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WWW.RIDESAFEINDIANA.COM
Motorcycle
Operator Manual
JANUARY 1, 2017
BMV0005
2 ND EDITIONMOTORCYCLES MAKE SENSE –
PREFACE
SO DOES PROFESSIONAL TRAINING
Welcome to the Seventeenth Edition This latest edition has undergone Motorcycles are inexpensive to operate, fun to ride and easy to park.
of the MSF Motorcycle Operator Manual significant improvements, and contains Unfortunately, many riders never learn critical skills needed to ride safely.
(MOM). Operating a motorcycle safely new, more in-depth information, Professional training for beginning and experienced riders prepares them for
in traffic requires special skills and designed to: real-world traffic situations. Motorcycle Safety Foundation RiderCoursesSM teach and
knowledge. The Motorcycle Safety • Guide riders in preparing to ride improve such skills as:
Foundation (MSF) has made this manual safely
available to help novice motorcyclists • Effective turning • Braking maneuvers • Protective apparel selection
reduce their risk of having a crash. The • Develop effective street strategies • Obstacle avoidance • Traffic strategies • Maintenance
manual conveys essential safe riding • Give riders more comprehensive
information and has been designed understanding of safe group riding For the basic or experienced RiderCourse nearest you,
for use in licensing programs. While practices
designed for the novice, all motorcyclists
call toll free: 800.446.9227
• Describe in detail best practices for or visit msf-usa.org
can benefit from the information this
carrying passengers and cargo
manual contains.
In promoting improved licensing The Motorcycle Safety Foundation’s (MSF) purpose is to improve the safety
The original Motorcycle Operator of motorcyclists on the nation’s streets and highways. In an attempt to reduce
programs, the MSF works closely with
Manual was developed by the National motorcycle crashes and injuries, the Foundation has programs in rider education,
state licensing agencies. The Foundation licensing improvement, public information and statistics. These programs
Public Services Research Institute (NPSRI)
has helped more than half the states are designed for both motorcyclists and motorists. A national not-for-profit
under contract to the National Highway
in the nation adopt the Motorcycle organization, the MSF is sponsored by BMW, BRP, Harley-Davidson, Honda,
Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA)
Operator Manual for use in their Kawasaki, KTM, Piaggio, Suzuki, Triumph, Victory and Yamaha.
and within the terms of a cooperative
licensing systems.
agreement between NHTSA and the The information contained in this publication is offered for the benefit of those
MSF. The manual and related tests Improved licensing, along with high who have an interest in riding motorcycles. The information has been compiled
were used in a multi-year study of quality motorcycle rider education and from publications, interviews and observations of individuals and organizations
improved motorcycle operator licensing increased public awareness, has the familiar with the use of motorcycles, accessories, and training. Because there are
potential to reduce crashes. Staff at many differences in product design, riding styles, federal, state and local laws,
procedures, conducted by the California
there may be organizations and individuals who hold differing opinions. Consult
Department of Motor Vehicles under the Foundation are available to assist
your local regulatory agencies for information concerning the operation of motor-
contract to NHTSA. governmental and private agencies in cycles in your area. Although the MSF will continue to research, field test and
efforts to improve motorcycle safety. publish responsible viewpoints on the subject, it disclaims any liability for the views
The purpose of this manual is to
educate riders and to help them avoid expressed herein.
crashes while safely operating either
a standard two-wheel motorcycle or a
three-wheel motorcycle. Tim Buche
President,
Motorcycle Safety Foundation
msf-usa.orgRide Safe Indiana
Ride Safe Indiana is the State of Indiana’s RIDE SAFE INDIANA MOTORCYCLE SKILLS MILITARY PERSONNEL
approved motorcycle safety program
within the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. Our MOTORCYCLE SAFETY EXAM Active duty military members who are
Indiana residents, but are stationed outside
mission is to train more motorcyclists and TRAINING Applicants must possess a valid Indiana
of the state, may obtain a motorcycle
educate motorists in order to decrease driver’s license and motorcycle learner’s
motorcycle fatalities and accidents. For more Approved Ride Safe Indiana providers permit. Applicants must provide the endorsement after completing the following
information about Ride Safe Indiana, visit offer courses for beginning and advanced steps:
motorcycle used for the skills exam. Prior
RideSafeIndiana.com. motorcyclists who want to learn or improve
to taking the motorcycle skills exam, the • Successfully complete a motorcycle
their riding skills. Five hours of classroom
To operate a motorcycle on a public applicant will be required to sign a Waiver of safety course through the military or a
instruction prepares you for 10 hours of
roadway, an individual must hold a valid Liability. program where you are stationed within
practical riding exercises in a controlled,
Indiana driver’s license with a motorcycle off-street environment. The course concludes The motorcycle skills exam consists of the last year;
endorsement or possess a valid motorcycle with a knowledge and skills evaluation. several elements to measure an applicant’s • Submit a copy of a Ride Safe Indiana
learner’s permit. An applicant is not eligible Motorcycles are provided free of charge basic control of the motorcycle and response Motorcycle Safety Course Completion
for a motorcycle learner’s permit or a for your use during the course. Training to hazardous situations, to include: document proving successful
motorcycle endorsement if the applicant’s course completion documents issued by an completion of motorcycle safety course;
driving privileges are revoked, suspended or approved Ride Safe Indiana provider are valid • Overall control
invalidated. for one year from date of issuance. For more • Starting • Submit a copy of Indiana driver’s license;
information regarding motorcycle safety and
• Sharp right turn
training, visit RideSafeIndiana.com. • Submit a copy of military ID or orders
MOTORCYCLE • Stopping at designated points
ENDORSEMENT MOTORCYCLE LEARNER’S
• Cone weave
NEW INDIANA RESIDENTS
A motorcycle endorsement may be • U-turn
issued to Indiana residents who are at least
PERMIT • Quick stop
New Indiana residents who hold a valid
16 years and 180 days of age and hold To obtain a motorcycle learner’s permit, an motorcycle endorsement from another state
a valid Indiana driver’s license. To add a applicant must pass a motorcycle knowledge • Obstacle swerve may transfer their motorcycle endorsement
motorcycle endorsement to your Indiana exam and a vision screening. A motorcycle to their Indiana driver’s license after passing
Points will be assessed if the applicant fails
driver’s license, you must complete one of learner’s permit may only be renewed one a motorcycle knowledge exam.
