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Harvard Kennedy School
JOURNAL OF HISPANIC POLICY
A Harvard Kennedy School student publication
Volume 32Copyright All views expressed in the Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy are those of the authors and do not represent the views of Harvard University, the John F. Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University, the editorial staff of the Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy, the Executive Advisory Board of the Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy, or any associates of the journal. © 2020 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. All rights reserved. Except as otherwise specified, no article or portion herein is to be reproduced or adapted to other works without the expressed written consent of the editors of the Harvard Journal of Hispanic Policy. ii Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policy
Staff Bryan Cortes Co-Editor-in-Chief Rodrigo Dorador Co-Editor-in-Chief Natalia Chavez Executive Director Daniel A. Estupiñan Managing Editor, Print Yasmin Serrato-Muñoz Managing Editor, Digital Thomas Franco Senior Editor Alexander de Avila Senior Editor Jonatan Ortiz Senior Editor Alberto Castellón Senior Editor Jazmine Garcia Delgadillo Senior Editor Kat Hemsing Senior Editor Cristina Correa Senior Editor Mayumi Cornejo Senior Editor Martha Foley Publisher Richard Parker Faculty Advisor Volume 32 | 2020 iii
Executive Advisory Board
Gail M. Smith Nora de Hoyos Comstock, PhD
Board Chair Founder and Board Member,
CEO and Publisher, Las Comadres para Las Americas
Impacto Latino Trustee, Austin Community
College District
Georgina C. Verdugo*
Consultant and Attorney at Law Jim R. Carr
Former Chair, Harvard Kennedy
Hilda Polanco, School Journal of Hispanic Policy
CPA, CGMA, CCSA® Executive Advisory Board
Founder and CEO,
Fiscal Management Associates, Daniel Garza
LLC (FMA) President, The Libre Initiative
Grace Flores-Hughes* Juan Salazar*
Vice Chair, F&H 2 Inc. Head of Local Policy and
Community Engagement, Facebook
Alejandra Campoverdi*
Founder, The Well Woman Coalition Margaret Lezcano
Managing Director, UBS Inc.
Genoveva L. Arrellano*
Principal, Arellano Associates Henry A.J. Ramos
Member Emeritus, Harvard
Sergio Levin Kennedy School Journal of
Independent Advisor in graduate Hispanic Policy Executive Advisory
education programs Board
*Harvard Kennedy School alumnus
^Harvard College alumnus
iv Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic PolicyTable of Contents
Editors’ Note 2
Commentary 4
Why the Supreme Court’s DACA decision will determine whether
people like me matter, Antonio Arellano
Commentary 7
Be Counted in Our Democracy: 2020 Census and the Latinx Community,
Teresa Acuña
Feature 18
Still Unrepresented: A 10-year look at the diversity crisis on Capitol Hill,
Congressional Hispanic Staffer Association (CHSA)
Feature 32
FinTech: Means to Inclusive Economic Development?, Sharon Velasquez
Interview 41
Latinx Political Leadership—An Interview with California Secretary of
State Alex Padilla, Natalia Chavez & Bryan Cortes
Feature 48
Chilling Effects and Grumbling Stomachs: The Impact of Public
Charge Rule Changes on Nutrition Assistance Access among Children in
Immigrant Families, Allyson Rose Pérez
Feature 55
The Unfolding of Latinx Political Power in Nevada: Doubling Down on
Urban Education Policy, Dr. Magdalena Martinez
Commentary 77
The War on Immigration in the Age of Big Data and Artificial Intelligence,
Thomas Franco
Feature 85
The Housing Choice Voucher (HCV) Program and Upward Mobility:
Through a Latino Lens, Mayra VazquezEditor’s Note
We are at a critical inflection point in the history of the United States. In 2020,
we will be conducting a nationwide census and electing a new president.
The outcomes of these processes will influence the trajectory of this nation
and the lives of millions of Latinxs.
