Lingua e traduzione inglese I (QZ) - Mod. a "lingua e cultura" - I SETTIMANA (26-27 settembre 2018) Prof. GALLAI
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Lingua e traduzione inglese I
(QZ) - Mod. a "lingua e cultura"
I SETTIMANA (26-27 settembre 2018)
Prof. GALLAI
fabrizio.gallai@unimc.it
§ Consolidare e rafforzare le competenze linguistiche
precedentemente acquisite dagli studenti, partendo dal
livello B1, nelle quattro abilità principali (listening,
speaking, reading, writing) fino al raggiungimento di un
livello B2 upper-intermediate.
§ Acquisire competenze socio-linguistiche in un'ottica
Il CORSO traduttologica (dall'inglese all'italiano e viceversa)
soprattutto su aspetti lessicali, sintattici, pragmatici,
idiomatici e relativi a registri speciali.
§ Consolidare un uso consapevole e critico di opere di
consultazione, quali grammatiche e dizionari.
§ The capacity to achieve most goals and express oneself on a
range of topics.
§ Examples:
1. Can show visitors around and give a detailed description
of a place.
Obiettivo: B2 2. Can understand the main ideas of complex text on both
concrete and abstract topics, including technical
(vantage) discussions in his/her field of specialisation.
3. Can interact with a degree of fluency and spontaneity that
makes regular interaction with native speakers quite
possible without strain for either party.
4. Can produce clear, detailed text on a wide range of
subjects and explain a viewpoint on a topical issue giving
the advantages and disadvantages of various options.
§ Il Corso declina il rapporto tra lingua e cultura in
"lingua trasmessa come parte della cultura e cultura
trasmessa attraverso la lingua".
Programma § La cultura verrà quindi intesa nel suo significato
antropologico come "ragnatela di significati in cui ogni
individuo è sospeso e dalla quale dipende la sua
visione del mondo" (Geertz, 1973) e la lingua, come
riflesso della cultura, verrà anch'essa intesa come un
sistema non lineare e mutevole.
3 parti del Mod.A
§ Ogni lezione del MERCOLEDI prevede la discussione
di saggi e capitoli tratti dai testi adottati, la
preparazione di presentazioni, il reperimento di testi e
fonti, l'analisi critica di testi di vario genere, che
verranno analizzati considerando il contesto culturale e
Ogni lezione… situazionale in cui essi sono stati realizzati.
Mercoledì e
giovedì § Ciascuna lezione del GIOVEDI prevede anche
esercitazioni di traduzione finalizzate all'applicazione
delle nozioni teoriche illustrate durante le lezioni
frontali.
§ (A) Crystal, D. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the
English Language Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge University. 2003.
Testi (A)dottati, § (C) Crystal, D. English as a Global Language Cambridge
(C)onsigliati University Press, Cambridge University. 2002.
§ (C) Crystal, D. and Davy, D. Investigating English Style
Routledge. Oxon, 2013.
§ (C) Halliday, M.A.K. and Matthiessen, C. An Introduction
to Functional Grammar. Routledge, Oxon, 2013.
1. prova orale, in inglese, volta a verificare i contenuti teorici e
metodologici presentati a lezione, sulla base dei libri di testo e dei
materiali utilizzati ed illustrati durante il corso;
2. prova scritta, in inglese, volta a verificare le capacità di scrittura,
elaborazione ed analitiche utilizzando gli strumenti teorici e pratici
Modalità di appresi durante le ore di lezione frontale con il docente e le ore di
esercitazione con il docente madrelingua. La prova durerà un'ora e
valutazione non sarà consentito l'utilizzo di alcun dizionario.
(Mod A) § Il voto complessivo sarà assegnato sulla base dei
seguenti criteri: conoscenza dei contenuti teorici
affrontati durante il corso; capacità espositiva; capacità
di analisi critica; proprietà di linguaggio e di
elaborazione.
Prof. ZEBRAK LETTORATO ESSENZIALE!! § michaelzebrak@gmail.com
FIRST LESSON:
HOW BIG IS THE LEXICON OF
ENGLISH?
§ 26 Sept: CHAPTER 8: THE NATURE OF THE LEXICON
§ 27 Sept: CHAPTER 9: THE SOURCE OF THE LEXICON
RSG!...
(Ready Steady
Go!) NOW… LET’S PLAY WITH WORDS!
§ PICK UP A NEWSPAPER!§ A lexeme is a unit of lexical meaning, which exists
regardless of any inflectional endings it may have or the
number of words it may contain. Thus, fibrillate, rain cats
and dogs, and come in are all lexemes, as are elephant,
jog, cholesterol, happiness, put up with, face the music,
and hundreds of thousands of other meaningful items in
English.
