ANALYSIS OF EPONYMS IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF DERMATOVENEROLOGY
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PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION (2021) 58(1): 4523-4528 ISSN: 00333077
ANALYSIS OF EPONYMS IN THE TERMINOLOGY OF
DERMATOVENEROLOGY
1
Nilufar Sadullaeva, 2Dilfuza Sapaeva
1
National University of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan. E-mail: nilufar_sadullaeva@mail.ru
2
Urgench branch of Tashkent Medical Academy, Urgench, Uzbekistan. E-mail: dilfuza.sapayeva@bk.ru
ABSTRACT
The article presents the results of a study devoted to such an aspect of terminological competence as eponyms. The paper provides
a general description of eponyms in the anatomical terminology of English and Uzbek languages. Eponymic terms are an integral
part of the medical terminology of different languages that form the scientific discourse. Eponyms as part of the language of
science contribute to a deeper understanding of human activity and his culture. The sublanguage of medicine is the most important
source of knowledge about those people who created this science, and the tendency in modern linguistics to study the human
factor allows us to consider the terms-eponyms in the light of the cognitive approach.
Keywords:
competence, eponyms, medical eponymous terminology, skin diseases, sign, phenomenon.
Article Received: 18 October 2020, Revised: 3 November 2020, Accepted: 24 December 2020
Introduction Along with the classical eponymous terms
Issues related to strengthening human that came into use in the 16th-19th centuries, new
health, which is an invaluable asset of society, terms constantly appear, reflecting both the stages
improving the quality of medical services in our of development of new branches of medical
country have always been in the focus of the head science, and the priority of one or another scientist
of our state. During his visits to the regions, or country in the discovery of new facts.
President Shavkat Mirziyoyev visited a number of Today it is difficult to imagine the study of
social facilities, including rural medical centers, the evolution of clinical thinking, diagnosis,
multidisciplinary clinics, and communicated history and development of the clinic, medicine in
directly with doctors and patients, which allows to general without knowledge of clinical
effectively address many issues on the ground. terminological eponymy.
One of the most productive areas of the The problem of eponymy is the subject of
lexicon of modern medicine is the use of many works by both linguists and representatives
eponyms. Eponyms are terminological phrases in of various fields of knowledge. When conducting
which a proper name acts as the first component. the research, we proceeded from the fact that an
R. Nestmann notes that the reason for the eponym (from the Greek eponymos - “giving his
emergence of eponyms is the need to designate name”ed) means the name of a structure, concept,
newly appeared phenomena. These terms play an method named after the person who first
important role in naming new phenomena or discovered, discovered or described it. In
discoveries in the field of medicine in connection professional medical terminology, terms
with the established international tradition to containing proper names have become
name a particular discovery or invention by the widespread. In the literature, such terms are called
name of the scientist who made this discovery or simply "eponyms", "eponymous terms",
invention. Today it is difficult to find a field of "eponymous terms". Eponymous terms reflect the
medicine where eponyms are not used to one evolution of medical knowledge and constitute a
degree or another. significant part of medical terminology. The word
"eponym" itself is very rare, it is absent in the
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main encyclopedias and reference books, it can be the name of the scientist for future generations, as
found only in orthoepic and spelling dictionaries. well as by insufficient attention of specialists to
The subject of our work is the eponymous the process of term creation”.
terms recorded in lexicographic sources, their use We do not entirely agree with the author of
and features of functioning in different this statement: scientific term creation should also
subsystems of medical terminology. take into account the realities of scientific
The study of the most common medical professional communication, in which
eponyms in English and Uzbek , based on the eponimization, on the one hand, is aimed at verbal
analysis of proper names, with the participation of consolidation of the achievements of a certain
which these terms were formed, lexical-semantic scientific school, and on the other, it reflects the
and derivational analysis of modern medical anthropocentric essence of language and human
terminology, identification of quantitative and cognitive activity.
qualitative characteristics of eponymous terms, as Research Methodology
well as an analysis of the main disadvantages, Eponyms in medical terminology have
advantages and possibilities of eponymous been described in several scientific works, the
terminology. The research used terminological authors of which give different classifications of
dictionaries, medical documents, scientific these eponyms. The analysis of 6700 eponymous
publications, as well as scientific literature in the terms recorded in the “Anglo-Russian Medical
field of anatomy and practical medicine. Dictionary of Eponymous Terms” The latter
The study showed that the terminology include: two-component terminological
fund of modern medical science contains a combinations, consisting of a proper name and a
significant amount of eponymous terminology. common noun, which constitutes the thematic and
Analysis of the historical aspect of the formation structural core of the term. As the most frequent
of eponyms has shown that the process of nuclear components, words from medical or
eponymization began in medicine in the middle of general scientific vocabulary with a generalizing
the last century with the naming of diseases by meaning were recorded, for example: disease,
proper names in the field of neurology. In the 20th symptom, syndrome, fracture, dislocation, law,
century, this process covered all areas of reaction, cells, operation, method, phenomenon,
medicine. According to our data, the number of reflex, etc.
