MLA Style of Documenting and Formatting
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MLA 1 Academic Support Center Writing Center MLA Style of Documenting and Formatting MLA stands for Modern Language Association and is used in English, foreign languages, and some other humanities courses. The latest updated edition of MLA that should be used is the 7th edition, dated 2009. The manual that details formatting and documentation in MLA Style is the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers. Resources for this handout: The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition and The LB Brief Handbook, 5th edition. This handout only covers the basics of MLA style. For in-depth guidance, consult the sources listed and shown above. The INDEX for this handout begins on the next page.
MLA 2 INDEX Topic MLA Page Number Block quotes: Basic 12 Poetry 13 Prose 12 Dates: Access 22 Basic structure 22 Heading 6 Unknown 24 Ellipsis 15 Edition numbers 21 Et al.: In-text (parenthetical) citing 10 Works Cited 20 Header (numbering pages) 6 Heading 6 Indention of paragraphs 6 In-text or parenthetical citing: Basic structure 7-8 Basic structure: book 9 Bible 16 Citing multiple pages 10 Citing same source multiple times 8
MLA 3 INDEX Topic MLA Page Number In-text or parenthetical citing: Citing by organization name 11 Citing by title 11 Direct quotes 11-12 More than one author with same last name 9 More than one work in a single in-text citation 13 Novels 13 One work by three authors 10 One work by two authors 9 One work by more than three authors 10 Paraphrases 11 Plays (including dialogue) 13-15 Poems 14 Punctuation and placement 12 Summaries 11 Unknown author 7 Verse plays 14 Web sources without page numbers 15-16 Marginal settings 6 Line spacing 6 Numbering pages of the paper 6 Page numbers of sources: See next page
MLA 4 INDEX Topic MLA Page Number Page numbers of sources: Citations 8, 10 Unknown 24-25 Works Cited 21 Parenthetical citing—refer to in-text citing Title of document 7 Works Cited page: Annotating titles 17-18 Basic procedures 17-18 Book: Anthology 21 Basic format 19 Bible 24 One author 19 Three authors 20 Two authors 19-20 More than three 20 Online 22 Journal articles: Print 25 Web 26 Listing by organization name 17 Listing by title 17, 23
MLA 5 INDEX Topic MLA Page Number Works Cited page: Example of Works Cited page 18 Listing authors’ names 17 Publisher’s information 19, 23 Purpose 16 Unknown author 17, 23 URL (web address) 22 Use of “Print” and “Web” 18 FORMATTING THE PAPER Marginal settings: header is ½ inch from the top body of paper is 1 inch from the top
MLA 6 left and right margins are 1 inch right margin NOT blocked (marginal setting should be set on “Left aligned,” not on “Justified.” Line spacing: double spaced from the top to the bottom and throughout the paper on all pages, including the Works Cited page. NOTE: for Microsoft Word versions 2010 and most recent, the defaults settings of spacing (that places extra lines between paragraphs) must be changed. Indentation of paragraphs: indented ½ inch through the use of the TAB key. Header: numbers the paper’s pages numbered in accordance with writer’s last name and page number separated by one space typed in same font size and type as the body of the paper Heading: used in place of a title page since MLA style does not require a title page double-spaced with the following four lines in order: your name professor’s name course name and number datewritten military style, such as 9 January 2014 NOTE: some professors will allow dates to be written in civilian style, such as January 9, 2014. The months should be spelled out rather than abbreviated. Title of Document: double-spaced after the heading centered on the line not in bold or italicized font
MLA 7 font size same as the body of the paper IN-TEXT (PARENTHETICAL) CITING IN MLA STYLE To prevent plagiarism in MLA style as well as in all college papers, MLA style cites sources within the body of the paper, called in-text or parenthetical citing. 1. Correct in-text citing depends upon the type of source, but the basic structure is to cite by a. the author or authors’ last name(s) and page number (if from a textbook, journal, magazine, and other pagination sources, etc.) and b. only by the author or authors’ last name(s) if source is from the internet. 