Indoor Cable Floor Heating Systems - Application manual - Danfoss
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Indoor Cable Floor Heating Systems
Indoor Cable Floor
Heating Systems
Application manual
Intelligent solutions
with lasting effect
Visit devi.com
Index Let DEVI do the work
1. DEVI electrical heating systems4 DEVI - an abbreviation of Dansk El-Varme Industri – was established in
Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1942. As from January 1st 2003 DEVI has become
2. Application Briefing 5 a part of the Danfoss Group - Denmark’s largest industrial Group. Danfoss
2.1 General information 5 is one of the world’s leading companies within heating, cooling and air-
conditioning. The Danfoss Group has more than 23000 employees and serves
3. Product overview 6 customers in more than 100 countries.
3.1. Cables 6 DEVI is Europe’s leading brand of electrical cable heating systems and electric
3.2 Mats 6 pipe heating systems with over 70 years of experience. The production of
3.3 Thermostats 7 heating cables takes place in France and Poland while the head office is
situated in Denmark.
4. Heating systems in floor
constructions9
4.1. Comfort Floor Heating 9
The value of experience
4.2. Total (Direct) floor heating 13 We have installed literally millions of systems across the globe, in every
4.3. Accumulating heating via conceivable setting. This experience means that we can offer you practical
electrical floor heating system18 advice about precisely which components you need to get the best results at
the lowest cost.
5. Electrical heating system floor
constructions21 Indoor Cable Floor Heating Systems
5.1. Cable heating in thick concrete This design guide presents DEVI’s recommendations for design and
floor construction 21 installation of cable floor heating systems for indoor application.
5.2. Electrical heating system in It provides guidance for heating cable positioning, electrical data and system
thin floor construction 25 configurations.
5.3. Heating in wooden floors 30
Following DEVI’s recommendations will ensure energy efficient, reliable and
Appendixes48 maintenance free solution for constant wattage heating cables with 20 year
A.1. C-C distance and warranty.
corresponding output W/m² 48
A.2. Fitting 49
A.3. Floor sensor installation 50
A.4. General installation guide 51
6. Cases 52
Our quality management
system
and compliances
ISO 9001 TS 16949
ISO 14001 PED
Along with full compliance with EU
directives and product approvals
1. DEVI electrical heating systems
This document includes all necessary Complete systems Thin heating mats designed for
information about DEVI cable heating DEVI is the only global company in installation under the tiled floor are
systems which can be helpful in your the industry that develops, pro- most in demand. DEVI mats consist
decision making during its design, duces and markets complete systems of a thin cable fixed on a composite
installation and operation. The containing both heating cables and or glass fiber self-adhesive mesh,
distinctive feature of DEVI’s profile is thermostats in the global market. which makes mats easy to install and
production of cable heating systems. Consequently, there is a full harmony a logical choice for thin floors. When
between the single components that laying heating mats the floor level is
DEVI A/S was founded in in Denmark make up our heating systems, which virtually the same since installation
in 1942 and within over 75 years of its means high performance, optimum can be performed with a standard
existence it has made the way from a reliability and usability and as a result thickness of the tile glue.
private company to a large industrial low energy consumption.
enterprise developing and providing System installation and calculation
solutions for electrical heating Integrated solutions of desired output shall be performed
cables in more than 100 countries For almost 75 years DEVI has been based on specific conditions of
around the world. DEVI takes a producing a wide range of proven premises (application). To ensure
leading position as a founder and tested heating cable solutions – proper installation and operation of
an innovator in the field of electrical everything from thin heating mat each DEVI system it is accompanied
heating cable systems for indoor and systems mainly intended for renova- by multilingual detailed instructions.
outdoor installation. tion purposes, to complete heating In addition, most of heating cables
Since 2003 DEVI has being a part of systems for room heating in private and mats have 20 year warranty.
the Danfoss Group. dwellings as well as offices and in-
dustrial buildings. DEVI also supplies DEVIreg™ Smart, the latest solution,
DEVI is the Europe’s largest supplier ice and snow melting solutions. Our that is worth special attention – it
of electrical floor heating. Our cables and thermostats keep traffic embodies the essence of DEVI
business philosophy is based areas, loading ramps and roof con- commitment to improve user
on marketing electrical heating structions safe in cold areas through- comfort, interaction with intelligent
solutions that clearly stand out as the out the world. We provide anti-frost electronic devices, Nordic design
following: systems for pipes and roof gutters and energy efficiency. DEVIreg™
• Increasing comfort in everyday life; and we heat the soil in greenhouses, Smart thermostat with:
• Greater reliability; or even under football fields. • user-friendly interface via APP
• Better design; and Wi-Fi control,
• Improved operating costs. Intelligent heating systems • touchs creen,
The main DEVI product is a complete • intelligent timer functions with
DEVI develops, manufactures and heating system (heating cable or an intuitive user-friendly interface
sells heating cable systems for the mat, thermostat and accessories). which is designed specifically to
following main applications: meet the needs of modern users,
• Total electrical floor heating; Energy efficiency and it’s intelligent • extended warranty period –
• Comfort electrical floor heating; use is built in DEVI thermostats 5 years.
• Ice and snow melting on ground – since the 90’s. Saving up to 30% of
roads, pavements / pedestrian electrical bill, compared with an Reliable choice.
walkways, bridges etc.; advanced electronic thermostat DEVI is the world leader in the
• Ice protection and snow melting without a timer, DEVI intelligent production of electrical heating
for roofs and gutters; thermostats are world leading cable systems and is a part of the
• Protection against freezing example to follow in the area of Danfoss group. Presented in the
and temperature maintenance intelligent electrical floor heating. global market for almost 75 years
of pipelines, tanks and other and available in more than 100
industrial applications; High quality heating elements countries on five continents. You can
• Heating of play-fields with manufactured in EU safely recommend products to your
natural or artificial grass, soil in DEVI heating element is a screened clients as far as DEVI trademark has
greenhouses, etc.; twin or single conductor made occupied a leading position on the
• Heating of agricultural premises; with different specific outputs and world market and has been a trusted
• Frost protection of foundations insulation options. DEVI heating partner for decades.
and floors in cold stores and ice elements are produced in over thirty
stadiums; different types allowing application
as well as many other heating of the product that suits best to your
solutions. specific requirements.