According to the Pew Research Center, a growing share of Latinxs say
that the community’s situation worsened after 2016. Perhaps one of the most
indicative manifestations that the growing concern is real came to pass in
the summer of 2019. A young man shot and killed 22 individuals in the
community of El Paso, Texas. Before the attack, the young man posted a
document online that tied his attack to an effort to defend his country against
the “[Latinx] invasion of Texas.” Although the individual is being tried for a
federal hate crime and is likely to be convicted, the event has made its imprint
in the Latinx community, which has been the target of White supremacist
rhetoric and policy in recent years. Despite being targeted, our community
has not bowed its head. In fact, the same Pew Research Center study shows
that Latinxs are becoming more politically engaged. At the journal, we believe
in the power of civil society to change the course of history, especially at the
critical juncture in which we find ourselves.
To foster conversation around this topic, we chose “Latinx Power and
Representation” as the theme of our 32nd volume. This issue of the journal
will highlight timely policy issues at the center of Latinx political power. The
volume intends to offer a perspective on the challenges and opportunities
facing different groups within the Latinx community to achieve, reclaim,
and exercise power in today’s context.
Among some of our pieces are Dr. Magdalena Martinez’s piece, “The
Unfolding of Latinx Political Power in Nevada,” which is a must-read case
study that will enable readers to better understand how demographic chang-
es, especially within schools, have become a catalyst for Latinx political
awakening. In an exclusive interview for the journal, California Secretary
of State, Alex Padilla, shares his perspective of the political transformation
that California experienced after Proposition 187 and gives us advice on how
Latinxs can increase their representation in the political arena. In another
featured article, the Congressional Hispanic Staff Association (CHSA) pro-
vides a critical take on the lack of diversity in Congress and offers concrete
2 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policypolicy proposals to improve the representation of Latinxs that staff legislative
offices and powerful committees on Capitol Hill. Overall, we have carefully
selected each piece to provide insightful commentary and research insights,
and we hope that this volume fosters conversation on the opportunities and
challenges facing the Latinx community.
We are thankful for the executive advisory board members for their
continued dedication to the journal staff. A special thank you to Gail Smith,
our board’s chair, for her continued support and guidance to the journal’s
leadership team. We would also like to thank Martha Foley, assistant director
of student services, and Professor Richard Parker, our faculty advisor, for their
continued dedication to student-run policy journals at the John F. Kennedy
School of Government at Harvard University.
Finally, we are also grateful for the support of our entire editorial team.
You all have poured your hearts into this journal, and we are sincerely
grateful for your strength and dedication in serving Latinx and Hispanic
communities at Harvard University and beyond. Our experience leading the
Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policy would not have been
the same without all of you. Lastly, thank you to our dedicated readers: you
sustain our hope about the future of our community.
Please find more information about the Harvard Kennedy School Journal
of Hispanic Policy on our website: http://hjhp.hkspublications.org/
Con Fuerza,
Bryan Cortes & Rodrigo Dorador
Co-Editors in Chief, 2019-2020
Volume 32 | 2020 3Commentary
Why the Supreme Court’s DACA
Decision Will Determine
Whether People like Me Matter
Antonio Arellano
Antonio Arellano is the interim justice issues through leadership
executive director of Jolt, the largest development and advocacy.
Latino progressive organization Antonio’s consistent innovation has
in Texas, focused on building the garnered national attention, and
political power and influence he has been featured in MSNBC,
of young Latinos. Antonio is a the Washington Post, Huffpost,
proven human rights advocate, and USA Today. Discover
whose efforts have resulted in the more about Antonio here: www.
engagement and mobilization of antonioarellano.com.
thousands of young Latino voters
in Texas. Named one of the most The Supreme Court has an important
influential Latinos in the United decision to make this sitting: whether
people like me matter. As a gay DACA
States by Hispanicize, Antonio’s recipient, the nine justices will de-
social media accounts reach a termine what rights I deserve in the
combined 100 thousand millennial country I call home, the country that
voters. He uses his voice and once protected me but is now willing
to betray me because of who I love
platforms to encourage young
and where I come from.
Latinos to make systemic change The landmark decision legaliz-
on racial, immigration, economic, ing gay marriage nationwide in the
environmental, and gender summer of 2015 gave me hope and
reminded me of the brilliance of
4 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policyour democratic experiment. This rely on the court while lawmakers in
moment, which for so many, marked Congress sit on bills like the Equality
an advancement in humankind, was Act and Dream Act, which would
short lived. Almost immediately after deliver real solutions. America must
this victory, it was eclipsed by relent- reject discrimination and racism and
less attempts to intimidate and strip embrace diversity and equality.