2. If the name of a specific author cannot be found, cite by organization name. 3. If there is no apparent name of a person, people, or organization, cite by the title of the source. Two different ways to cite (in-text) in the body of an MLA style paper: 1. Use of the author’s name as part of the sentence. When the author’s name is used as part of the sentence, cite only the page number within the parenthesis. The period follows the citation as though the citation is part of the sentence. Do not use abbreviations for page, such as p. or pg.; cite only by the numerical digit. If source does not include a page number, nothing needs to go within the parenthesis except for citing lines of poetry, verses from the Bible, and dialogue from a play. Example: Thomas Modern claims that “MLA Style of formatting is the easiest style to use” (45). 2. When the author’s name is not used. The author’s last name is cited along with the page number. Note: When a source contains more than one author, ALL of them should be cited. Example:
MLA 8 The expert of writing claims, “MLA Style of formatting is the easiest style to use” (Modern 45). NOTE: The sources that you cite in your paper need to be included in your Works Cited list! Citing Same Source Multiple Times within the Paper: 1. When citing a source the first time, use the author’s name(s) unless the name is used as part of the sentence that introduces the source’s text. Example: The expert of writing claims, “MLA Style of formatting is the easiest style to use” (Modern 45). 2. When citing same source again, cite only by page number (if source has one) for subsequent citations unless you switch sources (i.e., use another source). Examples: First time: The expert adds, “MLA Style does not require a title page like APA and Chicago Style do” (Modern 48). Next citation right after the first: However, the margins in “MLA Style are one inch top, bottom, left, and right in the same format at APA and Chicago Style” (36). Third citation is another source. Fourth citation is a return back to citing the first source: the citation must contain the author’s name along with the page number so the reader will know which source is being cited. Examples of Parenthetical Documentation (citing within the paper) depending on Type of Source: Citing Author(s) of a Book: Example of a citation in paper where quoted portion came from page 10 of Robert M. Townsend’s book, The Medieval Village Economy: In-text: “ . . . grain” (Townsend 10).
MLA 9 Within sentence: Townsend states, “……” (10). The period follows the citation. One Work by One Author, Multiple Pages: Give only the author’s last name and page numbers to cite the book. Examples: In-text: (Patterson 183-84.) Within sentence: Patterson describes ……(183-84). NOTE: MLA style writes page numbers three digits and more as 183-84 rather than as 183-184. More than One Author with the Same Last Name within the Paper: If your paper contains sources by more than one author with the same last name: Add the first initial. Example: (A. Patterson 183-84) and (I. Patterson 230). If the first initial is the same for both authors, add the first full name. Example: (Anthony Patterson 183-84) and (Aaron Patterson 230). One Work by Two Authors: Give the last names of both authors. Cite in the same order as shown on the source. A comma is not needed between the authors’ names. Examples: In-text: (Rabkin and Olander 165). Within sentence: Rabkin and Olander state, “…..” (165). One Work by Three Authors: Give the last names of all three authors.
MLA 10 Cite in the same order as shown on the source. A comma is needed between the authors’ names, including before the name of the last author. Examples: In-text: (Rabkin, Lindscombe, and Olander 165). Within sentence: Rabkin, Lindscombe, and Olander explain …..(165). Work with More than Three Authors: Use one of the following two choices for three or more authors: 1. Give the first author’s last name followed by et al., without any intervening punctuation. Example: (Lauter et al. 2601-09). 2. Give all authors’ last names. Example: (Lauter, Greene, Adams, and Smith 2601-09). The choice must match the source as listed on the Works Cited page. If et al. used in the body, it is used on the Works Cited page. Citing must be the same for the source throughout the paper. If first citation is the use of et al., must stay with et al. Note the correct placement of the period with the abbreviation: et al. A comma is not used between the last name of the author or et al. Citing Work Listed by Organization: For a work that does not contain an author, cite by the name of the organization that sponsored the source. In the below cited example, the organization Spy Unlimited is the name of the organization that sponsored an article. The source does not contain page numbers. Example: International espionage was as prevalent as ever in the 1990s (Spy Unlimited).