4 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI
2. Application Briefing
2.1 General information
Optimal comfort Flexible system Quick and Precise Response Time
All heat moves upwards! This simple DEVI’s floor heating system ensures Electrical floor heating system has
fact explains why a floor heating system comfortable room temperatures, be it a quick response time. Along with
provides more comfortable heat, than at home, at the office, in a workshop, DEVIreg™ intelligent thermostats
the alternative radiator system. The sports hall or virtually anywhere it also offers precise increase and
radiator system provides convective where comfortable heat is required. regulation of room temperature
air movement up to head height and Equally important is the fact that comparing to water based
ceiling, only to travel downwards and DEVI’s floor heating system can be floor heating systems. System’s
return as a cold draft around ones feet. installed in all floor types whether responsiveness to temperature
they are new concrete or wooden changes and user adjustments is
DEVI’s floor heating system, on the floors or renovated floors. also better.
other hand, provides pleasant heat
for ones feet, body and head. Invisible heat source 20-year DEVI Warranty™ and
DEVI’s floor heating system is invisible. Full Service warranty
As it produces only a very gentle As the system is hidden under the 20-year DEVI Warranty™ is valid
upward air movement the amount floor it gives exciting new possibilities for most of DEVI heating mats and
of travelling dust particles is reduced for furnishing and interior design and heating cables. DEVI support Full
considerably making the system a the problem of space-consuming and service warranty for cables and mats
great asset to people suffering from unattractive radiators (or heaters) no installed indoor for floor heating –
allergies or asthma. It also minimizes longer has to be considered. included costs for installation and
presence of moisture at floor level. floor materials such as damage to
Ease of Installation bricklaying and tiles. Full Service
Minimal energy consumption DEVI electrical underfloor heating 20-year warranty implies that
Thanks to heat distribution from the provided as a system, be it a when there is a warranty case DEVI
floor and precise temperature control heating mat, cable with installation undertakes a responsibility to
system with a DEVIreg™ thermostat, accessories or a thermostat with easy correct the defect free of charge or
the average room temperature can setup feature, quick and effortless offer product replacement during
be reduced by 1-2 °C compared with installation. the warranty period. In addition,
traditional radiator heating, without DEVI covers all costs associated with
influencing the thermal comfort High durability, no maintenance the replacement of any heating
or even improving it. This enables DEVI’s floor heating system has a long system element and floor cover
reducing energy losses, from a life. Practically speaking DEVI’s heating restoration costs.
dwelling, by 10-20%, which is both cables and mats last as long as the
economically and environmentally house where they are installed and no
beneficial. maintenance is required!
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 5
3. Product overview
3.1. Cables
Electrical floor heating system DEVI heating cable (e.g. DEVIflex™) Output of heating cables for
consists of two main components: is designed for installation in thick installation in floor constructions is
• Heating element (cable, thin concrete floor constructions. Usual limited to 20 W/m and DEVI cables are
heating mat, or heating element thickness of top/finish floor layer is available with 6, 10. 18 and 20 [W/m]
for laminate floors, etc.); at least 3 cm. Heating cables used in for 230 and 400 V. Most DEVI cables
• Thermostat with air or/and floor floor constructions are serial resistive are manufactured and approved in
temperature sensors. cables, preferably twin conductor, accordance with the latest version
but also a limited range of single of IEC 60800:2009, with mechanical
Heating cables are usually installed conductor cable is available. Cables strength class M2 (for rough concrete
in thick/concrete floor constructions. are manufactured as ready-to-install constructions). The main type of DEVI
The main feature of a thin heating heating elements with specific length heating cables for installation in the
mat is its low thickness. This gives (i.e. 7, 10, 15, up to approx. 410 m), floor construction is DEVIflex™.
the possibility for it to be installed with a power supply cable (cold tail)
in a thin layer of tile glue avoiding and hermitically closed connections Internal and external design of
considerable increase of floor level. (muffs or end terminations). modern DEVIflex™ cable is shown in
the figures below.
heating cable
outer PVC coating supply cable
protective screen foil (Aluminum)
protective conductor
connecting muff
end of the heating cable
internal insulation ( XLPE)
heating element (resistance thread) connection to power supply
DEVIflex™ heating cable construction DEVIflex™ 6T/10T/18T heating cable
3.2 Mats
The thin heating mat is designed mesh usually of 50 cm width. Thin Thin heating mats are available with
for installation in a thin tile glue heating cables are serial twin or various outputs, for example: 70 W/
layer adhesive, self-leveling mixture single conductor resistive cables. m², 100 W/m², 150 W/m² and 200 W/
or alike. The standard minimum Thin heating mats are manufactured m². DEVI thin heating mats comply
thickness of the floor layer is 5-8 mm as ready-made heating sections with with IEC 60335-1 & IEC 60335-2-96.
while the thickness of DEVI mats a specific area (i.e. 0,5, 1, 1,5 … 12 m²)
is 3-4,5 mm. It allows minimizing including a power supply cable The most commonly used DEVI
the floor level increase. DEVI thin (cold tail) and hermetically sealed twin conductor heating mats for
heating mats consist of a thin cable connections. installation in the floor construction
fixed on self-adhesive glass-fiber are DEVImat™ and DEVIcomfort™.
heating cable adhesive mesh
adhesive mesh heating cable
connection to
power supply
connection to
power supply
connecting muff connecting muff
supply cable
supply cable
DEVImat™ 100T/150T Heating mat DEVIheat™ 150S Heating mat
6 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI
Center-to-center distance between DEVI heating cables and thin heating parquet, etc.) or/and on wooden
mat’s cable lines is usually 7,5 cm. It mats mentioned above are the most subfloors. DEVIdry™ has 55 and 100
allows even distribution of heat on used floor heating elements. DEVI W/m² outputs.
the floor surface avoiding cold zones also produces other floor heating
between the cable lines. elements, i.e. DEVIdry™ and DEVIcell™ For further information please refer
heat distribution panels for heating to the DEVI Product Catalogue.
The modern thin twin conductor constructions with wooden surface
DEVImat™ and single conductor (laminate, multi-layer boards,
DEVIheat™ are shown below.
3.3 Thermostats
DEVI offers specialized thermostats DEVIreg™ Smart is the DEVI’s latest
for electrical floor heating systems. solution and a further development
All thermostats are electronic devices of, the very well known DEVIreg™
allowing precise control of the Touch with Wi-Fi control via mobile
floor surface or air temperatures. In application, unique Nordic design DEVI Link
general three types of thermostats and advanced user experience, system
covers the control
are available: with application that enables up of both radiator
• for air/room temperature to 10 different users to control heating and
control and limitation of floor electrical heating systems from floor heating –
individually or
temperatures – with room sensor anywhere in the world using a combined
and floor sensor; smartphone or a tablet.