eponymous terms in the studied terminological Analysis and results
systems is approximately eight thousand terms As N.A.Pushkin, on the material of the
(this is a processed and systematized English language, several names can be
terminological fund, the total number of distinguished, including eponyms, which, as can
eponymous terms can be two to three times be seen from the examples, also have Russian
higher) . Share of eponymous terms in basic equivalents known to domestic medical
medical terminology is 10-12%. The names of specialists.
over 6 thousand doctors and scientists who - disease (Shamberg's disease-Shamberg
represent more than 60 countries of the world are kasalligi )
immortalized in eponymous terminology. - syndrome (Setton syndrome-Setton
As E.V.Bekisheva points out, “despite the sindromi)
proposal of D.S.Lotte limit the use of eponymous - anatomical units of the organs
terms, they have become widespread in various (Langerhans cells-Langergans
fields of science and technology and have an hujayralari)
unlimited prospect of replenishment. This is - medical theories (Flecherism -
explained, first of all, by the desire to immortalize Flecherizm)
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- research and treatment methods bilingual medical dictionaries, which are noted in
(Kyobner isomorphic reaction- the bibliographic list. About 600 eponymous
Kyobner izomorf reaksiyasi ) terms in English and Russian were found by the
- medicines (Salk and Sabin vaccine - method of continuous sampling from factual
Solk va Sabina vaksinasi) material.
- medical instruments (Wood`s lamp- The first group includes eponyms based on
Vud lampasi) personal names. These terms designate various
- disease detection tests (Balser test- symptoms, syndromes and diseases in which the
Balzer sinamasi) names of the medical scientists who first
As M.V.Vasin, eponyms can be divided described them or who first applied this method of
according to the method of formation into several treatment are captured:
models. - Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (uzb.
- noun + preposition + proper noun (ampulla of Melkelsson Rozental sindromi) first described by
Vater < Abraham Vater; pouch of Douglas < Miescher in 1945, is a rare inflammatory disorder
James Douglas) of unknown etiology characterized by recurrent
- proper noun, transforming into an adjective swelling of the labial tissues.
(Gasserian ganglion < Johann Gasser; Haversian - Quincke's edema (uzb. Kvinke shishi) also
canal < Clopton Havers) known as angioneurotic uvular edema,
- proper noun in the possessive case + noun was named after Heinrich Quincke, a professor of
(Reuter`s Syndrome, Gugereau- Blum`s syndrome internal medicine during the latter half of the 19th
) century.
Eponymous terms can be found in many - Duhring-Brocq disease (uzb. Dyuringning
other languages (for example, in German, French), gipetiform dermatiti ) was described and named in
this, first of all, speaks of the globalization of 1884 by Dr. Louis Duhring at the University of
science. Pennsylvania.
Also, the proper name in the structure of - Prurigo nodularis of Hyde (uzb. Gaydning
the eponym term makes it the keeper of culture tugunli qichimasi ) first described In 1909, Hyde
and history, as N.A. Berdyaev, “so that the past and Montgomery as a prurigo nodularis.
continues in the future, so that we are not allowed According to our data, this type of
to become impoverished with the great riches of eponyms is the most common in the medical
the past”. terminology of various languages, and make up
The absence of eponymous terms in about 80% of our sample. In the next group we
bilingual medical terminological dictionaries and include eponyms based on geographical names
thesauri significantly complicates the use of (toponyms).
medical literature in foreign languages, Toponyms appear in the language of
complicates the teaching of students and leads to medicine as occasional names at the first stage of
translation distortions. In this regard, in the cognition, when the etiological and pathogenetic
following chapters, we analyzed modern bilingual signs of the disease are unknown. The emergence
English-Uzbek medical reference books for the of toponyms is a sociolinguistic problem in
presence of eponyms in them. terminology, since an eponymous name is often
We have developed our own classification created for the first time in mass media texts when
of eponymous terms based on dividing proper describing epidemics of unknown etiology that
names into several groups, taking into account have flared up anywhere in the world. The highest
their origin. The source of information was percentage of toponymic terms was recorded by
scientific publications in English and Russian and
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us in the nomenclature of infectious diseases and term-toponym is created by the author at the first
is 10% of the sample: stage of scientific knowledge, therefore, visual
- the first patients infected with Lyme disease and superficial signs of the phenomenon are laid
were identified in 1975 in the American town of in the basis of the nomination. As knowledge of
Lyme, etc.); the etiology and pathogenesis of the disease
- Spanish fluis one of the forms of influenza that deepens, more informative synonyms appear.
claimed thousands of lives in Europe at the Comparative analysis of the use of
beginning XX century. eponymous terms in scientific
In medical classifications, there are whole dermatovenerological discourse in English and
nests of toponymic terms, in which the Uzbek (using the example of the literature under
geographical name indicates the type of disease or study) showed that descriptive terms of certain
its manifestation, for example: blastomycosis phenomena are more often found in
(Brazilian blastomycosis), European (European dermatovenerological literature in English than in
blastomycosis), North American ( English North terminology in Uzbek, where, when describing
America blastomycosis), South American eponyms are preferred to the same realities. Table
(English South America blastomycosis). 1 presents the main features of the use of eponyms
Toponymic terms are not very informative, since and terminological correspondences established
their structure does not reflect the main features of from dictionaries and medical scientific articles.
