur in practice during construction? (0-1) Mandatory 0.0
inspections are
not always done
in practice during
construction;
Mandatory
inspections are
done most of the
time during
construction.
Quality control after construction index (0-3) 2.0
Is there a final inspection required by law to verify that the building was built in accordance Yes, final 2.0
with the approved plans and regulations? (0-2) inspection is
done by
government
agency; Final
inspection is not
required by law.
Do legally mandated final inspections occur in practice? (0-1) Final inspection 0.0
does not always
occur in practice.
Liability and insurance regimes index (0-2) 0.0
Which parties (if any) are held liable by law for structural flaws or problems in the building No party is held 0.0
once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability or Decennial Liability)? (0-1) liable under the
law.
Which parties (if any) are required by law to obtain an insurance policy to cover possible No party is 0.0
structural flaws or problems in the building once it is in use (Latent Defect Liability Insurance required by law
or Decennial Insurance)? (0-1) to obtain
insurance .
Professional certifications index (0-4) 4.0
Page 13Doing Business 2018 Zambia
What are the qualification requirements for the professional responsible for verifying that the Minimum number 2.0
architectural plans or drawings are in compliance with existing building regulations? (0-2) of years of
experience;
University degree
in architecture or
engineering;
Being a
registered
architect or
engineer;
Passing a
certification
exam.
What are the qualification requirements for the professional who supervises the construction Minimum number 2.0
on the ground? (0-2) of years of
experience;
University degree
in engineering,
construction or
construction
management;
Being a
registered
architect or
engineer;
Passing a
certification
exam.
Page 14Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Getting Electricity
This topic measures the procedures, time and cost required for a business to obtain a permanent electricity connection for a newly
constructed warehouse. Additionally, the reliability of supply and transparency of tariffs index measures reliability of supply, transparency of
tariffs and the price of electricity. The most recent round of data collection for the project was completed in June 2017. See the methodology
for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to obtain an electricity connection To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
(number) construction company, the warehouse project and the utility connections are used.
â— Submitting all relevant documents and obtaining
The construction company (BuildCo):
all necessary clearances and permits
- Is a limited liability company (or its legal equivalent) and operates in the economy’s
â— Completing all required notifications and
receiving all necessary inspections largest business city. For 11 economies the data are also collected for the second
largest business city.
â— Obtaining external installation works and possibly
- Is 100% domestically and privately owned; has five owners, none of whom is a
purchasing material for these works
legal entity. Has a licensed architect and a licensed engineer, both registered with
â— Concluding any necessary supply contract and the local association of architects or engineers. BuildCo is not assumed to have any
obtaining final supply other employees who are technical or licensed experts, such as geological or
topographical experts.
Time required to complete each procedure
- Owns the land on which the warehouse will be built and will sell the warehouse
(calendar days)
upon its completion.
â— Is at least 1 calendar day
The warehouse:
â— Each procedure starts on a separate day
â— Does not include time spent gathering information - Will be used for general storage activities, such as storage of books or stationery.
- Will have two stories, both above ground, with a total constructed area of
â— Reflects the time spent in practice, with little
approximately 1,300.6 square meters (14,000 square feet). Each floor will be 3
follow-up and no prior contact with officials
meters (9 feet, 10 inches) high and will be located on a land plot of approximately
929 square meters (10,000 square feet) that is 100% owned by BuildCo, and the
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of
income per capita) warehouse is valued at 50 times income per capita.
- Will have complete architectural and technical plans prepared by a licensed
â— Official costs only, no bribes architect. If preparation of the plans requires such steps as obtaining further
â— Value added tax excluded documentation or getting prior approvals from external agencies, these are counted
as procedures.
The reliability of supply and transparency of - Will take 30 weeks to construct (excluding all delays due to administrative and
tariffs index (0-8) regulatory requirements).
â— Duration and frequency of power outages (0–3)
The water and sewerage connections:
â— Tools to monitor power outages (0–1)
- Will be 150 meters (492 feet) from the existing water source and sewer tap. If there
â— Tools to restore power supply (0–1)
is no water delivery infrastructure in the economy, a borehole will be dug. If there is
â— Regulatory monitoring of utilities’ performance no sewerage infrastructure, a septic tank in the smallest size available will be
(0–1) installed or built.
â— Financial deterrents limiting outages (0–1) - Will have an average water use of 662 liters (175 gallons) a day and an average
wastewater flow of 568 liters (150 gallons) a day. Will have a peak water use of
â— Transparency and accessibility of tariffs (0–1)
1,325 liters (350 gallons) a day and a peak wastewater flow of 1,136 liters (300
Price of electricity (cents per kilowatt-hour)* gallons) a day.