• for floor temperature control –
with floor sensor only; DEVIreg™ Smart is an intuitive
• for air/room temperature control – programmable intelligent timer
with room sensor only. thermostat used for controlling DEVIlink™ CC
electrical floor heating elements.
DEVI offers thermostats that are: The thermostat is designed for flush- DEVIlink™ CC (Central Controller)
• Intelligent, PWM (Pulse Width mount installation into a standard is the central brain in the DEVIlink™
Modulation regulated) wall installation box, or on wall with system which includes several
• Simple (hysteresis regulated). a special on-wall box. Due to the wireless DEVIlink™ devices installed
special 2-part construction it fits a inside the building.
Intelligent thermostats provide state- wide range of frames and sensors.
of-the-art wireless control system for Several functions, i.e. room control,
control of heating and electrical units DEVIreg™ Smart builds further on intelligent timer, modes for the whole
in private houses. Some thermostats energy saving functions introduced house – “Away”, “Comfort”’, “Frost
are fitted with Wi-Fi allowing remote earlier in DEVIreg™ Touch, like: Protection”, are integrated into the unit
control of heating systems via mobile • fast and intuitive setup using the to reduce energy consumption when
application. built-in wizard; using electrical floor heating system.
• energy-saving program –
Simple thermostats are electronic including optimum start/end The idea of the DEVIlink™ System is
control units with or without control ensuring the desired to provide wireless connection of
display allowing setting the heating temperature at the correct time your heating system and to control it
system type, adjustment of control and thereby reducing heating from one central point. The DEVIlink™
parameters and timer mode. costs; CC communicates wirelessly with
• open window function; all other DEVIlink™ units of the
• very precise regulation of user set installation. A single DEVIlink™ CC
room temperature by means of a can control up to 30 rooms and
specially developed PWM (Pulse allows connection up to 50 units and
Width Modulaton) regulation, specially developed to satisfy the
NEW!! including optimal change from needs of any family house: it can
Adjust your
comfort to economy mode. be also used for apartments, and
floor heating multifamily buildings.
from your
smartphone
DEVIlink™ is fitted with Danfoss
Link™ App, and the latest version
provides the possibility of Wi- Fi
control by mobile application,
DEVIreg™ Smart anywhere in the world.
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 7
DEVIreg™ Touch DEVIreg™ 130 DEVIreg™ 330
DEVIreg™ Touch is a thermostat DEVIreg™ 13x series thermostats DEVIreg™ 330 (5…45°C) – is an
fitted with a display and an intelli- are designed for mounting directly electronic thermostat to be installed
gent timer. It is designed for flush- on the wall. Following models are in electric cabinets with DIN rail
mount installation into a standard available: attachment. The set includes wire
wall installation box. It operates with • DEVIreg™ 130 with wire temperature sensor. To control room
two sensors – floor wire and built-in temperature sensor; temperature an external air sensor is
room sensor. It allows control setting • DEVIreg™ 132 with built-in room required.
for one of 3 heating systems: with sensor and wire floor sensor for
wire floor temperature sensor, with limitation of floor temperature. DEVI offers over 20 different types
built-in room sensor or with built-in of thermostats. The product range
room sensor and wire floor sensor includes easy to operate (by APP)
for limitation of floor temperature. intelligent Wi-Fi control thermostats
The touch screen menu and intuitive to specifically designed digital,
user friendly interface allow easy use thermostats with moisture sensors
and quick service. The thermostat for ice and snow melting on ground
has four original colors – polar white, as well as ice protection for roofs and
pure white, ivory and black. It can be gutters (refer to Ice & Snow melting
installed in complex frames of differ- Application Sheet). DEVIlink™ and
ent manufacturers. DEVIreg™ Smart system is equipped
with wireless functions and Wi-Fi
DEVIreg™ Touch is fast and intuitive to control of heating systems and
setup using the built-in wizard. It has indoor electrical equipment.
DEVIreg™ 233
an energy saving program – including
optimum start/end control ensuring DEVIreg™ 233 is an electronic DEVI provides a unique solution –
the desired temperature at the correct thermostat designed to be flush- that is “top quality intelligent heating
time and thereby reducing heating mounted in an installation box system”, giving consumers the
costs. from the LK FUGA series frame. The highest level of comfort and safety!
thermostat is provided with a single The intelligent component of these
pole switch and a floor sensor (wire) systems is the DEVIreg™ electronic
to measure and control the desired thermostat which is available in
floor temperature. Alternatively an several options, i.e. for total heating
external room sensor can be used, for or comfort floor heating.
room temperature regulation.
More information about DEVI
The thermostat has a button to adjust thermostats you can find further
the temperature setting in the range in this document and in the DEVI
of (0) 1 to 6. Product Catalogue.
DEVIreg™ 530
DEVIreg™ 53x series thermostats are
designed for flush-mount installation
into a standard wall installation box.
Three models are available:
• DEVIreg™ 530 with wire tempera-
ture sensor;
• DEVIreg™ 531 with built-in room
sensor;
• DEVIreg™ 532 with built-in room
sensor and wire floor sensor for
limitation of floor temperature.
8 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI
4. Heating systems in floor constructions
Electrical floor heating systems for • Comfort floor heating; This will be described in details on
indoor heating can be divided into • Total or Direct heating; the following pages.
3 main heating categories (types): • Accumulating heating.