to properly execute any of the maneuvers
the following two options: time. Anyone not obtaining a motorcycle above. The applicant will fail the motorcycle
endorsement prior to the second permit skills exam if he or she:
1. Provide proof you have successfully expiring must wait for a period of one year
completed an approved Ride Safe before applying for another permit to take a • Accumulates more than 10 points
Indiana motorcycle safety training motorcycle skills exam. However, individuals
course • Falls or drops the motorcycle
can participate in an approved Ride Safe
2. Pass a motorcycle knowledge exam to Indiana motorcycle safety training course at • Commits an intentional unsafe act
obtain a motorcycle learner’s permit. any time to receive an endorsement upon • Disregards or fails to understand
Pass a motorcycle skills exam. successful completion. instructions of the examiners
You may also be required to pass a A person operating a motorcycle while in Exams will be administered at a motorcycle
standard vision screening exam. If you possession of a motorcycle learner’s permit skills exam site by an approved Ride Safe
are less than 18 years of age when you must, by law, abide by the following:
Indiana provider.
apply for a motorcycle endorsement, you • Hold a valid Indiana driver’s license.
Only one skills exam may be attempted
must have a parent or guardian sign an
• May operate a motorcycle on public during any business day. Applicants will
Agreement of Financial Liability. roads for the duration of the one-year be required to pay an exam fee for each
permit, under the following restrictions: attempt. Once an applicant successfully
Must wear a helmet that meets the completes a motorcycle skills exam, the
standards established by the United results are valid for the duration of the
States Department of Transportation holder’s motorcycle learner’s permit. Each
under 49CFR571.218. applicant is allowed three attempts to pass
the skills exam. After the third failed attempt,
Operate a motorcycle only during the applicant must wait two months from
daylight hours. the date of the last failed skills exam before
Must not carry passengers. taking another skills exam.THE RIDER AND BEING IN SHAPE TO RIDE
THE MOTORCYCLE ���������������������������1 Why This Information Is
Important ���������������������������������������39
PREPARING TO RIDE Alcohol and Other Drugs in
Wear the Right Gear ����������������������������2 Motorcycle Operation �������������������39
Know Your Motorcycle ������������������������4 Alcohol in the Body ����������������������������39
Know Your Responsibilities �����������������7 Alcohol and the Law ��������������������������41
Minimize the Risks �����������������������������41
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Step in to Protect Friends ������������������42
Basic Vehicle Control ����������������������������8
Marijuana and
Keeping Your Distance �����������������������12 Motorcycle Operation �������������������42
SEE �������������������������������������������������������17 Fatigue ������������������������������������������������43
Intersections ���������������������������������������18
Increasing Conspicuity �����������������������21
EARNING YOUR LICENSE��������������44
Crash Avoidance ���������������������������������24 THREE-WHEEL SUPPLEMENT
Handling Dangerous Surfaces �����������27 Supplementary Information
Mechanical Problems �������������������������30 for Three-Wheel Motorcycles���������46
Animals �����������������������������������������������31 Know Your Vehicle������������������������������46
Flying Objects �������������������������������������32 Basic Vehicle Control���������������������������48
Getting Off the Road �������������������������32 Carrying Passengers and Cargo����������51
Carrying Passengers
and Cargo ���������������������������������������32
HAND SIGNALS........................... 52
Group Riding ���������������������������������������35 T-CLOCS PRE-RIDE CHECKLIST����541 THE RIDER AND THE MOTORCYCLE PREPARING TO RIDE 2
Motorcycling is a
RIDING ENVIRONMENT What you do before you start a trip goes a long way toward determining
unique experience.
whether or not you’ll get where you want to go safely. Before taking off on any
Compared to a car,
trip, a safe rider makes a point to:
you don’t sit in a
motorcycle, you 1. Wear the right gear.
become part of it. 2. Become familiar with the motorcycle.
Not as a passive
3. Check the motorcycle equipment.
driver, but as an
active rider arcing 4. Be a responsible rider.
into a string of
smooth corners, WEAR THE RIGHT GEAR a helmet kept a rider from spotting
playing along with danger.
When you ride, your gear is “right”
the rhythm of the • Most crashes happenon short
if it protects you. In any crash, you have
road; shifting, trips (less than five miles long), just
a far better chance of avoiding serious
accelerating, a few minutes after starting out.
injury if you wear:
and braking • Most ridersare riding slower than
with precision. • A DOT-compliant helmet. 30 mph when a crash occurs. At
Whether you • Face or eye protection. these speeds, helmets can cut both
ride to and from the number and the severity of head
• Protective clothing.
work or prefer you, and supports the concept that, injuries by half.
the camaraderie of a group ride on the as the Motorcycle Safety Foundation Helmet Use No matter what the speed, helmeted
weekend, motorcycling engages all your says, “Safe riding depends as much riders are three times more likely to
Crashes can occur — particularly
senses and creates an invigorating sense on the mental skills of awareness and survive head injuries than those not
among untrained, beginning riders.
of freedom. judgment as it does on a physical skill of wearing helmets at the time of the
And one out of every five motorcycle
Along with that freedom comes maneuvering the machine.” crashes results in head or neck injuries. crash. The single most important thing
responsibility. All states require Successfully piloting a motorcycle is a Head injuries are just as severe as neck you can do to improve your chances of
some form of license endorsement much more involved task than driving a injuries — and far more common. Crash surviving a crash is to wear a securely-
demonstrating you possess a minimum car. Motorcycling requires a fine sense analyses show that head and neck fastened, quality helmet.
level of skill and knowledge. This of balance and a heightened sense of injuries account for a majority of serious
Helmet Selection
booklet and other motorcycle awareness and position amidst other and fatal injuries to motorcyclists.