WHAT IS A The headwords in a dictionary are all lexemes.
LEXEME? - David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the
English Language
§ Etymology
From the Greek, "word, speech"§ "[A] lexeme is a linguistic item defined by the following
specifications, which make up what is called the lexical
entry for this item:
§ its sound form and its spelling (for languages with a
written standard);
§ the grammatical category of the lexeme (noun, intransitive
Another definiti verb, adjective, etc.);
§ its inherent grammatical properties (for some languages,
on… e.g. gender);
(Sebastian Löbner,Understanding § the set of grammatical forms it may take, in particular,
Semantics. Routledge, 2013) irregular forms;
§ its lexical meaning.
"These specifications apply to both simple and composite
lexemes.»lexeme = the fundamental unit of the lexicon (or word
stock) of a language. Also known as a lexical unit, lexical
item, or lexical word.
§ A lexeme is often--but not always--an individual word (a simple
lexeme or dictionary word, as it's sometimes called).
In even simpler § A single dictionary word (for example, talk) may have a number
of inflectional forms or grammaticalvariants (in this example, talks,
terms… talked, talking).
§ A multiword (or composite) lexeme is a lexeme made up of more
than one orthographic word, such as a phrasal verb (e.g., speak
up; pull through), an open compound (fire engine; couch potato), or
an idiom (throw in the towel; give up the ghost).
§ The way in which a lexeme can be used in a sentence is
determined by its word class or grammatical category.§ TYPES:
1. Acronyms are a type of abbreviation that is pronounced as
Abbreviations a word. They are formed by using the first letters in the words
of a phrase or first parts of a phrase.
2. Initialisms are a type of abbreviation where you
Shortened pronounce it by saying each letter one at a time. Many of the
abbreviations used in text messaging are initialisms. They are
versions of words formed by using some of the letters in the word or phrase.
and phrases. lol 3. Clipping: part of word which serves for the whole (back,
front, or middle)
4. Blends: a word which is made up of the shortened forms of
two other words
5. Facetious forms
6. Latin abbreviationsEXAMPLES:
4. Blends
1. Acronyms
ASAP (pronounced ay-sap) = as soon as possible
Gif = graphics interchange format
Zip (as in Zip code)=zone improvement plan
Radar = radio detection and ranging
2. Initialisms
BTW = by the way
WWW = world wide web
TV = television
e.g.=for example
6. Latin abbreviations
3. Clippinghttps://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/grammar/part
s-of-speech-the-noun/types-of-nouns/v/common-and-
proper-nouns
Proper names
Video!…. THE REASON IS HISTORICAL
§ The Oxford Dictionary says it’s quite probable that
English has more words than most comparable world
languages
Maybe English
Does Have the
Most Words? ORIGINALLY A GERMANIC LANGUAGE
§ English was originally a Germanic language, related to
Dutch and German. English shares much of its grammar
and basic vocabulary with those languages.After the Norman Conquest in 1066 English was hugely influenced by Norman French, which became the language of the ruling class for a considerable period, and by Latin, which was the language of scholarship and of the Church. Very large numbers of French and Latin words entered the language. This melding of languages means English has a much larger vocabulary than either the Germanic languages or the members of the Romance language family according to Oxford. Ø English builds its vocabulary through a willingness to accept foreign words. Ø And because English became an international language, it has absorbed vocabulary from a large number of other sources
1. The Anglo-Saxon base
§ Germanic settler tribes (Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians)
entered Britain in AD 449 onwards and displaced the
original Celtic-speaking inhabitants. There are number of
items that pertain to down-to-earth, everyday matters.
The souces of § Many of the words that we described as ‘core’ earlier seem
lexicon (1) to be from Anglo-Saxon.
§ These words are of parts of the body (arm, bone, chest, ear,
eye, foot, hand, heart), the natural environment (field, hedge,
hill, land, meadow, wood), the domestic life (door, floor,
home, house), the calendar (day, month, moon, sun, year),
animals (cow, dog, fish, goat, hen, sheep, swine), common
adjectives (black, dark, good, long, white, wide) and
common verbs (become, do, eat, fly, go, help, kiss, live, love,
say, see, sell, send, think) (Jackson & Amvela 2000: 31).2. Celtic borrowings: cumb (deep valley) or loch (lake).
Reminders of Britain’s Celtic past are mainly in the form of Celtic-
based placenames including river names such as Avon,
‘river’, Don, Exe, Severn and Thames. Town names include Dover, ‘water’, Eccles,
‘church’, Kent, Leeds, London and York.
3. Scandinavian borrowings:
ordinary, everyday words, and quite often monosyllabic and include grammatical words
(like the verb are (to be), or the pronouns their, them and they and some of the
The souces of commonest words in English today -
bag, dirt, fog, knife, flat, low, odd, ugly, want, trust, get, give, take, raise, smile and thoug
lexicon (2) h.