- Will have a constant level of water demand and wastewater flow throughout the
â— Price based on monthly bill for commercial
year; will be 1 inch in diameter for the water connection and 4 inches in diameter for
warehouse in case study
the sewerage connection.
*Note: Doing Business measures the price of
electricity, but it is not included in the distance to
frontier score nor the ranking on the ease of getting
electricity.
Page 15Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Getting Electricity - Zambia
Standardized Company
Price of electricity (US cents per kWh) 4.7
Name of utility Zambia Electricity Supply Corporation Ltd. (ZESCO)
City Covered Lusaka
Indicator Zambia Sub-Saharan OECD high Overall Best
Africa income Performer
Procedures (number) 6 5.3 4.7 2 (United Arab
Emirates)
Time (days) 117 115.3 79.1 10 (United Arab
Emirates)
Cost (% of income per capita) 588.5 3737.0 63.0 0.00 (Japan)
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff 0 0.9 7.4 8.00 (28 Economies)
index (0-8)
Figure – Getting Electricity in Zambia and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
78.12: Namibia (Rank: 68)
59.38: Botswana (Rank: 124)
52.09: Lesotho (Rank: 152)
49.92: Zambia (Rank: 155)
45.91: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa)
44.08: Angola (Rank: 165)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of getting electricity is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for getting
electricity. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Page 16Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Figure – Getting Electricity in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
500
100
Cost (% of income per capita)
400
80
Time (days)
300
60
200
40
100
20
0 0
1 *2 3 4 *5 6
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Figure – Getting Electricity in Zambia and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
8
7
6
6
Index score
5
4
3
2
0.9
1
0 0 0 0
0
Zambia Angola Botswana Lesotho Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa
Page 17Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Details – Getting Electricity in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Submit application to Zesco Limited and await estimate 7 calendar days USD 836.63
Agency : Zesco Limited
An application cannot be submitted online. The customer has to visit any Customer
Service Center or Zesco's office and collect two forms: the Customer Application Form
and the Supply Inquiry Form, free of charge. Attached to the applications, the customer
must submit the following documents:
• Title Deeds or Certification of Title – A legal document that reflects ownership of
property as well as all details of the property in question
• Letter of Offer from Local Authority, Ministry of Lands, Natural Resources and
Environment Protection or Traditional Establishment (Where Applicable) – A document
showing legal approval from the respective authority.
• Identification Documents – Documents that reflect national registration i.e.
• National Registration Card for individuals and Certificate of Registration for
Companies (Drivers License and Passport may also be used)
• Sketch map for location of the site
2 Receive external inspection by Zesco Limited 5 calendar days ZMK 0
Agency : Zesco Limited
Once the application has been received, Zesco will conduct an external inspection to do a
cost estimate for the works. It is not a requirement for the customer to be present during
this inspection. Once the inspection is complete, Zesco will give a cost estimate to the
client.
3 Obtain excavation permit from Lusaka City Council 14 calendar days ZMK 6,000
Agency : Lusaka City Council
The customer has to obtain an excavation permit from the Lusaka City Council for the
underground connection. The utility however facilitates the process as Zesco is more
familiar with the procedures of dealing with excavation permits than the client.
4 Accept estimate and await completion of external works by Zesco Limited 95 calendar days ZMK 55,300
Agency : Zesco Limited
Zesco is in charge of the external connection works and will also provide the material.
Once the quotation has been paid, Zesco will proceed with the external works, however
this will take some times as Zesco must gather all the materials and make the necessary
preparation.
5 Receive internal inspection by Zesco Limited 1 calendar day ZMK 0
Agency : Zesco Limited
Zesco will conduct an internal wiring of the warehouse and it is recommended that the
electrical contractor be present. Zesco will initiate a test and if it is found that the internal
wiring is not up to the standards set by Zesco, a fail test certificate will be issued. . The
electrician in charge of the internal wiring does not have to be licensed and/or registered
with Zesco. The internal inspection is a necessary condition for opening the meter. Once
the team verified that your internal wiring is correctly done they pass over the documents
to the team in charge of meter installation.