publications can help prepare you to roadway users. A motorcycle responds Research also shows that, with few There are two primary types of
be successful. You might also consider more quickly to rider inputs than a car, exceptions, head and neck injuries are helmets, providing two different levels
taking a formal hands-on training but is also more sensitive to outside reduced by properly wearing a quality of coverage: three-quarter and full face.
course, even if your state doesn’t require forces, like irregular road surfaces or helmet. Whichever style you choose, you can
that you complete one. You’ll learn how crosswinds. A motorcycle is also less get the most protection by making sure
Some riders don’t wear helmets
to improve your riding skills and mental visible than a car due to its narrower that the helmet:
because they think helmets will limit
strategies, so you can be a safer, more profile, and offers far less protection by their view to the sides. Others wear • Is designed to meet U.S.
alert rider. exposing its rider to other traffic and helmets only on long trips or when Department of Transportation
The diagram above illustrates the the elements. All these risks can be riding at high speeds. But, here are (DOT) and state standards. Helmets
complex environment that awaits managed through study, training, and some facts to consider: with a label from the Snell Memorial
practice. Foundation also give you an
• A DOT-compliant helmetlets assurance of quality.
you see as far to the sides as
necessary. A study of more than • Fits snugly,all the way around.
900 motorcycle crashes, where • Has no obvious defectssuch as
40% of the riders wore helmets, cracks, loose padding or frayed
did not find even one case in which straps.3
3 PREPARING TO RIDE 4
4 PREPARING TO RIDE
Whatever helmet you
HELMETS
• Glovesallow a better grip and help KNOW YOUR
decide on, keep it securely protect your hands in a crash. Your
fastened on your head gloves should be made of leather or
MOTORCYCLE
when you ride. Otherwise, similar durable material. There are plenty of things on the
if you are involved in a highway that can cause you trouble.
• Hearing protection reduces
crash, it’s likely to fly off Your motorcycle should not be one
noise while allowing you to hear
your head before it gets a of them. To make sure that your
important sounds such as car horns
chance to protect you. motorcycle won’t let you down:
or sirens. Long term exposure to
Eye and Face engine and wind noise can cause • Startwith the right motorcycle
permanent hearing damage even for you.
Protection
if you wear a full face helmet. • Readthe owner’s manual.
A plastic impact-resistant Whether you choose disposable
faceshield can help protect foam plugs or reusable custom • Be familiarwith the motorcycle
your whole face in a molded devices, be sure you adhere controls.
crash. It also protects you Clothing to state laws regarding hearing • Checkthe motorcycle before
from wind, dust, dirt, rain, insects and protection. every ride.
pebbles thrown up from cars ahead. The right clothing protects you in
These problems are distracting and a collision. It also provides comfort, In cold or wet weather, your clothes • Keepit in safe riding condition
can be painful. If you have to deal as well as protection from heat, cold, should keep you warm and dry, as between rides.
with them, you can’t devote your full debris and hot and moving parts of the well as protect you from injury. You
• Avoidadd-ons and modifications
attention to the road. motorcycle. It can also make you more cannot control a motorcycle well if
that make your motorcycle harder
visible to others. you are numb. Riding for long periods
Goggles protect your eyes, though to handle.
in cold weather can cause severe chill
they won’t protect the rest of your face • Jacket and pantsshould cover
arms and legs completely. They
and fatigue. A winter jacket should The Right Motorcycle For You
like a faceshield does. A windshield resist wind and fit snugly at the neck,
is not a substitute for a faceshield or should fit snugly enough to keep First, make sure your motorcycle is
wrists and waist. Good-quality rainsuits
goggles. Most windshields will not from flapping in the wind, yet right for you. It should “fit” you. Your
designed for motorcycle riding resist
protect your eyes from the wind. Neither loosely enough to move freely. feet should reach the ground while
tearing apart or ballooning up at high
will eyeglasses or sunglasses. Glasses Leather offers the most protection. you are seated on the motorcycle, and
speeds.
won’t keep your eyes from watering, Sturdy synthetic material provides the controls should be easy to operate.
and they might blow off when you turn a lot of protection as well. Wear Smaller motorcycles are usually easier
your head while riding. a jacket even in warm weather to for beginners to operate.
prevent dehydration. Many are CLOTHING
To be effective, eye or faceshield At a minimum, your street-legal
designed to protect without getting
protection must: motorcycle should have:
you overheated, even on summer
• Be freeof scratches. days. Some riders choose jackets • Headlight, taillight and
and pants with rigid “body armor” brakelight.
• Be resistantto penetration.
inserts in critical areas for additional
• Give a clear viewto either side. protection. TEST YOURSELF 1
• Fasten securely,so it does not A plastic shatter-resistant face
• Boots or shoesshould be high
blow off. shield:
and sturdy enough to cover your
• Permit airto pass through, to A. Is not necessary if you have a
ankles and give them support. Soles windshield.
reduce fogging. should be made of hard, durable,
B. Only protects your eyes.
• Permit enough roomfor slip-resistant material. Keep heels
eyeglasses or sunglasses, if needed. C. Helps protect your whole face.
short so they do not catch on rough
surfaces. Tuck in laces so they won’t D. Does not protect your face as well
Tinted eye protection should not be as goggles.
worn when little light is available. catch on your motorcycle. Answer - page 455
5 PREPARING TO RIDE 6
6 PREPARING TO RIDE
• Front and rear brakes. involve riders with less than five months • Know the controls.Work the • Try the front and rear brake levers
of experience on their motorcycle. throttle, clutch, brakes, and shifter a one at a time. Make sure each feels
• Turn signals.
few times before you start riding. firm and holds the motorcycle when
• Horn. Get Familiar with the fully applied.