A good number of sc- or sk- words today are of Scandinavian origin (scathe, scorch,
score, scowl, scrape, scrub, skill, skin, skirt, sky).
4. French borrowings: Government: parliament, chancellor, government, country, crown
§ Finance: treasure, wage, poverty
§ Law: attorney, plaintiff, larceny, fraud, jury, verdict
§ War: battle, army, castle, tower, siege, banner
§ Religion: miracle, charity, saint, pardon5. Latin borrowings
6. Greek borrowings
7. Other borrowings
§ As a result of empire and trade contacts, the lexicon of English
continued to acquire terms from other languages including the
following:
The souces of § American: racoon, coyote, prairie, wigwam
lexicon (3) § Australian: wallaby, kangaroo, boomerang
§ Arabic: saffron, sequin, tamarind, alchemy, zenith
§ Persian: naphtha, jasmine, chess, lilac
§ Japanese: samurai, kimono
§ Other Asian
regions: avatar, yoga, stupa, karma, curry, bangle, chop, catamaran
, mandarin, ketchup, kowtowLESSON 1b
(THURSDAY) § In linguistics, word formation is the creation of a
new word. Word formation is sometimes contrasted
with semantic change, which is a change in a single
word's meaning.
§ There are a number of methods of word formation.
WORD FORMATION 1. Abbreviations
2. Calque or loan translation
3. Derivation
4. Compounding
5. Conversion
6. Neologism
7. Back-formation§ the process of forming a new word from an existing word, often by
adding a prefix or suffix, such as -ness or un-.
Ø For example, happiness and unhappy derive from the root
word happy.
§ It is differentiated from inflection!
Examples of English derivational patterns and their suffixes:
3. Morphological § adjective-to-noun: -ness (slow → slowness)
derivation § adjective-to-verb: -ise (modern → modernise) in British English or -
ize (final → finalize) in American English
§ adjective-to-adjective: -ish (red → reddish)
§ adjective-to-adverb: -ly (personal → personally)
§ noun-to-adjective: -al (recreation → recreational)
§ noun-to-verb: -fy (glory → glorify)
§ verb-to-adjective: -able (drink → drinkable)
§ verb-to-noun (abstract): -ance (deliver → deliverance)
§ verb-to-noun (agent): -er (write → writer)§ a compound = a lexeme that consists of more than
one stem.
§ Compounding, composition or nominal
4. Compunding composition is the process of word formation that
creates compound lexemes.§ Conversion involves the change of a word from one word class to
another.
§ For example, the verbs to emailand to microwave are formed from
the nouns email and microwave:
1. Can you text her? (verb from noun text, meaning to send a text-
message)
2. They are always jetting somewhere. (verb from noun jet)
5. Conversion 3. If you’re not careful, some downloads can damage your
computer. (noun from verb download)
4. OK, so the meeting’s on Tuesday. That’s a definite.(noun from
adjective)
5. It’s a very big if and I’m not at all sure we can afford it. (noun from
conjunction, meaning ‘it’s not at all certain’)
6. All companies have their ups and downs. (nouns from
prepositions)§ A neologism is a process of forming a new word by coining
§ Subcategories of neologisms include:
1. The eponym, a proper noun that becomes commonly
used for an idea it is associated with, usually by changing
its part of speech, like Xerox, Orwellian, and Stentorian
2. The loanword, a word borrowed from another language,
6. Neologism as cliché is from French
3. An onomatopoeic word, a word which imitates natural
sounds, like the bird name cuckoo
4. Formation using phono-semantic matching, that is,
matching a foreign word with
a phonetically and semantically similar, pre-existing
native word or root§ We form words with back-formation when we remove
part of a word, usually something which we think is a
suffix (or occasionally a prefix).
§ We do this commonly when we form verbs from nouns.
7. Back formation
§ Ex: to liaise (back-formed from the noun liaison); to
intuit (back-formed from the noun intuition), to
enthuse (back-formed from the noun enthusiasm):§ Read Chapters 8 and 9 from Crystal’s book
§ Revise APPEDIX 1 from Murphy’s book: regular and
irregular verbs
Ø any good grammar book will do!
Ø We will give you extra hints next week.
HOMEWORK § Read the following article from The Guardian:
FOR WEEK 2 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/sep/26/distracted-boyfriend-
meme-sexist-swedish-advertising1.
1. Select ten lexemes and analyse their etymology and
formation. Are there any abbreviations?
2. Try to translate it. Is it hard? If so, why?
3. How much would you charge a translation agaency for
your translation?You can also read