MLA 11 Citing Work Listed by Title: When the source does not contain the name of the author(s) or an organization, cite by the title. If the title is short, list the full title. If the title is long, shorten it by using the first few words of the title, followed by the reference number (such as page number), if one is available. Enclose the title within quotation marks. Example: International espionage was as prevalent as ever in the 1990s (“Decade”). Punctuation and Placement of Parenthetical References: To avoid interrupting the flow of a sentence: Place the parenthetical reference where a pause would naturally occur (preferably at the end of a sentence), as near as possible to the material documented. Punctuation: The period that concludes the sentence, clause, or phrase containing the borrowed material follows the parenthetical reference as though the in-text citation were part of the sentence. Example of paraphrased/summarized citation: In his Autobiography, Benjamin Franklin states that he prepared a list of thirteen virtues (135-37). Punctuation of a quotation: The reference is inserted directly after a quote, and punctuation follows the citation. Example: In the late Renaissance, Machiavelli contended that human beings were by nature, “ungrateful” and “mutable” (1240), and Montaigne thought them “miserable and puny” (1343). When the quote is followed by a question mark or exclamation point, both must be used before the last set of quotation marks, and a period ends the citation. Example:
MLA 12 When he saw the gruesome scene, the investigator Andrews exclaimed, “Oh! This is terrible!” (Harrison and Tyler 140). Block Quoting Poetry or Prose: When four or more lines of prose are quoted, or when three or more lines of poetry are quoted, the quote must be typed in block style to set if off from the paragraph. Steps: Type the phrase that introduces the quote. Follow the phrase with a colon. Begin the quote on a new line and maintain double-spacing and right and left margins. Tab twice to indent the quote. Do not use quotation marks before or after the quote. Place the end punctuation after the quote. Insert the parenthetical reference but do not end the citation with a period. Return to the left margin to continue typing the rest of the paragraph. Example 1 (quoting four lines of prose): John K. Mahon adds a further insight to our understanding of the War of 1812: Financing the war was very difficult at the time. Baring Brothers, a banking firm of the enemy country, handled routine accounts for the United States overseas, but the firm would take on no loans. The loans were in the end absorbed by wealthy Americans at great hazard—also, as it turned out, at great profit to them. (385) Example 2 (quoting more than three lines of poetry): Elizabeth Bishop’s “In the Waiting Room” is rich in evocative detail: It was winter. It got dark early. The waiting room was full of grown-up people, arctics, and overcoats,
MLA 13 lamps and magazines. (6-10) Citing More than One Work in a Single Parenthetical Reference: These multiple citations are generally used with paraphrased or summarized citing. For direct quoting, the corresponding citation follows each quote. Cite each work in same fashion as in a single reference, but use semicolons to separate the citations. For the order of citing (i.e., which source is cited first), alphabetize by the authors’ last name. Example: (Fukuyama 42; McRae 101-33). Citing Common Literature: Novel or Play: Add chapter number to help readers locate quote. Give page number first, add a semicolon, and give other identifying information, using appropriate abbreviations. Example: In A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Mary Wollstonecraft recollects many “women, who, not led by degrees to proper studies, and not permitted to choose for themselves, have indeed been overgrown children” (185; ch. 13, sec 2). Verse Plays and Poems: Omit page numbers and cite by division (act, scene, canto, book, part) and line, with periods separating the various numbers. Example: (Ant. 5.1.5-12). The above example represents quoted lines from Shakespeare’s play, Antony and Cleopatra, Act 5, Scene 1, Lines 5-12. Note: use only Arabic numbers, even if roman numerals are used in the printed works.