Motorcycle Controls • Ride very cautiouslyand be aware
• Two mirrors. of surroundings. Accelerate gently, C — Controls
Make sure you are completely familiar take turns more slowly and leave
Borrowing and Lending with the motorcycle before you take
• Make sure the clutch and throttle
extra room for stopping. operate smoothly. The throttle
Borrowers and lenders of motorcycles, it out on the street. Be sure to review
Check Your Motorcycle should snap back to fully closed
beware. Crashes are more likely to occur the owner’s manual. This is particularly when released. The clutch should
among beginning riders — especially important if you are riding a borrowed A motorcycle needs more frequent feel tight and should operate
in the first months of riding. Riding motorcycle. attention than a car. A minor technical smoothly.
an unfamiliar motorcycle adds to the If you are going to use an unfamiliar failure on a car is seldom more than an
problem. If you borrow a motorcycle, • Try the horn. Make sure it works.
motorcycle: inconvenience for the driver. The same
get familiar with it in a controlled area. failure on a motorcycle may result in a L — Lights and Electrics
And if you lend your motorcycle to • Make all the checksyou would on crash or having to leave your motorcycle
your own motorcycle. • Check both headlight and taillight.
friends, make sure they are licensed and parked on the side of the road. If Test your switch to make sure both
know how to ride before allowing them • Find out where everything is, anything’s wrong with your motorcycle, high and low beams work.
out into traffic. particularly the turn signals, horn, you’ll want to find out about it before
you get in traffic. • Turn on both right and left hand
No matter how experienced you headlight switch, fuel-supply valve
turn signals. Make sure all lights are
may be, ride extra carefully on any and engine cut-off switch. Find and The primary source of information working properly.
motorcycle that’s new or unfamiliar operate these items without having about how a motorcycle should be
to you. More than half of all crashes to look for them. • Try both brakes and make sure each
inspected and maintained is its owner’s
one turns on the brake light.
manual. Be sure to absorb all of its
important information. A motorcycle will • Clean and adjust your mirrors
MOTORCYCLE CONTROLS before starting. It’s difficult to ride
continue to ride like new if it is properly
maintained and routine inspections with one hand while you try to
become part of its maintenance cycle. adjust a mirror. Adjust each mirror
so you can see the lane behind and
A pre-ride inspection only takes
as much as possible of the lane next
a few minutes and should be done to you. When properly adjusted, a
before every ride to prevent problems. mirror may show the edge of your
It’s quick and easy to check the critical arm or shoulder – but it’s the road
components and should be as routine behind you and to the side that are
and automatic as checking the weather most important.
forecast before heading out for the day.
A convenient reminder developed by O — Oil and Other Fluids
MSF is T-CLOCSSM. There is a T-CLOCS • Check engine oil and transmission
“tear-out” sheet at the back of this fluid levels.
manual for you to keep with you when
• Check the brake hydraulic fluid and
you ride. A T-CLOCS inspection should coolant level weekly.
be conducted before every ride, and
includes checks of: • Be sure your fuel valve is open
before starting out. With the fuel
T — Tires and Wheels
valve closed, your motorcycle may
• Check tire inflation pressure, start with only the fuel that is still in
treadwear and general condition of the lines, but will stall once the lines
sidewalls and tread surface. are empty.7
7 PREPARING TO RIDE RIDE
8 WITHIN
RIDEYOUR ABILITIES
WITHIN 8
YOUR ABILITIES
• Look underneath the motorcycle for responsibility to look before pulling out.
This manual cannot teach you how to control direction, speed or balance.
signs of an oil or fuel leak. Both of you are at fault. Someone else
That’s something you can learn only through practice, preferably in a formal
C — Chassis might be the first to start the chain of
course of instruction like an MSF RiderCourse. But control begins with knowing
events leading to a crash, but it doesn’t
• Check the front suspension. Ensure your abilities and riding within them, along with knowing and obeying the rules
leave any of us free of responsibility.
there is no binding. The rear shocks of the road.
and springs should move smoothly. As a rider you can’t be sure that other
• Be sure the chain or belt is adjusted
operators will see you or yield the right BASIC VEHICLE CONTROL throttle. Also, adjust the handlebars
of way. To lessen your chances of a so your hands are even with or
according to the manufacturer’s crash occurring: Body Position below your elbows. This permits
specifications and that the sprockets you to use the proper muscles for
are not worn or damaged. • Be visible— wear proper clothing, To control a motorcycle well:
precision steering.
use your headlight, ride in the best • Posture— Position yourself
S — Stands
lane position to see and be seen. comfortably so you are able to • Knees— Keep your knees against
• Ensure the side stand operates operate all the controls and can use the gas tank to help you keep your
• Communicate your intentions—
smoothly and that the spring holds your arms to steer the motorcycle, balance as the motorcycle turns.
use the proper signals, brake light
it tightly in the up position. If rather than to hold yourself up.
and lane position. • Feet— Keep your feet firmly on the
equipped, the center stand should This helps you bond with your footrests to maintain balance. Don’t
also be held firmly against the frame • Maintain an adequate space motorcycle and allows you to react drag your feet. If your foot catches
whenever the motorcycle is moving. cushion — when following, being quickly to hazards. on something, you could be injured
followed, lane sharing, passing and
Additionally, regular maintenance • Seat— Sit far enough forward so and it could affect your control of
being passed.
such as tune-ups and oil changes are as that arms are slightly bent when the motorcycle. Keep your feet near
important for a motorcycle as routine • Search your pathof travel 12 you hold the handgrips. Bending the controls so you can get to them
checkups by your doctor are for you. seconds ahead. your arms permits you to press on fast if needed. Also, don’t let your
Wear and tear is normal with use; • Identify and separatehazards. the handlebars without having to toes point downward — they may
routine maintenance will help prevent stretch. get caught between the road and
costly breakdowns. The schedule for • Be prepared to act— remain alert the footrests.
regular upkeep for motorcycle parts and know how to carry out proper • Hands— Hold the handgrips
and controls is contained in your crash-avoidance skills. firmly to keep your grip over rough Shifting Gears
motorcycle’s owner’s manual. surfaces. Start with your right There is more to shifting gears than
Blame doesn’t matter when someone
wrist flat. This will help you keep simply getting the motorcycle to pick
is injured in a crash. The ability to ride
KNOW YOUR aware, make critical decisions and carry
from accidentally using too much up speed smoothly. Learning to use the
RESPONSIBILITIES them out separates responsible riders gears when downshifting, turning or
“Accident” implies an unforeseen from the rest. Remember, it is up to you HOLDING HANDGRIPS starting on hills is equally important for
event that occurs without fault or to keep from being the cause of, or an safe motorcycle operation.