4.1. Comfort Floor Heating
4.1.1. About the system of floor surfaces during life time of Consequently to heat 1 m² of floor up
floor construction, as well as that to 9 °С in relation to air temperature,
Comfort Floor Heating or “Warm comfort temperature is perceived approximately an installation of
Floor” system provides heated floor differently by different individuals. It 9 °С · 10 W/(m²·K) = 90 W/m² is
surface, in any rooms, and especially is advised to use maximum comfort required.
used for bathrooms and kitchens. floor temperature level to satisfy all
Comfort floor heating can be used possible options, but often a floor As a “rule of thumb” a safety value of
in any room fitted with another temperature few degrees above 30% should also be added offering
heating system to provide required the current room temperature will a minimum output for electrical
air temperature, for example water already satisfy the needs of most heating element used in comfort
based radiators on the walls. Warm users. It is important that most of floor heating system as calulated in
Floor/ Comfort heating installed wooden floor surfaces have limitation the following example:
in such premises only maintains of max. temperature at the level of 90 W/m² · 1,3 ≈ 120 W/m²
constant floor temperature at all 27 °C (for more details concerning
times, regardless of the heating maximum allowed temperatures Recommendation: output for
season. As an additional benefit of the floor surface please refer to comfort floor heating systems should
the Comfort heating increases air a manufacturer of wooden floor be no less than 120 W/m², unless any
temperature in the room, and due to materials). special restrictions are specified.
large heated floor surface will allow
compensation of inadequate heating The following power outputs for
during extremely cold winter days comfort floor heating systems
or in case of lack of heat regulation are recommended based on floor
in rooms which are not fitted with constructions, insulation levels,
a modern thermostat controlled surface types, room air temperature
room heating systems. Comfort and individual user preferences:
floor heating system is controlled
by a thermostat with a floor sensor • Wooden floor constructions – no
(usually wire sensor). The heating more than 100 W/m²;
element is activated by a thermostat
based on the floor temperature set • Dry rooms, thermal insulated
by the user. floors – 100 W/m² or more;
EXAMPLE:
A comfortable floor temperature The optimal required output (in • Floors without thermal insulation –
has been evaluated many times, for [W/m²]) for comfort floor heating 130-160 W/m²;
example, described in standard ISO/ system, can be evaluated by a simple
TS 13732-2. The maximum long term calculation. Assuming that the room • Wet rooms – 150-180 W/m²;
comfort floor surface temperature temperature is 20 °C (supported by
is defined at the level of 29,5 °C. another heating system during the • Low voltage, insufficient insulation,
Additionally: sedentary people heating season) and the floor surface covered balcony slabs –
needed extra 1-2 °C. For floors in needs to reach up to 29 °C. The floor 160-200 W/m²;
wet rooms maximum temperature temperature must be increased as
can reach 31 °C. These maximum follows: 29 - 20 = 9 °С. Information • maximum output in floor
temperature values can be used for about the installed output (in [W/ construction – should not exceed
calculation and selection of installed m²]) needed to heat up 1 m² of 200 W/m².
outputs (in [W/m²]) of comfort floor floor surface to 1 °C can be found in
heating systems. Different types of physic books and standards (e.g. DS/ Find more details and restrictions for
floor surfaces need different comfort EN 1264. Heat exchange coefficient, special floor constructions such as
floor temperatures, e.g. wooden usually named alfa – α [W/(m²·K)], can wood, later in this document.
floor surface has an optimal comfort vary, however for general evaluation
temperature of approximately 26 α =10 W/(m²·K) can be used.
°C, carpet – approximately 24 °C.
But it is impossible to predict type
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 9
Comfort floor heating systems do not less than 3-5 cm, regardless If you plan to increase the floor
not require heat loss calculation. It whether heating cables are to be construction by more than 30 mm,
is advised to install power at least installed there or not. For thin floor a heating cable is usually applied.
100 W/m² in all dry premises, and constructions, such as tile glue, It should be noted that there are
at least 150 W/m² in wet premises, laminate etc., the C-C distance no restrictions for use of heating
however note that norms for wooden should not exceed 10 cm and is mats in concrete or thick floor
floors specify no more than 100 W/ recommended to be even less: 7,5 constructions. The question of
m², and require a thermostat with a cm. To install heating cables under thermal insulation, installation
floor sensor to limit maximum floor the tile glue the best solution is thickness in floor construction should
temperature. Heating system must DEVI thin heating mats with also be addressed, as it’s important to
be controlled by thermostat and it is C-C = 7,5 cm that guarantees floor minimize heat losses downwards.
worth mentioning that installation surface without cold zones.
of increased power, e.g. 150 W/m² Choice of specific output.
instead of 100 W/m² does not affect Recommendation: it is always Specific output (p in [W/m²]), for
energy consumption of the system, advised to insulate the floor structure Comfort Floor Heating usually does
but can influence user comfort below the heating cables. not require calculation and is selected
feeling. from recommendations for specific
More details about cable installation floor construction and environment.
C-C distance step (C-C distance) and appropriate For standard floors without insulation
Heating cables are installed inside outputs are described below in this the output of no less than 100 W/m²
floor construction with some document. is usually chosen and for wet rooms –
distance between them (or so called no less than 150 W/m². In the lack of
installation step, centre-centre Thermostat with floor sensor: reliable information about the floor
or cable-to-cable distance: C-C The thermostat uses a wire sensor to construction, flooring type, supply
distance). To achieve a warm floor measure the temperature inside the voltage, etc., it is better to choose
with even distribution of heat and floor construction. The sensor needs an output as close as possible to the
to provide comfortable temperature to be placed directly between, and if maximum recommended (see page
on the floor surface, the floor surface possible, slightly above the lines of a above).
temperature variation should not heating cable or a mat. Temperature
exceed 1,5 °С (e.g. DIN 44576). measured by the floor sensor is To fix heating cables DEVIfast™ fitting
There will always be a difference in not the real surface temperature bands are usually applied, it offers
temperature on the floor surface, in and depends on placement of the a cable attachments with a step
areas between heating cables and floor sensor. It is difficult to give distance (C-C) of 2,5 cm.
directly above them. The bigger C-C any recommendations about the This leads to the situation that the
distance – thicker layer of concrete thermostat settings for a specific floor value of the specific output for a
above cable is necessary to ensure construction. heating cable cannot be chosen
a uniform/comfort temperature arbitrarily, and it should be taken
distribution along the floor surface. The thermostat with a floor sensor into consideration that the cable can
This difference is always more has a scale without degree marking. be installed at 2,5 cm intervals only,
pronounced during periods, when and respectively output will match
electrical heating cables are turned 4.1.2. System Design attachment distance.
on (providing heat to the floor
heating). The instant thermostat Following stages will help you to find For example if:
disconnects the heating cables, a right solution for your comfort floor • cable is DEVIflex™ 18T,
because desired floor temperature heating system (more about DEVI • supply voltage is 230 V,
is reached, the temperature on the products find in the DEVI Product • the C-C distance of 12,5 cm
top of the floor surface is equalized Catalogue): gives output of 145 W/m².
greatly, giving an increasingly And for installation step with the
comfortable floor surface. Choice of a heating element type C-C of 10 cm – 180 W/m² (see the
(mat or cable). DEVI Product Catalogue for product
A rule of thumb indicates: Define the thickness of floor selection). Thereby, for heated area
• The thickness of concrete & floor construction over the cable, and a the value of the specific output - pINST
structure above the heating cables type of the installation. For example [W/m²[, which is actually installed,
need to be ~½ the C-C distance. for renovation, where small floor should be chosen for fixed C-C,
structure needs to be enlarged, a following the table or calculated
Here is the additional explanation: heating mat is a preferable solution value.
due to the element’s height.