MLA 14 Example 1: For poetry, use insert the word line the first time quoting occurs from the poem. Subsequently, cite only by numerical digit. In “Marching Song,” Nesbit declares, “Our arms and hearts are strong for all who suffer wrong . . .” (line 11). His declaration portrays the intense attitude of justice the permeates the mind and soul. He adds, “. . . .” (9). Example 2: One Shakespearean protagonist seems resolute at first when he asserts, “Haste me to know’t, that I, with wings as swift / as meditation . . . / May sweep to my revenge” (Ham. 1.5.35-37), but he soon has second thoughts; another tragic figure, initially described as “too full ‘ th’milk of human kindness” (Mac. 1.5.17), quickly descends into horrific slaughter. Note: Each line is separated by a slash with one space before and one space after the slash. Quoting and Citing Information from a Play: Quote sets of dialogue between two or more characters by also using block format (refer to page 11) and typing the characters' names in all capital letters followed by a period. Don't forget to precede the quote with a lead-in phrase and end the dialogue with a citation that includes all speeches being quoted. Example: Willy's delusions consistently show how much Happy and Bernard idolized Biff, especially when they argue over who will carry his football gear: BERNARD. Biff, I'm carrying your helmet, ain't I? HAPPY. No, I'm carrying the helmet. BERNARD. Oh, Biff, you promised me. HAPPY. I'm carrying the helmet. (Miller 2.213-216)
MLA 15 Use of an Ellipsis: Use an ellipsis (. . .) if only a part of an author’s work or character's speech is quoted. This shows that words are left out of the quote. Type the ellipsis as period-space-period-space-period. Example 1: Romeo and Juliet presents an opposition between two worlds: “the world of the everyday . . . and the world of romance.” Although the two lovers are part of the world of romance, their language of love nevertheless becomes “fully responsive to the tang of actuality” (Zender 138, 141). Example 2: ". . . the sky's the limit, because it's not what you do, Ben. It's who you know...It's contacts, Ben, contacts!" (Miller 2.202). Web Publication with No Pagination or Other Reference Marker: Web publications such as these rarely contain page numbers. Cite in one of two ways: 1. Include the name of the person cited within the text to avoid parenthetical documentation. Example 1: Chan considers the same topic in the context of Hong Kong cinema. 2. Include the author’s name in parenthesis. Example 2: The utilitarian of the Victorians “attempted to reduce decision-making about human actions to a ‘felicifa calculus’ ” (Everett).
MLA 16 Citing the Bible: When included in parenthetical reference, the titles of the books of the Bible are often abbreviated, such as, 1 Chron. 21.8, Rev. 21.3. Chapters and verses are separated by periods, not by semicolons or colons. Example: In one of the most vivid, prophetic visions in the Bible, Ezekial saw “what seemed to be four living creatures,” each with the faces of a man, a lion, an ox, and an eagle (New Jerusalem Bible, Ezek. 1.5-10). John of Patmos echoes this passage when describing his vision (Rev. 4.6-8). The Works Cited Page The Works Cited page is 1. The last page of the essay/paper 2. A list of all of the sources that were used in the body of your paper 3. Begins on a separate page own even if space is left on the last page of the essay 4. Is numbered as part of the entire essay/paper Basic Procedure: 1. Label the top of the page with the heading, Works Cited (if more than one source is used) or Work Cited (if using only one source). a. Center the heading. b. Do not underline, bold font, or write in larger font size. 2. Spacing of the Works Cited page should be the same: double from the top to the bottom that was used throughout the body of your paper. a. The first line of each entry should be flush against the left margin.