negligence. In traffic, that is not the unprepared participant in, any crash. The gearshift lever is located in front
case. In fact, most people involved in a of the left footrest and is operated by
crash can claim some responsibility for the left foot. To shift “up” to a higher
TEST YOURSELF 2
what takes place. gear, position your foot under the
More than half of all crashes: shift lever and lift. To downshift, press
Consider a situation where someone
decides to drive through an intersection A. Occur at speeds greater than the shift lever down. The shift lever
35mph. changes one gear each time it is lifted
on a yellow light turning red. Your
B. Happen at night. or pressed down. Whenever the lever
light turns green. You pull into the
intersection without checking for C. Are caused by worn tires. is released, spring loading returns it to
possible traffic. That is all it takes for the D. Involve riders who have less than center, where the mechanism resets
five months of experience on their for the next shift up or down. A typical
two of you to crash. It was the driver’s motorcycles.
responsibility to stop, and it was your Answer - page 45 gear pattern is 1-N-2-3-4-5. The N is9 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 10 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
10
for neutral, which is selected by either enough before downshifting safely. slow or stop. The front brake is more To stop as quickly and as safely as
a “half lift” from 1st gear or a “half powerful and can provide at least 70% possible in a curve, and depending on
When downshifting, use a 3-step
press” from 2nd gear. Most motorcycles of your total stopping power. The front road and traffic conditions, try to get the
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you
have five gears, but some have four or brake is safe to use if you use it properly. motorcycle as perpendicular to the road
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) press the
six gears. as possible, then brake. If conditions do
shift lever down firmly, 3) ease out the Maximum straight-line braking is
not allow, brake smoothly and gradually,
clutch lever as you roll on the throttle. accomplished by fully applying both
SHIFTING GEARS but do not apply as much braking force
Once the shift is completed, release front and rear brakes without locking
as you would if the motorcycle were
the shift lever to permit it to reset for either wheel.
straight up. As you slow, you can reduce
the next shift. Rolling on the throttle To do this: your lean angle, and as more traction
slightly while smoothly easing out the
• Squeeze the front brake becomes available for braking, you can
clutch can help the engine come up
smoothly, firmly and with more firmly apply the brakes, so that
to speed more quickly and make the
progressively more force. Do not by the time the motorcycle is stopped,
downshift smoother. Shifting to a lower
grab the brake lever or use abrupt the motorcycle is straight up, and the
gear causes an effect similar to using pressure. handlebars are squared.
the brakes. This is known as engine
braking. To use engine braking, shift • As the motorcycle’s weight
Linked and Integrated
down one gear at a time and ease out transfers forward, more traction
becomes available at the front Braking Systems
the clutch through the friction zone
between each downshift. Keep the wheel, so the front brake can be Some motorcycles have linked braking
As your motorcycle increases clutch in the friction zone until the applied harder after braking begins. which connects the front and rear
speed, you will need to shift up to a engine speed stabilizes. Then ease out • Keep your knees against the brakes on the motorcycle and applies
higher gear. Shift up well before the the lever fully until ready for the next tank and your eyes up, looking braking pressure to both brakes when
engine RPM reaches its maximum downshift. Usually you shift gears one at well ahead. This helps you stop the either the front lever or rear pedal is
recommended speed. As a general rule, a time, but it is possible to shift through motorcycle in a straight line. applied. An integrated braking system
shift up soon enough to avoid over- more than one gear while the clutch is is a variation of the linked system in
• Apply light-to-lighter pressure which partial front braking is applied
revving the engine, but not so soon to squeezed.
to the rear brake pedal to prevent a whenever the rear brake is activated.
cause the engine to lug. Remain in first gear while you are rear wheel skid. As weight transfers Consult your owner’s manual for a
When upshifting, use a 3-step stopped so that you can move out forward less traction is available detailed explanation on the operation
process: 1) Roll off the throttle as you quickly if you need to. at the rear. Use less rear brake and effective use of these systems.
squeeze the clutch lever, 2) lift the pressure.
Work toward a smooth, even clutch
shift lever firmly as far as it will go, 3) release, especially when downshifting. It Anti-Lock Braking Systems
Using both brakes for even “normal”
smoothly ease out the clutch and adjust (ABS)
is best to change gears before entering stops will permit you to develop the
the throttle. Once the shift is completed, a turn. However, sometimes shifting proper habit or skill of using both brakes ABS is designed to prevent wheel
release the shift lever to permit it to while in the turn is necessary. If so, properly in an emergency. Squeeze the lock-up and avoid skids when stopping
reset for the next shift. remember to do so smoothly. A sudden front brake and press down on the rear. in straight-line, panic situations. ABS
You should shift down through the change in power to the rear wheel can Grabbing at the front brake or jamming operates when maximum pressure on
gears with the clutch as you slow or cause a skid. down on the rear can cause the brakes both the front and rear brake controls
stop, and can also shift down when you to lock, resulting in control problems. is applied. If electronic sensors detect
need more power to accelerate. Braking
the possibility of a wheel lock, brake
Improper braking technique remains Braking in a Corner hydraulic pressure is released then
Make certain you are riding slowly
enough when you shift into a lower a significant contributing factor in many Any time a motorcycle is leaned over, reapplied to maintain maximum braking
gear. If not, the motorcycle will lurch, motorcycle crashes. Your motorcycle the amount of traction available for effectiveness.
and the rear wheel may skid. When has two brake controls: one for the braking is reduced. The greater the lean
front wheel and one for the rear wheel. The system is capable of releasing and
riding downhill or shifting into first gear angle, the more the possibility of the
Always use both brakes every time you reapplying pressure more than 15 times
you may need to use the brakes to slow tires losing traction.
per second.11
11 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 12 12
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Turning In normal turns, the rider and the KEEPING YOUR DISTANCE • Avoid windblast from other vehicles.
motorcycle should lean together at the • Provide an escape route.