For Warm Floor system installed It should be noted that in some
into a thick concrete slab the If you plan to increase the floor countries the supply voltage is lower
C-C distance of 5-10 cm is construction by less than 30 mm, than 230 V that leads to decrease
recommended. The thickness of the it’s preferred to use a heating mat, of the cable specific output and
concrete slab top layer is usually suitable for floor increase of 3-5 mm. respectively, different [W/m²] with
10 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVIthe same step (C-C). For example, The most frequently used cable type This equals to two (2) meters of band
if the given output is 230 V the is DEVIflex™ 18T – twin conductor, for each square meter [m²] of cable
coefficient of 0,915 should be applied 18 W/m at 230 V (16,5 W/m at 220 V). installation.
with 220 V supply. A linear output of DEVIbasic™ of
20 W/m, is not the best choice for Simple calculation of the fitting band
Estimation of heated floor area. even temperature distribution along length LFIX (m): cable installation
Installation area of heating cable/mat the floor construction, if installed in space is multiplied by two, e.g.
has to be calculated AINST [m²]. To do the same floor, compared to LFIX = SINST · 2 (m).
this, from the total area of the room DEVIflex™ 6,10 or 18 W/m.
(in [m²]), the area under stationary Thermostat selection.
objects (bath, toilet, shower, cabinet, The heating mat is selected from a Thermostat for Comfort Floor Heating
cupboards, etc.) and a strip of free range of factory-produced elements system should be fitted with a floor
floor along walls (usually 10-15 cm (covering area from 0,5 to 12 m²), temperature sensor.
wide) is deducted, as well as special with an area covering usually the
customer’s preferences should be nearest less value to available Choice recommendations:
taken into account. installation space AINST [m²]. If the heating area is larger than 5 m² –
installation area (AINST [m²]) exceeds programmable thermostat with
The heating cable or mat is set 12 m², a multiplication of chosen timer, for example, DEVIreg™ Smart;
into the floor for many years, so it’s heating mats needs to be applied. smaller than 5 m² – simple one
advised to exclude from heated area without a timer, for example,
items/furniture that can be moved For example, DEVI screened heating DEVIreg™ 530 or DEVIreg™ 130, can
over the operation life of the premises: mats designed for floor installation be chosen. Simple thermostats are
cupboards, cabinets, bed etc. have the cable/mat thickness for: only recommended due to their
• twin conductor of ~3,0 mm: lower cost, and as there are no
Along the interior walls, where DEVImat™ 70T, DEVImat™ 100T, restrictions for use of thermostat with
any furniture most probably will DEVImat™ 150T, DEVImat™ 200T; timer for small areas.
be located up to 30-40 cm can be • twin conductor of ~4,0 mm:
allowed. For heating systems installed DEVIcomfort™ 100T, DEVIcomfort™ The maximum output (in Amperes),
in the floor construction, furniture 150T; that thermostat is able to switch on
on legs, that provide air circulation • single conductor of ~3,0 mm: usually varies between 3450-3600 W
underneath is recommended. DEVIheat™ 100S or (15-16 A). This needs to be taken into
DEVIheat™ 150S. consideration for larger rooms. If
Choice of a specific heating more than maximum 3450-3600 W is
element (length of heating cable or The number at the end of a mat’s needed the following two solutions
area of heating mat). name refers to its specific output for are possible:
Heating cable is normally chosen 1 m² in [W/m²] at 230 V, and letter “T”
based on required heating output means twin conductor mat (Twin), 1. Heating area is divided into
for room (the calculated total output letter “S” a single conductor mat independent zones with separate
PCALC [W]). This output is calculated as (Single). A single conductor heating cables and individual thermostats.
the chosen specific output mat requires more planning before Each zone not exceeding the
PINST [W/m²] multiplied by the installa- installation, to ensure that the power connected output indicated
tion area AINST [m2]: supply cord attached to both ends above, and with the same output
PCALC [W] = PINST [W/m²] · AINST [m²]. The of the heating mat starts and ends at (in [W/m²]) installed;
heating element is selected from the the same place.
product list of factory-produced ele- 2. Contactor (additional relay) with
ments, with specific output PINST [W]. For Comfort Floor Heating increased maximum current is
Always the product nearest to, but DEVImat™ 150T and DEVIcomfort™ 150T used (e.g. 20 A or more), usually
larger than, calculated total output heating mats are used most often – mounted on a DIN rail in the
PCALC [W], is to be chosen. For indoor twin conductor, 150 W/m² at 230 V electrical switchboard.
heating DEVI recommends to use (135 W/m² for 220 V).
screened twin conductor DEVIflex™ 18T, Recommendation: it is advised to
DEVIflex™ 10T, DEVIflex™ 6T heating Calculation of the fitting band choose thermostat load of 70-80% of
cables or if nothing else is suitable, a length (DEVIfast™). maximum installed output.
screened single conductor If heating cable is applied, it is
DEVIbasic™ 20S heating cable. recommended to use fitting band to Choice of additional equipment.
fix it to the floor base. For example, Mounting box for thermostat,
The number at the end of the cable’s metal galvanized DEVIfast™ fitting conduit pipe for floor temperature
name refers to: its specific output for band. It is attached to the floor sensor, screws, nails or anchors for
1 m in [W/m] at 230 V, and letter “T” (nailed or fixed with screws or glued) attaching fitting band to the floor, etc.
means a twin conductor cable (Twin), in parallel lines, usually every 50 cm.
letter “S” - single conductor cable It is assumed that the voltage supply
(Single). is stable and properly connected,
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 11according to electrical laws of the of power supply cable are properly Floor construction.
country of installation e.g. fuse and chosen. Otherwise these elements Follow installation instructions
RCD (Residual Current Device) are have to be selected too. provided by manufacturers of
installed in switchboard, section and floor elements, and local building
length and cross section area regulations.