MLA 17 b. The second and subsequent lines should be indented one-half inch (called a hanging indent). 3. Alphabetize sources by authors' last names, regardless of the order sources were cited in the body of the paper. Alphabetizing a. enables the reader to easily locate cited sources b. provides the necessary information about each source Listing by Authors’ Names: 1. Authors' names are inverted (last name, first name). 2. If a work has more than one author, invert only the first author's name, follow it with a comma then continue listing the rest of the authors in first name-last name format. Sources Without an Author: 1. List by organization or corporate name in place of author’s name 2. If no corporate name, start entry with the title of the source. General Rules for Documenting Titles of Sources: 1. Capitalize the first letter of each key word in the main title and subtitle (if applicable) 2. Do not capitalize the following words (unless they are the first word of a title): a. prepositions (of, for, from, etc.), example: “Of Mice and Men” b. articles (the, a, an), example: “A Rose for Emily” c. conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, etc.), example, “And the Band Still Plays” 3. Proper names should always be capitalized. 4. Titles of long works should be noted in italics; titles of short works are enclosed by quotation marks. Note type of source by the word “Print” or “Web”:
MLA 18 1. Print if source is a hard copy. 2. Web if source comes from the internet. NOTE: Only those sources that are cited in the body of the paper should be included in the Works Cited list. Example of a Works Cited page (the body of the essay contained 3 pages): Berry 4 Works Cited “Lewis Morris 1726-1798.” Colonial Hall Delegates. 2007. . Web. 20 April 2011. McCullough, Stan. John Adams. Ed. Wilma Satirelle. New York: Randall, 1963. Print. Books The List of Historical Writers for the Vinci, John. “Edward Rutledge 1749-1800.” Declaration of Independence. Philadelphia: Wellington, Inc., 2008. 123-48. Print. Examples of Works Cited Page Entries Based on the Type of Source: Books: Basic notes: book entries are simplified by use of shortened names or abbreviations: University Press is abbreviated as UP. Companies with long names, such as W. W. Norton and Company, are shortened to Norton. University names are shortened: for example, University of Ohio is shortened to U of Ohio. MLA style uses the city of publication, not the city and state or just the state.
MLA 19 Basic format: Author’s name, title of book italicized, publisher information, date of publication, medium (i.e., Print). Examples of a Book written by One Author: Erdrich, Louise. Love Medicine. New York: Harper Perennial, 1984. Print. Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1982. Print. One Book by Two Authors: Basic notes: Give the names in same order listed on the book’s cover and title page. Reverse only the first author’s name; write the remaining names in normal order. Even if authors have the same last name, state each name in full. The conjunction and is always listed before the name of the last author. Avoid the use of the symbol ampersand (&). The comma is used after the name of the first author. Example: Hutcheon, Linda, and Michael Hutcheon. Bodily Charm: Living Opera. Lincoln: U of Nebraska, 2000. Print. One Book by Three Authors: The basic structure is the same as for listing two authors as described on page 18. Example: Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed.
MLA 20 Chicago: U of Chicago, 2003. Print. Book Written by More than Three Authors: Basic notes: Write all the names in same format as two or three or Write only the name of the first author listed and add the rest as et al. If source is cited as et al. in the body of the paper, it must be cited as et al. on the Works Cited page. Examples: Booth, Wayne C., Gregory G. Colomb, and Joseph M. Williams. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print. or Booth, Wayne C., et al. The Craft of Research. 2nd ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2003. Print. Works in an Anthology: Basic note: Works in an anthology consist of poems, short stories, essays that appear in a book that contain other works. Basic format: Name of author, title of work enclosed in quotation marks, title of anthology in italics (book), editor(s), publication city: place, year of publication, inclusive page numbers, medium of publication. Inclusive page numbers refer to the first page the literary work began and the last page number of when work ended within the anthology.
MLA 21 For page numbers of three or more numerical digits: MLA style drops the first digit for the end page number: pages 134-157 is written as 134-57. However, to avoid confusion, if the digit in the hundredths portion is not the same, the digit is not dropped: pages 1358-1474 is written as 1358-474. Examples: De Beauvoir, Simone. “The Second Sex.” Modern Feminisms: Political, Literary, Cultural. Ed. Maggie Humm. New York: Columbia UP, 1992. 46-50. Print. Hawthorne, Nathaniel. “The Scarlet Letter.” The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 6th ed. Vol. B. New York: Norton, 2003. 1358-474. Print. MLA style does not superscript edition numbers: incorrect: 8th correct: 8th Authors with More than One Cited Source within a Single Research Paper: Basic notes: List the author’s name only once; additional entries are noted by three hyphens and a period. List the books/poems/works in alphabetical order; the first book will consist of the author’s name in reverse form, followed by the basic format for the works listed. Examples: Bradstreet, Anne. “Before the Birth of One of Her Children.” The Norton Anthology of American Literature. Ed. Nina Baym, et al. 6th ed. Vol. A. New York: Norton, 2003. 263. Print. - - -. “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Anne Bradstreet, Who Deceased June 20, 1669, Being Three Years and Seven Months Old.” 268. Print. - - -. “In Memory of My Dear Grandchild Elizabeth Bradstreet, Who Deceased August, 1665, Being a Year and a Half Old.” 267-68. Print. - - -. “In Reference to Her Children.” 265-67. Print.