Approach turns and curves with The best protection you can have is
same angle.
caution. Riders often try to take curves distance — a “cushion of space” — • Set up for turns.
or turns too fast. When they can’t hold separating yourself from other vehicles
NORMAL TURNS on the roadway. This will provide you Many motorcyclists consider the left
the turn, they end up crossing into
with a clear view of emerging traffic third of the lane – the left tire track of
another lane of traffic or going off the automobiles – to be their default lane
situations, so that if someone else
road. Or, they overreact and brake too position. You should then consider
makes a mistake, you will have:
hard, causing a skid and loss of control. varying your lane position as conditions
• More time to respond. warrant, keeping in mind that no
Use four steps for better control:
• More space to maneuver, including portion of the lane need be avoided —
• SLOW — Reduce speed before the an escape route if necessary. including the center.
turn by closing the throttle and, if
You should position yourself in the
necessary, applying both brakes. Lane Positions portion of the lane where you are most
• LOOK— Look through the turn Successful motorcyclists know that likely to be seen and you can maintain
to where you want to go. Turn they are safer when clearly seen. In a space cushion around you. Change
just your head, not your shoulders, some ways the size of the motorcycle position as traffic situations change.
can work to your advantage. Each traffic Ride in path 2 or 3 if vehicles and other
and keep your eyes level with the
lane gives a motorcycle three paths of potential problems are on your left
horizon. only. Remain in path 1 or 2 if hazards
travel, as indicated in the illustration.
• PRESS — To turn, the motorcycle are on your right only. If vehicles are
Your lane position should help you:
must lean. To lean the motor- being operated on both sides of you,
cycle, press on the handgrip in In slow, tight turns, counterbalance by • Increase your ability to see and be the center of the lane, path 2, is usually
the direction of the turn. Press left leaning the motorcycle only and keeping seen. your best option.
handgrip — lean left — go left. your body straight. • Avoid others’ blind spots. Remember, the center third of the
Press right handgrip — lean right lane is the place where debris and oil
• Avoid surface hazards. drippings from cars collect and where
— go right. The higher the speed in SLOW, TIGHT TURNS
a turn, or the sharper the turn, the • Protect your lane from other drivers. hazards such as manhole covers are
located. Unless the road is wet, the
greater the lean angle needs to be. • Communicate your intentions. average center strip permits adequate
• ROLL — Roll on the throttle to
maintain or slightly increase speed.
This helps stabilize the motorcycle. LANE POSITIONS
TEST YOURSELF 3
When riding, you should:
A. Turn your head and shoulders
to look through turns.
B. Keep your arms straight.
C. Keep your knees away from
the gas tank.
D. Turn just your head and eyes
to look where you are going.
Answer - page 4513
13 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 14 14
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
When behind a car, ride where the Passing
FOLLOWING driver can see you in the rearview mirror.
Riding in the center portion of the lane 1. Ride in the left portionof the
should put your image in the middle of lane at a safe following distance
the rearview mirror — where a driver is to increase your line of sight and
most likely to see you. make you more visible. Signal
and check for oncoming traffic.
Riding at the far side of a lane may Use your mirrors and turn your
permit a driver to see you in a sideview head to look for traffic behind.
mirror. But remember that most drivers
don’t look at their sideview mirrors 2. When safe,move into the left
nearly as often as they check the lane and accelerate. Select a lane
rearview mirror. If the traffic situation position that doesn’t crowd the
allows, the center portion of the lane is car and provides space to avoid
usually the best place for you to be seen hazards in your lane.
by the drivers ahead and to prevent lane 3. Ride through the blind spotas
sharing by others. quickly as possible.
Being Followed 4. Signal again,and complete
mirror and headchecks before
Speeding up to lose someone following returning to your original lane
too closely only ends up with someone and then cancel the signal.
tailgating you at a higher speed.
Remember, passes must be
A better way to handle tailgaters completed within posted speed
traction to ride on safely. You can thousand-one, one-thousand-two.” is to get them in front of you. When limits, and only where permitted.
operate to the left or right of the grease someone is following too closely, Know your signs and road markings!
• If you reach the markerbefore change lanes and let them pass. If you
strip and still be within the center third you reach “two,” you are following can’t do this, slow down and open up
of the traffic lane. Avoid riding on big too closely. extra space ahead of you to allow room
buildups of oil and grease usually found
at busy intersections or tollbooths. A two-second following distance for both you and the tailgater to stop. PASSING
leaves a minimum amount of space to This will also encourage them to pass.
Experienced riders rely on their own If they don’t pass, you will have given
stop or swerve if the driver ahead stops
best judgment and instincts. One yourself and the tailgater more time and
suddenly. It also permits a better view of
absolute, however, is to avoid riding in space to react in case an emergency
potholes and other hazards in the road.
another vehicle’s blind spot. does develop ahead.
A larger cushion of space is needed
Following Another Vehicle if your motorcycle will take longer Passing and Being Passed
“Following too closely” is a factor in than normal to stop. If the pavement
is slippery, if you cannot see through Passing and being passed by another
crashes involving motorcyclists. In traffic, vehicle is not much different than with a
motorcycles need as much distance the vehicle ahead, or if traffic is heavy
and someone may squeeze in front of car. However, visibility is more critical. Be
to stop as cars. Normally, a minimum sure other drivers see you, and that you
of two seconds distance should be you, open up a three-second or more
following distance. see potential hazards.
maintained behind the vehicle ahead.