4.1.3 Design Example. Calculation and selection of equipment
Comfort floor heating for Installed output. If the mat covering 10 m² of floor is
bathroom. Wet room, stable voltage, 2-nd floor, chosen, there will be a surplus of
Input data: bathroom, 2nd floor (over tiles, heated room below: an output 0,67 m² of mat, and since it’s not
heated room), no floor insulation, of 150-180 W/m² (chapter 4.1.1) is allowed to cut or shorten a heating
size 3 x 4 m, total area of 12 m², with recommended. cables and mats, the mat covering
installed 0,9 х 1,7 m bathtub, stable 9 m² of floor is a preferred choice.
power supply voltage of 230 V, floor Calculation of heated floor space
surface made of tiles. (area of cable installation). Fitting band.
Restrictions for the floor height: can Out of the total space A (in [m²]) It is not needed, since DEVImat™ has
be increased maximum by 2 cm. bathtub area (0,9 х 1,7 m) and strips a self-adhesive glue on the underside.
of floor of 10 cm along the walls are We advise to clean the floor and
Heating mat or cable? subtracted: remove all debris and dust.
Since the floor height is an issue AINST = 12 m² – (0,9 m · 1,7 m) – ((3 m + 4 m) +
the concrete thickness is less than + (3 m – 0,9 m) + (4 m – 1,7 m)) · 0,1 m = Thermostat selection.
3 cm. Choose a mat, DEVImat™ = 12 m² – 1,53 m² – 1,14 m² ≈ DEVImat™ 150T with 1235 W output,
or DEVIcomfort™ twin conductor ≈ 9,33 m². less than 3450- 3680 W maximum
screened mat (find a detailed allowed, can be connected to a
description of products in the Select the desired mat size. DEVI thermostat. For the heating
DEVI Product Catalogue). Available floor area is 9,33 m². area exceeding 5 m² – thermostat
with a timer is recommended. For
DEVImat™ 150T covering 9 m² of example, choose the most modern
floor, and with total output of 1235 W programmable WiFi thermostat with
at 230 V, is chosen. intelligent timer – DEVIreg™ Smart.
Type System Temperature sensor Range IP class Load, max.
DEVIreg™ Programmable: Air: embedded, Floor 5…45 °С. IP21 3680 W
Smart
Comfort Floor Heating or Heating Floor: included wire Air 5…35 °С
with floor temperature limiting sensor
As an option, simple thermostat Additional equipment. and regulations for safety elements
with floor sensor can be chosen: Electrical materials necessary for of electrical installation, e.g. fuse and
e.g. DEVIreg™ 530. When thermostat installation will typically include RCD are installed.
is installed in a wet room, the the following: wall mounting box
requirements of electrical safety for thermostat, 4-5 m conduit pipe Summary:
norms and corresponding IP for a floor temperature sensor and For comfortably warm floor in 12
class should be strictly followed! additional power supply if necessary. m² bathroom (with free area of 9,33
It is recommended to install the It is assumed that there is a proper m²), the following DEVI floor system
thermostat outside the bathroom. power supply, according to the rules elements are recommended:
Equipment Characteristics Quantity
Twin conductor screened DEVImat™ 150T 9 m² 1235 W (at 230 V), (150 W/m²) 1 pcs.
heating mat
DEVIreg™ Smart thermostat Programmable, WiFi, APP enabled, intelligent timer, 1 pcs.
air and floor sensors, IP21
Conduit pipe Ø 16 4m
Mounting box 1 pcs.
12 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI4
2,3 1,7
0,1
0,9
3
Temperature sensor in corrugated pipe
End muff
0,5 0,075
Connection muff C-C distance
Thermostat
Figure 1 – Example of heating mat installation in bathroom. All distances are in [m].
4.2. Total (Direct) floor heating
4.2.1. About the system that such temperature division is the Usually a safety factor of 20-30% is
most comfortable for any person, added to the heat loss calculated
Total or Direct electrical floor heating independent of gender, age and output value, depending on room’s
is the only heating system installed activity level. Floor heating system specific thermal condition. As the
in a room (or area) for maintaining a provides a feeling of the same or heating system is controlled by a
user specified room temperature. It improved thermal comfort at lower thermostat, installing larger power
is ensured by adjusting floor surface overall room temperature setting. output does not affect the overall
temperature, due to the changeable consumption of electrical energy for
heat transfer from the surface of As a result, it can be lowered by app. heating.
the floor. Such a system is regulated 1...2 °C, compared with an earlier
by a thermostat with air & floor or used radiator heating system, with Total electrical floor heating, “Heating
only room temperature sensor. Air heating element installed visibly via floor” should not be confused
room sensor is an integrated part under the window. This provides a with “Comfort Floor Heating/Warm
of DEVIreg™ room thermostats. A user with improved thermal comfort Floor”. The need for warmth is
floor heating system has a large and energy savings of approximately variable, because of the changing
heated surface of the floor, and it is 10-20%. outside temperatures during the
a convection and radiation heating heating period, and accordingly
system. Advantage of a floor heating Output of a heating system is chosen floor temperatures varies too. As
system is to provide heat in the based on the level of calculated an example, in October, when the
lower part of a room near legs and heat loss (in Watts). Energy, which is outside temperature is +5 °C, it
relatively less heat around room provided via a floor heating system, would be enough to heat the floor
ceiling, where it’s not so highly must cover heat loss and support up to 21...22 °C to maintain indoor
needed. It is proven by many studies, a specified air (room) temperature. temperature of 20 °C. But in February,
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 13when the outside temperature is desired output density is calculated the big heat loss leads to necessity
lower e.g. -15 °C, floor will be heated and chosen, than C-C distance, of big output from a heating
more e.g. 25...26 °C, to maintain the that will determine the number of system and, accordingly, to high
same room temperature. cable lines per 1 m² of floor or the and perhaps not a comfortable
cable length per 1 m² is calculated. temperature on the surface of the
When utilizing floor heating system Multiplying the chosen cable length floor. The maximum temperatures
for total heating you should always on a total area of heating cable of the floor surface for different
choose as technically correct installation will give the calculated types of applications are specified in
solution, but observe the limitation length of heating cable. the relevant standards. For a rough
of the maximum floor temperature. estimation of the possible floor
For regulation of a total heating C-C distance (cm) = temperature for a given output the
system a thermostat measuring Available floor area (m²) · 100 (cm/m) value of heat exchange coefficient of
=
air (room) temperature and fitted Length of chosen cable (m) α =10 W/(m²·K) (more description is
with floor temperature sensor is the Detailed information about cable found in paragraph about Comfort
preferred choice. Allowing setting installation procedure is found later floor heating) should be used. For
maximum floor temperature level in this document. example, if the output of the heating
and constantly monitoring prevents system is 150 W/m² and heat loss
overheating of floor. Such limitations For modern houses or dwellings down is ~ 20%, than the heat flow up
are strictly necessary for floors with calculated heat loss is small and, is 150 – (150 · 20%) = 120 W/m².