a medical concept. Since, as mentioned above, the
Table 1 Features of the use of eponyms and descriptive terms in dermatovenerological terminology
Terms in English Corresponding terms in Uzbek
Quincke's edema Kvinke shishi
Setton syndrome Setton sindromi
Kebner phenomenon Kebner fenomeni
Wood`s lamp Vud lampasi
Balzer`s test Balzer sinamasi
Beacon disease Mayokki kasalligi
Ruiter allergic arteriolitis Ruiter allergik arterioliti
Bazen`s indurative erythema Bazen indurativ eritemasi
Becker`s nevus Bekker xoli
The results of our research and analysis Shmorlya churrasi – Schmorl's nodes. The
with the search for equivalents are given below in term "Schmorl's node" is also often found in the
alphabetical order (Uzbek alphabet), in a pair the Russian-language scientific literature. They were
English equivalent is given, which is well originally named by the German scientist
established in the world scientific literature. For Christian Schmorl, who described them, Schmorl-
some (somewhat controversial) points, detailed Knötchen, which literally means "tuguncha". By
explanations are given. its origin, this X-ray phenomenon is not a true
Graafov pufakchasi – antral follicle. In this hernia.
example, the eponym has not survived in the Liddl sinamasi- dexamethasone
English-language literature at all, and the stage of suppression test. The specific method for
development of the ovum has a biological name - diagnosing Itsenko-Cushing's syndrome using a
antral follicle. test with dexamethasone according to the Liddle
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method is not mentioned in the English-language The fourth way is to use a proper name in
scientific literature and is simply designated as situations when it appears not as a dependent
"dexamethasone suppression test". word, but as the main element, for example,
Kraylya testi – prednisolone therapy. Such Sabouraud agar - it is a type of agar containing
a specific method of “ex juvantibus” treatment as peptones. It is used to cultivate dermatophytes and
the Kraille test, based on an attempt to remove other types of fungi. It was created by, and is
inflammation with the help of named after, Raymond Sabouraud in 1892.
“glucocorticosteroids” (including with the help of In the fifth group we include the few
prednisone), has acquired a name in the English- eponyms that have passed from a proper name to
language literature not by its eponym, but by the another part of speech.
essence of the method itself. The use of eponyms in medical
Based on the data studied and our own communication is likely to create confusion and
observations of the peculiarities of eponymous ambiguity for many other reasons. One of these is
terms, it can be argued that all English-language the fact that since a physician may have described
eponymous terms can be divided into 5 groups, more than one disease, there are eponyms carrying
according to the method of their formation. the same name but referring to different diseases.
The most common way is to add an The English physician Thomas Addison, for
apostrophe 's to proper names, for example, example, has given his name to several diseases or
Hodgkin's disease - chronic malignant disorders, such as, for example, Addison’s
lymphomatosis. In 1832 T. Hodgkin described anaemia, Addison’s crisis, and Addison’s disease.
seven patients in whom there was an increase in There are also cases of eponyms containing the
lymph nodes and spleen, general exhaustion and same name which, however, refers to different
loss of strength. In all cases, the disease was fatal. people - and to different conditions as well - as
23 years later, S. Wilkes studied the cases happens for Smith’s disease (Carl), Smith’s
described by Hodgkin in detail, added 11 of his operation (Henry), Smith’s fracture (Robert
own observations to them and called this William). Even worse is the case of eponyms
condition Hodgkin's disease. containing not only the same proper name -
The second most frequent way of forming referring once again to different people - but also
medical eponymous terms in English is to use a the same headword.
proper name without any changes. Jacquet Examples are Alexander’s syndrome,
dermatitis-it is another name for erosive from of where the proper name refers to two distinct
irritant napkin dermatitis. The first true people (Benjamin and William Stuart), or even the
description of diaper dermatitis was made by case of the four homonymous eponyms Pick’s
Jacquet in 1905. disease (Arnold, Friedel J., Ludwig, and Philipp
The third eponym model can be described J.).
as N + of + PN (N - noun; PN - proper noun), for Conclusion
example: Erythema induratum of Bazin - in 1861, Medical language is replete with
Bazin gave the name erythema induratum to a eponyms. Although their use has often been
nodular eruption that occurred on the lower legs criticized by many, no doubt extraordinary is their
of young women with tuberculosis. Erythema capability to encapsulate long and complex
induratum/nodular vasculitis complex is classified concepts very concisely. This is probably one of
into 2 variants: erythema induratum of Bazin type the main reasons why they continue to flourish in
and nodular vasculitis or erythema induratum of medical language. Both eponyms and equivalent
Whitfield type. The Bazin type is related with descriptive terms can have positive and negative
tuberculous origin, but Whitfield type is not. aspects. Eponyms can be tricky and confusing on
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a pragmatic level. They can be multiple, if they медицины (дерматология-венерология):
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