To gauge your following distance: Keep well behind the vehicle ahead
even when you are stopped. This will
• Pick out a marker,such as a make it easier to get out of the way
pavement marking or lamppost, on if someone bears down on you from
or near the road ahead. behind. It will also give you a cushion of
• When the rear bumperof the space if the vehicle ahead starts to back
vehicle ahead passes the marker, up for some reason.
count off the seconds: “one-15
15 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 16 16
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
Being Passed Do not move into the portion of the Merging Cars Cars Alongside
lane farthest from the passing vehicle. It
When you are being passed from might invite the other driver to cut back Drivers on an entrance ramp may Do not ride next to cars or trucks in
behind, stay in the center portion of not see you on the highway. Give them other lanes if you do not have to. You
into your lane too early.
your lane. Riding close to the passing plenty of room. Change to another lane might be in the blind spot of a car in the
vehicle could put you in a hazardous Lane Sharing if one is open. If there is no room for a next lane, which could switch into your
situation.
Cars and motorcycles need a full lane lane change, adjust speed to open up lane without warning. Cars in the next
Avoid being hit by: to operate safely. Lane sharing is usually space for the merging driver. lane also block your escape if you come
• The other vehicle — A slight prohibited. upon danger in your own lane. Speed
mistake by you or the passing driver up or drop back to find a place clear of
could cause a sideswipe. Riding between rows of stopped or traffic on both sides.
moving cars in the same lane can leave
• Extended mirrors — Some drivers you vulnerable to the unexpected. A
forget that their mirrors hang out hand could come out of a window; MERGING BLIND SPOTS
farther than their fenders.
a door could open; a car could turn
• Objects thrown from windows suddenly. Discourage lane sharing by
— Even if the driver knows you’re others. Keep a center-portion position
there, a passenger may not see you whenever drivers might be tempted
and might toss something on you or
to squeeze by you. Drivers are most
the road ahead of you.
tempted to do this:
• Blasts of wind from larger
vehicles— They can affect your • In heavy,bumper-to-bumper
control. You have more room for traffic.
error if you are in the middle portion • When theywant to pass you.
when hit by this blast than if you
• When youare preparing to turn at
are on either side of the lane.
an intersection.
• When youare moving into an exit
BEING PASSED lane or leaving a highway.
TEST YOURSELF 4
Usually, a good way to handle
tailgaters is to:
A. Change lanes and let them pass.
B. Use your horn and make
obscene gestures.
C. Speed up to put distance
between you and the tailgater.
D. Ignore them.
Answer - page 4517
17 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 18 18
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
SEE • Hazardous road conditions that Apply the old adage “one step at a
RIDER RADAR require you to be alert, especially in time” to handle two or more hazards.
Good, experienced areas with limited visibility. Visually Adjust speed to permit two hazards
riders are always aware of “busy” surroundings could hide you to separate. Then deal with them one
what is going on around and your motorcycle from others. at a time as single hazards. Decision-
them. They reduce their making becomes more complex with
risk by using MSF’s three- Evaluate three or more hazards. Evaluate the
step SEE strategy: Evaluate means to think about how consequences of each and give equal
• Search hazards can interact to create risks for distance to the hazards.
• Evaluate you. Anticipate potential problems and
In potential high-risk areas, such as
have a plan to reduce risks, particularly
• Execute intersections, shopping areas and school
when faced with:
and construction zones, cover the clutch
SEE will help you • Road and surface characteristics and both brakes to reduce the time you
assess what is going on such as potholes, guardrails, need to react.
in traffic so you can plan bridges, telephone poles and trees
and implement the safest that won’t move into your path, but INTERSECTIONS
course of action as traffic may influence your riding strategy. The greatest potential for conflict
situations change. Let’s
• Traffic control devices including between you and other traffic is at
look at each of these
traffic signals, warning signs, and intersections. An intersection can be
steps.
pavement markings, which will in the middle of an urban area or at
Search require you to carefully evaluate a driveway on a residential street —
circumstances ahead. anywhere traffic may cross your path of
How assertively you
travel. Over one-half of motorcycle/car
search, and how much • Vehicles and other trafficthat crashes are caused by drivers entering a
time and space you have, may move into your path and rider’s right-of-way. Cars that turn left in
can eliminate or minimize increase the likelihood of a crash. front of you, including cars turning left
risk. As you search, focus Think about your time and space
considered enough time and space to from the lane on your right, and cars on
on finding potential escape routes, requirements in order to maintain a
swerve and/or brake for fixed hazards or side streets that pull into your lane, are
especially in or around intersections, margin of safety, and give yourself
for someone or something entering your the biggest dangers. Your use of SEE
shopping areas and school and time to react if an emergency arises.
path of travel. at intersections is critical.
construction zones.
Finally, experienced riders search for Execute
One way to search is to use your
hazards that are further out, looking Finally, Execute your decision. To
“RiderRadar” to aggressively scan the
ahead to an area it would take about create more space and minimize harm TEST YOURSELF 5
environment ahead of you, to the sides,
12 seconds to reach. This provides from any hazard:
and behind you to avoid potential To reduce your reaction time, you
time to prepare for a situation before it
hazards even before they arise. There • Communicateyour presence with should:
becomes immediate.
are three “lead times” experienced lights and/or horn. A. Ride slower than the speed
riders consider. First, be alert and scan Using the SEE strategy will help you to limit.
for hazards that are about 2 seconds Search for a variety of factors such as: • Adjust your speedby accelerating,
ahead of you, or within your following stopping or slowing. B. Cover the clutch and the brakes.
• Oncoming traffic that may turn left
distance. Scanning your 4-second in front of you. • Adjust your positionand/or C. Shift into neutral when slowing.
immediate path can allow you time for direction by swerving, changing
• Traffic coming from the left and D. Pull in the clutch when turning.
a quick response if something should lanes, or moving to another position
go wrong. Anything that is within 4 from the right. within your lane. Answer - page 45
seconds of your path is considered • Traffic approaching from behind.
immediate because 4 seconds is19
19 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 20 20
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
the intersection, move away from the
LARGE INTERSECTIONS vehicle. Do not change speed or position BLIND INTERSECTIONS
radically, as drivers might think you
are preparing to turn. Be prepared to
brake hard and hold your position if an
oncoming vehicle turns in front of you,
especially if there is other traffic around
you. This strategy should also be used
whenever a vehicle in the oncoming
lane of traffic is signaling for a left turn,
whether at an intersection or not.