MLA 22 Literary Works Online: Basic notes: Literary works include poems, essays, etc. The old method for citing websites was to use the URL (the complete web address) as part of the entry. Example of URL: . . . . URLs are included as supplementary information only when the reader cannot possibly locate the source without it or when the instructor requires it. The hyperlinks of the URL should be removed, and the side angle keys (shown on the comma and period keys of the keyboard) should be used before and after the URL. End the URL with a period. Basic format if URL required: Editor(s), title of article in italics, sponsor, date of article, medium (i.e., web), date of access, web address (URL). Dates: Date of access is the date the source was researched on the web. MLA style writes dates as date-month-full year format. No comma is used. Example: 20 Nov. 2013 not Nov. 20, 2013 or 11/20/2013 MLA abbreviates all months except May, June, and July. Example: Eaves, Morris, Robert Essick, and Joseph Viscomi, eds. The William Blake Archive. Lib. Of
MLA 23 Cong., 28 Sept. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. . Basic format for entries not requiring the URL: Editor(s), title of article in italics, sponsor, date of article, medium (i.e., web), date of access. Examples: Whitman, Walt. Leaves of Grass. Brooklyn, 1855. The Walt Whitman Archive. Web. 12 Mar. 2014. Whittier, John G. “A Prayer.” The Freedmen’s Book. Ed. L. Maria Child. Boston, 1866. 178. Google Book Search. Web. 15 May 2014. Anonymous Author: Basic format: Title of book in italics (ignore articles a, an, the), place of publication, year of publication, medium. Note: The rule of ignoring articles in the title does not apply to the Holy Bible. Example: American Heritage Guide to Contemporary Usage and Style. Boston: Houghton, 2005. Print. The Bible: Basic note: The rule of ignoring articles in the title does not apply to the Bible. Basic format: Title in italics, place and name of publication, year of publication, medium, version.
MLA 24 Examples: The Bible. Cleveland: The World Publishing Company, 1962. Print. King James Vers. - - -. Wheaton: Crossway-Good News, 2003. Print. Standard Vers. No Publication Information or Pagination: Basic note: When a book does not indicate publisher, place, or date of publication or pagination, supply as much of missing information as possible. Basic formats: Refer to the following guidelines and examples. Use the following abbreviations: n.p. no place of publication given n.p. no publisher given n.d. no date of publication given n.pag. no pagination given Examples: No place given: Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. N.p.: Harvard UP, 1982. Print. 121-38. No publisher: Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Massachusetts: n.p., 1982. Print. 121-38. No date: (If no publication date, can use the copyright date if known.)
MLA 25 Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Massachusetts: Harvard UP, n.d. Print. 121-38. No pagination: Gilligan, Carol. In a Different Voice. Massachusetts: Harvard UP, 1982. Print. N.pag. Journal Article: Basic format PRINT: Author’s name, article title in “quotation marks,” name of periodical in italics, series number or name, volume number, issue number, date of publication (the year only) in parenthesis, page numbers, medium of publication (i.e., Print). Example: Piper, Andrew. “Rethinking the Print Object: Goethe and the Book of Everything.” PMLA 121.1 (2006): 124-38. Print. Basic format WEB: Author/editor, title of work (usually enclosed in quotation marks), journal name in italics, volume number, issue number (written as numbers separated by a period; i.e., volume 3 issue 2 is written as 3.2), year of publication in parenthesis, page number (if known)/N.pag. (if unknown), medium (i.e., Web), date of access. Example: Ovellette, Marc. “Theories, Memories, Bodies, and Artists.” Reconstruction 7.4 (2007): n.pag. Web. 5 June 2008.
MLA 26 Created by Austin Peay State University, 6 August 2014; revised 11 March 2015
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