6 Receive meter installation and final connection from Zesco Limited 1 calendar day ZMK 0
Agency : Zesco Limited
Zesco will notify the customer and the electrical contractor when the metering
department will be installing the meter. Both the customer and the electrician must be
present on that day.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 18Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Details – Getting Electricity in Zambia – Measure of Quality
Answer
Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff index (0-8) 0
Total duration and frequency of outages per customer a year (0-3) 0
System average interruption duration index (SAIDI) 176.0
System average interruption frequency index (SAIFI) 17.9
What is the minimum outage time (in minutes) that the utility considers for the calculation of SAIDI/SAIFI 5.0
Mechanisms for monitoring outages (0-1) 1
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to monitor outages? Yes
Mechanisms for restoring service (0-1) 1
Does the distribution utility use automated tools to restore service? Yes
Regulatory monitoring (0-1) 1
Does a regulator—that is, an entity separate from the utility—monitor the utility’s performance on reliability of Yes
supply?
Financial deterrents aimed at limiting outages (0-1) 0
Does the utility either pay compensation to customers or face fines by the regulator (or both) if outages No
exceed a certain cap?
Communication of tariffs and tariff changes (0-1) 1
Are effective tariffs available online? Yes
Link to the website, if available online http://www.zesco.co.
zm/customerCare/tar
iffs
Are customers notified of a change in tariff ahead of the billing cycle? Yes
Note:
If the duration and frequency of outages is 100 or less, the economy is eligible to score on the Reliability of supply and transparency of tariff
index.
If the duration and frequency of outages is not available, or is over 100, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.
If the minimum outage time considered for SAIDI/SAIFI is over 5 minutes, the economy is not eligible to score on the index.
Page 19Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Registering Property
This topic examines the steps, time and cost involved in registering property, assuming a standardized case of an entrepreneur who wants to
purchase land and a building that is already registered and free of title dispute. In addition, the topic also measures the quality of the land
administration system in each economy. The quality of land administration index has five dimensions: reliability of infrastructure, transparency
of information, geographic coverage, land dispute resolution, and equal access to property rights. The most recent round of data collection for
the project was completed in June 2017.See the methodology for more information.
What the indicators measure Case study assumptions
Procedures to legally transfer title on To make the data comparable across economies, several assumptions about the
immovable property (number) parties to the transaction, the property and the procedures are used.
â— Preregistration procedures (for example,
The parties (buyer and seller):
checking for liens, notarizing sales agreement,
paying property transfer taxes) - Are limited liability companies (or the legal equivalent).
â— Registration procedures in the economy's largest - Are located in the periurban area of the economy’s largest business city. For 11
business citya. economies the data are also collected for the second largest business city.
- Are 100% domestically and privately owned.
â— Postregistration procedures (for example, filling
- Have 50 employees each, all of whom are nationals.
title with municipality)
- Perform general commercial activities.
Time required to complete each procedure
The property (fully owned by the seller):
(calendar days)
- Has a value of 50 times income per capita, which equals the sale price.
â— Does not include time spent gathering information
- Is fully owned by the seller.
â— Each procedure starts on a separate day - though - Has no mortgages attached and has been under the same ownership for the past
procedures that can be fully completed online are 10 years.
an exception to this rule
- Is registered in the land registry or cadastre, or both, and is free of title disputes.
â— Procedure is considered completed once final - Is located in a periurban commercial zone, and no rezoning is required.
document is received - Consists of land and a building. The land area is 557.4 square meters (6,000
â— No prior contact with officials square feet). A two-story warehouse of 929 square meters (10,000 square feet) is
located on the land. The warehouse is 10 years old, is in good condition, has no
Cost required to complete each procedure (% of heating system and complies with all safety standards, building codes and legal
property value) requirements. The property, consisting of land and building, will be transferred in its
entirety.
â— Official costs only (such as administrative fees,
duties and taxes). - Will not be subject to renovations or additional construction following the purchase.
- Has no trees, natural water sources, natural reserves or historical monuments of
â— Value Added Tax, Capital Gains Tax and illicit
any kind.
payments are excluded
- Will not be used for special purposes, and no special permits, such as for
residential use, industrial plants, waste storage or certain types of agricultural
Quality of land administration index (0-30)
activities, are required.
â— Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) - Has no occupants, and no other party holds a legal interest in it.
â— Transparency of information index (0–6)
â— Geographic coverage index (0–8)
â— Land dispute resolution index (0–8)
â— Equal access to property rights index (-2–0)
Page 20Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Registering Property - Zambia
Standardized Company
Property value ZMK 584,718.60
City Covered Lusaka
Indicator Zambia Sub-Saharan OECD high Overall Best
Africa income Performer
Procedures (number) 6 6.2 4.6 1.00 (4 Economies)
Time (days) 45 59.3 22.3 1.00 (3 Economies)
Cost (% of property value) 9.9 7.8 4.2 0.00 (5 Economies)
Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 7.0 8.6 22.7 29.00 (Singapore)
Figure – Registering Property in Zambia and comparator economies – Ranking and DTF
DB 2018 Distance to Frontier (DTF)
0 100
65.45: Botswana (Rank: 81)
58.12: Lesotho (Rank: 109)
51.71: Regional Average (Sub-Saharan Africa)
48.69: Zambia (Rank: 149)
40.86: Angola (Rank: 172)
38.35: Namibia (Rank: 175)
Note: The ranking of economies on the ease of registering property is determined by sorting their distance to frontier scores for registering
property. These scores are the simple average of the distance to frontier scores for each of the component indicators.