wooden surface. consequently, the output of floor If actual heat loss is close to that
heating system is also limited. As a value, it will imply a requirement
result, to prevent a heating cable of an increase of a floor surface
from being installed with a large C-C temperature with as much as 12 °C
distance, it’s advisable to use one (120 W/m² /10 W/(m²·K) in relation
with less linear output. For example, to air temperature. E.g. if the air/
for calculated heat loss of 50 W/m², room temperature is 18 °C, the floor
when using the most common temperature can reach 18 + 12 = 30 °C
DEVI cable: DEVIflex™ 18T, the C-C in the coldest time of the year to
distance will be as big as 36 cm. That satisfy the rooms actual heat loss.
will inevitably lead to a floor surface
pitted with cold zones situated 4.2.2. Calculation and selection of
between lines of the installed heating elements/products
cable. As aim for a floor heating
Special DEVI thermostats are used system is to achieve and maintain For more detailed information refer
where setting of the maximum a constant and comfortable floor to the DEVI Product Catalogue and
floor temperature is necessary or temperature, for heating systems previous chapters of this document.
advisable: with required low specific output,
• in programmable models: by we recommend heating cables with Estimation of a heating system’s
setting of special option. lower linear output (in [W/m²]): for calculated output.
• in simple models: by manual example DEVIflex™ 10T or DEVIflex™ 6T. Define heat loss of the premises
potentiometer under the This allows reduction of C-C Q [W]: from documentation or by
thermostats cover. distance and leads to a more even calculation (e.g. EN 12831).
temperature division on the floor.
Factory default setting for maximum Floor heating system calculated
floor temperature limit is 35 °C. Safety coefficient. output is determined with taking into
For heating systems installed in account a safety factor of 1,3:
Even if a specific floor installation floor structure, it’s necessary to add P = Q · 1,3 [W].
doesn’t particularly require a floor a safety coefficient of 1,2-1,3, when
sensor to be installed, it’s strongly designing a power output that needs Choice of a specific heating
advised to do so. Install a plastic pipe to be installed in the floor. This factor element (mat or cable).
conduit where, at later date, floor is an experience value used by the Define the thickness of floor
sensor could be fitted. The heating industry, and is based on following construction over the cable. If
element (cable or mat), is installed in facts: planned concrete height is 3 cm
the floor construction where it forms • heating cables length, resistance or more, heating cable is usually
parallel lines. When using a heating and wattage tolerance, installed, if floor construction is thin
cable: output density of heating • power supply voltage has some (tile adhesive, etc.), heating mat
system (in [W/m²]) is determined accuracy, (with thickness of ~ 3-4,5 mm) is a
by C-C distance (cable-to-cable or • heat loss downwards, floor preferred choice. It should be noted
center-to-center distance) of heating buildup, and surface material type. that there are no restrictions for use
cable. Increasing the distance of heating mat in concrete or thick
between cables leads to decreasing Floor surface temperature. floor construction.
of output and vice versa. When a It should be taken into account that
14 Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVIIt’s strongly advised to install Heating cable. Output of the selected cable is
insulation in the floor construction Cable is usually fixed with help of the actual output of the heating
if possible. Its thickness should be DEVIfast™ metal fitting band, with system.
selected according to local norms. cable attachment points every 2,5 cm
When heating system works for a and allows to implement different For total room heating DEVI
fairly long period during the year fixed output on 1 [m²]. This fact recommends to choose screened
(e.g. in the Nordic countries for should be taken into consideration twin conductor DEVIflex™ 18T,
6-8 months per year), thickness of during calculation of a specific DEVIflex™ 10T, DEVIflex™ 6T heating
thermal insulation in the floor has a solution. For example, if the cable is cables or, only if necessary, a single
direct influence on level of heat loss DEVIflex™ 18T and supply voltage conductor DEVIbasic™ 20S heating
and therefore additional electricity is 230 V for C-C distance of 12,5 cm, cable.
costs. For the durability of the floor output is 145 [W/m²], and for
construction concrete installed C-C = 10 cm – 180 [W/m²] The number at the end of the
over/onto insulation, has to have (See also Appendix A.1). cable’s name refers to its specific
a thickness of at least 3 cm and be output for 1 m – W/m at 230 V,
in accordance with local building It should be noted that in some letter T – twin conductor cable
norms. countries supply voltage is lower (Twin), letter S – single conductor
than 230 V, which leads to a decrease cable (Single).
Estimation of heated floor area. in cable output and, respectively,
To estimate installation area of different [W/m²] with the same In floor construction the most
heating cable or mat AINST (in [m²]): installation distance. For example frequently used cable is
deduct the area, where cable is not DEVIflex™ 18T – twin conductor,
installed, from the total area of the at 220 V electrical supply, the output 18 W/m at 230 V.
installation (room). It’s recommended form a heating element, rated at
that strip along the walls without 230 V is only 91,5% (coefficient Heating mat.
cable/mat has width of ~ 10-15 cm 0,915 should be applied to heating When installing thin heating mat, it
and along the interior walls, where element output from DEVI Product is chosen with a specific output
furniture will be most probably Catalogue). pINST [W/m²] the nearest larger to
installed, is within 30-40 cm. calculated output pCALC. However
For heating systems in the floor For heating cable with defined installation also needs to look at
construction, furniture on legs installation C-C distance, a specific the available floor area AINST [m²],
(min. 5 cm of air gap to the floor) is output pINST [W/m²] is selected, and choose a mat, that covers an
advised, allowing airflow underneath, with help of a product table or area close to available. Otherwise
so the cable/mat under the furniture calculated using the formula. Usually installation will leave unheated
will not overheat. a product with nearest larger value and cold floor areas, resulting in
to calculated output pCALC is chosen. users dissatisfaction with the total
Estimation of the calculated output This chosen/calculated output will heating system.