Blind Intersections
If you approach a blind intersection,
move to the portion of the lane that will
bring you into another driver’s field of
vision at the earliest possible moment.
In this picture, the rider has moved to
the left portion of the lane — away
from the parked car — so the driver on STOP SIGNS
the cross street can see him as soon as
possible.
Remember, the key is to see as much
There are no guarantees that Increase your chances of being
as possible and remain visible to others
others see you. Never count on “eye seen at intersections. Ride with your
while protecting your space.
contact” as a sign that a driver will headlight on and in a lane position that
yield. Too often, a driver looks right at a provides the best view of oncoming If you have a stop sign or stop line,
motorcyclist and still fails to “see” him traffic. Provide a space cushion around stop there first. Then edge forward
or her. The only eyes that you can count the motorcycle that permits you to and stop again, just short of where the
on are your own. If a car can enter your take evasive action. When approaching cross-traffic lane meets your lane. From
path, assume that it will. Good riders an intersection where a vehicle driver that position, lean your body forward
are always “looking for trouble” — not is preparing to cross your path, slow and look around buildings, parked cars
to get into it, but to stay out of it. down and select a lane position to or bushes to see if anything is coming. PARKED CARS
increase your visibility to that driver. Just make sure your front wheel stays
Cover the clutch lever and both brakes out of the cross lane of travel while
SMALL INTERSECTION to reduce reaction time. As you enter you’re looking.
Passing Parked Cars
TEST YOURSELF 6 When passing parked cars, stay
Making eye contact with other toward the left of your lane. You
drivers: can avoid problems caused by doors
A. Is a good sign they see you. opening, drivers getting out of cars
B. Is not worth the effort it takes. or people stepping from between
C. Doesn’t mean that the driver will cars. If oncoming traffic is present, it
yield. is usually best to remain in the center-
D. Guarantees that the other driver will lane position to maximize your space
yield to you. Answer - page 45 cushion.21
21 RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES 22 22
RIDE WITHIN YOUR ABILITIES
A bigger problem can occur if the Once you turn, make sure your signal is
driver pulls away from the curb without PARKING AT CURBS SIGNALING off or a driver may pull directly into your
checking for traffic behind. Even if he path, thinking you plan to turn again.
does look, he may fail to see you. Use your signals at every turn so drivers
can react accordingly. Don’t make them
In either event, the driver might cut
guess what you intend to do.
into your path. Slow down or change
lanes to make room for someone Brake Light
cutting in.
Your motorcycle’s brake light is usually
Cars making a sudden U-turn are not as noticeable as the brake lights on
the most dangerous. They may cut a car — particularly when your taillight
you off entirely, blocking the whole is on. (It goes on with the headlight.)
roadway and leaving you with no If the situation will permit, help others
place to go. Since you can’t tell what a notice you by flashing your brake light
driver will do, slow down and get the before you slow down. It is especially
driver’s attention. Sound your horn and important to flash your brake light
However, you can do many things to
continue with caution. before:
make it easier for others to recognize
Parking at the Roadside you and your motorcycle. have the headlights on when running). • You slow more quicklythan
Studies show that, during the day, a others might expect (turning off a
If parking in a parallel parking space Clothing motorcycle with its light on is twice as high-speed highway).
next to a curb, position the motorcycle likely to be noticed. Use low beam at
Most crashes occur in broad daylight.
at an angle with the rear wheel to the night and in fog. • You slow whereothers may not
Wear bright-colored clothing to increase
curb. (Note: Some cities have ordinances expect it (in the middle of a block or
your chances of being seen. Remember,
that require motorcycles to park parallel
your body is half of the visible surface
Signals at an alley).
to the curb.) The signals on a motorcycle are similar
area of the rider/motorcycle unit. If you are being followed closely, it’s
Increasing Conspicuity to those on a car. They tell others what a good idea to flash your brake light
Bright orange, red, yellow or green
you plan to do. before you slow. The tailgater may be
In crashes with motorcyclists, drivers jackets/vests are your best bets for being
However, due to a rider’s added watching you and not see something
often say that they never saw the seen. Your helmet can do more than
vulnerability, signals are even more ahead that will make you slow down.
motorcycle. From ahead or behind, a protect you in a crash. Brightly colored
important. Use them anytime you plan This will hopefully discourage them from
motorcycle’s outline is much smaller helmets can also help others see you.
to change lanes or turn. Use them even tailgating and warn them of hazards
than a car’s. Also, it’s hard to see Any bright color is better than drab ahead they may not see.
something you are not looking for, when you think no one else is around.
or dark colors. Reflective, bright-colored
and most drivers are not looking for It’s the car you don’t see that’s going to Using Your Mirrors
clothing (helmet and jacket/vest) is best.
motorcycles. More likely, they are give you the most trouble. Your signal
Reflective material on a vest and on lights also make you easier to spot. While it’s most important to keep
looking through the skinny, two-
the sides of the helmet will help drivers That’s why it’s a good idea to use your track of what’s happening ahead, you
wheeled silhouette in search of cars that
coming from the side to spot you. turn signals even when what you plan can’t afford to ignore situations behind.
may pose a problem to them.
Reflective material can also be a big to do is obvious. Traffic conditions change quickly.
Even if a driver does see you coming, help for drivers coming toward you or Knowing what’s going on behind is
you aren’t necessarily safe. Smaller When you enter a freeway, drivers essential for you to make a safe decision
from behind.
vehicles appear farther away and approaching from behind are more likely about how to handle trouble ahead.
seem to be traveling slower than they Headlight to see your signal blinking and make
room for you. Frequent mirror checks should be part
actually are. It is common for drivers The best way to help others see your of your normal searching routine. Make
to pull out in front of motorcyclists, motorcycle is to keep the headlight on Turning your signal light on before a special point of using your mirrors:
thinking they have plenty of time. Too — at all times (new motorcycles sold each turn reduces confusion and
often, they are wrong. frustration for the traffic around you. • When you are stoppedat an
in the USA since 1978 automatically
intersection. Watch cars coming upYou can also read