Figure – Registering Property in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
Time (days) Cost (% of income per capita)
45 6
40
5 Cost (% of income per capita)
35
30 4
Time (days)
25
3
20
15 2
10
1
5
0 0
1 *2 *3 4 5 6
Procedures (number)
* This symbol is shown beside procedure numbers that take place simultaneously with the previous procedure.
Note: Online procedures account for 0.5 days in the total time calculation. For economies that have a different procedure list for men and
women, the graph shows the time for women. For more information on methodology, see the Doing Business website
(http://doingbusiness.org/en/methodology ). For details on the procedures reflected here, see the summary below.
Page 21Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Figure – Registering Property in Zambia and comparator economies – Measure of Quality
30
25
Index score
20
15
10.0 9.5
10 8.5 8.6
7.0 7.0
5
0
Zambia Angola Botswana Lesotho Namibia Sub-Saharan Africa
Details – Registering Property in Zambia – Procedure, Time and Cost
No. Procedures Time to Complete Associated Costs
1 Lawyer drafts the sale agreement, which is exchanged between buyer and 3-7 days 2.5% of the property
seller (simultaneous with value
Agency : Lawyer Procedure 2)
In practice, both the seller and purchaser employ a lawyer for the transaction. The fees
are negotiable, but cannot legally exceed 10%.
2 The Seller requests a valuation report 4 days (1 day for the ZMK 7,500 + VAT of
Agency : Land Valuer or Land Surveyor inspection, 3 days to 16% of the Property
Properties that are valued over 500,000 kwacha must submit a valuation report to the prepare the report) Value (Not included in
Zambia Revenue Authority in order to settle the Property Transfer Tax. A copy of the title the cost calculation)
deed is needed in order to obtain the valuation report. During the inspection, the valuer or
land surveyor would carry out a physical inspection of the property including, among
others: (i) Measuring the space; (ii) Noting the types of finishes.
They would then provide the current market value of the value of property in the report
according to their inspection.
3 Lawyer obtains a non-encumbrance certificate 1 day (simultaneous ZMW 41.70 (139 Fee
Agency : Registry of Lands and Deeds with Procedure 1) Units x 0.3 Fee Unit
The search is conducted at the Registry of Land and Deeds. The interested parties can Value)
conduct an electronic search that provides basic information about the land, the owner of
the lease, and the date of ownership of the lease. The most common search is to obtain a
computer pint out of the registration file. This pint out includes the history of the property
from the first day it was registered as a title deed, any sub-divisions, owners, transfers, if
there are any liens or mortgages, if it has been discharged and the size, and if there are
any caveats.
In order to get more detailed information, a manual search needs to be conducted. For
this search, the lawyer must go directly to the Lands and Deeds Registry to search for the
history of the plot and the relevant documents.
4 The seller applies for the state’s consent to assign 7-10 days ZMW 336.60 (1112
Agency : Commissioner of Lands Fee units x 0.3 Fee
The Commissioner of Lands will verify that the property can be transferred, by checking Unit value)
if ground rent has been paid, and who is buying. The land in Zambia belongs to the State,
and can only be purchased by Zambians, Zambian companies, established residents or
investors. This application is lodged with the Commissioner of Lands and if all ground
rent has been settled and all application papers are in order, the Commissioner of Lands
will issue the consent to assign. While the State’s consent to assign application is being
processed, the buyer and seller can finalize the deed of assignment, but the sale price
stated therein will be subject to the State’s consent for the sale at that price. The
documentation shall include: (i) the consent application, (ii) consent fees, (iii) buyer’s
details such as nationality, address, etc. to show he qualifies to purchase property.