per [m²]. be the actual output for 1 m² of the
Specific calculated area output, pCALC heating system. In other words, it is For example, DEVI screened heating
[W/m²] is calculated by dividing the area specific output pINST [W/m²] of mats designed for installation in
calculated heat loss Q [W] by the selected heating cable installation floor construction:
installation area AINST [m²]: C-C distance. • twin conductor of ~3,0 mm:
DEVImat™ 70T, DEVImat™ 100T,
pCALC = Q / AINST [W/m²]. Heating cable total output pCALC [W] is DEVImat™ 150T, DEVImat™ 200T;
calculated as the specific output pINST • twin conductor of ~4,0 mm:
It should be noted that the calculated [W/m²] multiplied by the installation DEVIcomfort™ 100T,
output is typically slightly less than area AINST [m²]: DEVIcomfort™ 150T;
real chosen output of heating cable, • single conductor of ~3,0 mm:
which is installed in the floor. This pCALC [W] = pINST [W/m²] · AINST [m²] DEVIheat™ 150S.
is due to the fact that cable can be
attached on DEVIfast™ fitting band Cable is selected from a list of factory The number at the end of the mat’s
with a fixed distance of 2,5 cm (or produced products, with output name refers to its specific output for
multiplication thereof ) only. pINST [W], usually the nearest larger 1 m2 in [W/m²] at 230 V, letter T –
to calculated output pCALC [W]. The twin conductor mat (Twin), letter S –
Choice of length of heating cable nearest lower output can only be single conductor mat (Single).
or area of heating mat. recommended, if it differs from the
Total cable/mat output should not estimated no more than ~5%.
be less than the calculated heat loss,
including the safety factor of 1,3.
Division · Cable Floor Heating Systems · VGLUH102 · ©DEVI 15For example, DEVIcomfort™ 100T temperature sensor (included independent zones with separate
heating mat is a twin conductor, with thermostat). The floor sensor cables and individual thermostats,
100 W/m² at 230 V (91 W/m² at 220 V). allows controlling and limiting the each zone not exceeding the
maximum temperature of the floor connected output indicated
Output of the selected heating mat surface. This restriction is often above, and with the same output
will be the actual output of the mandatory and standardized for (in [W/m²]) installed;
heating system. some producers of floor coverings, 2. Contactor for proper current
e.g. for laminate or parquet boards. isused (additional larger relay),
Calculation of the length of the usually mounted on a DIN rail in
fitting band. Following is recommended, if: the switch panel.
If heating cable is chosen, it is • heating area is larger than 5 m²:
recommended to use fitting band programmable thermostat with Recommendation: it is better to
to fasten it to the floor base, for timer, for example, DEVIreg™ choose thermostat load at 70-80%
example, galvanized DEVIfast™ Smart or DEVIreg™ Touch of maximum.
fitting band. DEVIfast™ is usually • heating areas is smaller than 5 m²:
attached to the floor (screwed, simple thermostat without timer, Choice of additional equipment.
nailed or glued) in parallel lines for example, DEVIreg™ 532 or Mounting box for thermostat,
spaced every 50 cm, but not more DEVIreg™ 132, can be chosen. conduit pipe for floor temperature
than 1 m. As a result, approximately sensor, nails or anchors for
two meters of band for each square Simpler thermostats are only attaching fitting band to the floor,
meter of installation area are used. recommended in terms of their etc.
lower cost. But for heating system
Calculation of fitting band length thermostats with timer are the It is assumed that the voltage
LFIX (m) - cable installation area is most energy-efficient choice, since properly supplies the place of
multiplied by two: there is a possibility to save energy the thermostat installation, e.g.
LFIX = ASINST · 2 [m]. during the absence of people in the fuse and RCD are installed in
room, e.g. reduce temperature in switchboard, section and length of
Alternatively, if installation allows, the room at night. power cable are properly chosen,
heating cable can be fixed to metal etc. Otherwise these elements have
reinforcement mesh placed in the Thermostats have an internal to be selected too.
floor construction with help of relay that has a limitation of the
DEVIclip™ twist. maximum output (Amperes), that Floor construction.
thermostat can switch on: typically In multi-layer floor construction,
Choose a thermostat. 3450-3680 W (15-16 A). consisting of many elements, a wide
Thermostat designed for electrical range of considerations need to be
floor heating system for total In case of need to install more than made. Always follow the national
heating is fitted with an internal maximum 3450-3600 W, following rules for construction and in case of
air temperature sensor and two solutions are possible: uncertainty get in contact with your
usually with an additional floor 1. Heating area is divided into local DEVI product supplier.
Example. Direct Floor Heating – calculation and selection of equipment
Total heating system for new build Choice: heating mat or cable. (fixed) installations in the room,
living room. Concrete is assumed not less than limiting the availability of the floor
Total heating via electrical floor, using 3 cm thick, floor construction is area. Under these assumptions for
the heating cable including limiting “thick”. Twin conductor screened 3 x 5 m room the area for cable
of maximum floor temperature. DEVIflex™ 18T heating cable is installation is:
chosen for installation.
Data: AINST = 15 m² – (3 + 5 m) ∙ 0,1 m –
Room size 3 x 5 m, total area of 15 m², It is assumed that insulation of – (5 + 3 m) ∙ 0,8 m =
concrete floor, stable supply voltage necessary thickness will be laid under = 15 m² – 0,6 m² – 3,2 m² =
230 V, ground floor, concrete is the cable, so downward heat loss is = 11 m²
assumed more than 3 cm thick, minimal and does not require taking
calculated heat loss is 1100 W. into account. 4. Estimation of the calculated
output per 1 m².
Definition of cable system’s Estimation of heating cable or mat The calculated heat loss Q [W] should
calculated output. installation area. be divided into cable installation area
The calculated heat loss Q is 1100 W It is proposed that the cable is placed AINST [m²]:
or per [m²]: 73,3 W/m². To select cable at a distance of 10 cm (0,1 m) from
heating systems take into account the 3 m length outer wall and the pCALC = Q / AINST = 1430 W/11 m² =
the safety factor of 1,3, the calculated same from opposite wall with the = 130,3 ≈ 131 W/m².
output is: P = 1100 · 1,3 = 1430 [W]. door. There are no other permanent
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