Page 22Doing Business 2018 Zambia
5 The seller settles the Property Transfer Tax with the Zambian Revenue 7 days 5% of the
Authority (ZRA) consideration of the
Agency : Zambian Revenue Authority transaction or the
The Property Transfer Tax Act, CAP340, provides that whenever property is transferred, value of the property,
Property Transfer Tax (PTT) is charged upon and collected from, the person transferring
whichever is higher.
the property (transferor) on the Realizable Value (i.e. Open Market Value or Contract
Price, whichever is higher). The Property Transfer Tax (Amendment) Act, of 2015, has
reduced the rate of the PTT to 5% of the Realizable Value, effective from January 1st,
2016.
The Zambian Revenue Authority assesses if the value of the property is correctly stated
in the deed of assignment and then it will produce a clearance certificate which is valid
for 6 months. The tax is payable by the transferor. PTT filings require the following
documentation:
• NRC/Certificate of Incorporation of both the BUYER & SELLER;
•State/Council CONSENT (obtained in Procedure 3);
•Seller’s TPIN #;
•Contract of Sale/Deed of Gift or Transfer (obtained in Procedure 1);
•Lawyer’s STAMP (where dealing as an Advocate of EITHER party);
•VALUATION REPORT (for ALL transactions above ZMW 500,000).
Both a receipt for the payment of the Property Transfer Tax and the Tax Clearance
Certificate are obtained in this step.
6 The purchaser lodges the assignment for registration at the Lands and 25 days 1% of property value
Deeds Registry to complete the process (registration fee) with
Agency : Registry of Lands and Deeds a maximum of
The documentation shall include: ZMW15,000 + ZMW
166.80 for the Deed
Seller’s title deeds (Certificate of Title)
of Assignment and an
authentic copy (276
Executed assignment in duplicate
Fee Units x 0,3 Fee
State’s consent to assign (obtain in Procedure 3) Unit Value x 2)
Receipt for payment of Property Transfer Tax (obtained in Procedure 4)
Tax Clearance Certificate (obtained in Procedure 4)
Form DR53 (gives brief details of the transaction, such as seller, buyer, consideration,
property number, rentable value, etc.)
Receipt for payment of transfer fees
In June 2008, the Government of Zambia, following a survey done in 2007 to understand
the reason of the backlog at the Lands Registry, implemented a Customer Service
Relation Centre and also fully computerized the Land Registry.
The Statutory Instrument No. 53 of 2013 on July 21st, 2013 established a maximum fee
of ZMW 15,000 for the registration of assignments and transfers.
Takes place simultaneously with previous procedure.
Page 23Doing Business 2018 Zambia
Details – Registering Property in Zambia – Measure of Quality
Answer Score
Quality of the land administration index (0-30) 7.0
Reliability of infrastructure index (0-8) 0.0
What is the institution in charge of immovable property registration? Lands and Deeds
Registry (Ministry
of Lands, Natural
Resources)
In what format are the majority of title or deed records kept in the largest business city—in a Paper 0.0
paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for checking for encumbrances (liens, mortgages, restrictions No 0.0
and the like)?
Institution in charge of the plans showing legal boundaries in the largest business city: The Survey
Department
(Ministry of
Lands, Natural
Resources)
In what format are the majority of maps of land plots kept in the largest business city—in a Paper 0.0
paper format or in a computerized format (scanned or fully digital)?
Is there an electronic database for recording boundaries, checking plans and providing No 0.0
cadastral information (geographic information system)?
Is the information recorded by the immovable property registration agency and the cadastral Separate 0.0
or mapping agency kept in a single database, in different but linked databases or in separate databases
databases?
Do the immovable property registration agency and cadastral or mapping agency use the No 0.0
same identification number for properties?
Transparency of information index (0–6) 1.5
Who is able to obtain information on land ownership at the agency in charge of immovable Anyone who 1.0
property registration in the largest business city? pays the official
fee
Is the list of documents that are required to complete any type of property transaction made Yes, in person 0.0
publicly available–and if so, how?
Link for online access:
Is the applicable fee schedule for any property transaction at the agency in charge of Yes, in person 0.0
immovable property registration in the largest business city made publicly available–and if
so, how?
Link for online access:
Does the agency in charge of immovable property registration commit to delivering a legally No 0.0
binding document that proves property ownership within a specific time frame–and if so, how
does it communicate the service standard?
Link for online access:
Is there a specific and separate mechanism for filing complaints about a problem that No 0.0
occurred at the agency in charge of immovable property registration?
Contact information:
Are there publicly available official statistics tracking the number of transactions at the No 0.0
immovable property registration agency?
Number of property transfers in the largest business city in 2016:
Who is able to consult maps of land plots in the largest business city? Anyone who 0.5
pays the official
fee
Is the applicable fee schedule for accessing maps of land plots made publicly available— Yes, in person 0.0
and if so, how?
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