LGBTQ people of our human rights. As the court hears the opening
Having to navigate a life of rejec- arguments in these cases, violent acts
tions, discrimination, and humiliation are on the rise against immigrants
as a gay Latino in Texas was only and hate crimes against transgen-
compounded by my immigration der women. Over 20 transgender
status. This continuous battle seemed or gender non-conforming people
to temporarily improve with the imple- have been fatally shot or killed by
mentation of the Deferred Action for other means in 2019, and there is
Childhood Arrivals (DACA) program still a month left to go, according
in June 2012. to the Human Rights Campaign.
When it was announced that the Among those killed is Johana “Joa”
court would hear the cases to rescind Medina, a 25 year old who died at a
DACA and LGBTQ discrimination hospital in El Paso hours after she
within months of each other, I was was released from ICE custody. She
spurred back into action, with the vivid dreamed of working as a certified
images of our past protests for liberty nurse in the United States after being
still fresh on my mind. After years unable to practice as a transgender
of making our demands for equality woman in her home country. Fellow
heard, we will be either silenced or Latina, Layleen Polanco, is a 27 year
affirmed by a potential 5-4 decision. old who was found dead in a cell at
Our country deserves perma- Rikers Island. She was described as a
nent solutions regarding DACA “sweet,” “generous,” and “amazing”
and LGBTQ discrimination. These person by those who knew her.
Supreme Court cases are just the Coretta Scott King once said,
culmination of America’s ongoing “Struggle is a never-ending process.
fight with its bigoted system. Margin- Freedom is never really won, you earn
alized communities have been taught it and win it in every generation.”
to rely on the court to protect their Amidst the anti-Latino and anti-im-
rights and to protect them from being migrant sentiment that has permeated
harmed by law enforcement officers the country, there has never been a
in New York (Stonewall) and here in more critical time to fight for our
Texas (Rangers). We have been told to dignity, our rights, and our freedom.
Volume 32 | 2020 5Searing discrimination toward the and gender identity are set aside for
LGBTQ community and unabashed the common good. We live in an
racism against Latinos is as American increasingly divisive time, and this
as apple pie. The earliest cases of dis- decision will be key in setting the
crimination stem from early disputes stage on whether we will continue
over Spanish and Mexican territories, divided or will work toward unity and
but LGBTQ Latinos are particularly a common vision for the pursuit of
vulnerable to workplace exploitation, life, liberty, and justice for all.
immigration policies, and hate crimes. America must make amends with the
Despite continuous setbacks on the past and recognize the progress of
journey to equality, LGBTQ Lati- society. This starts by recognizing and
nos haven’t shied away from making appreciating the diversity and equality
their voices heard. This marginalized that makes us great. Our country’s
subgroup has great role models in Constitution begins with the words
individuals like José Julio Sarria, the “We the People.” By upholding the
first openly gay candidate for public rights of LGBTQ and undocumented
office in the United States; Sylvia people, the Supreme Court will finally
Rivera, a bisexual and transgender make “We” more like me.
rights activist credited with starting the
Stonewall Riots; and Gloria Anzaldúa,
a renowned Chicano history scholar
and lesbian rights advocate. Despite
insurmountable progress, work still
lies ahead, and it is up to the new
generation of LGBTQ advocates to
continue the good fight.
Now, the future of young undocu-
mented people with hopes and dreams
of changing the lives of their families,
their communities, and the country
lies with the nine justices of the Su-
preme Court. By deciding who gets
protection and who doesn’t in this
country, they will effectively decide
what the future of this country will
look like. America must propel hu-
mankind toward a future of inclusion
where differences such as social status
6 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic PolicyCommentary
Be Counted in Our Democracy:
2020 Census and
the Latinx Community
Teresa Acuña
Teresa Acuña is associate director in presidential appointments and in
of the Ash Center’s Democratic elected office.
Governance program at the John
She served as legislative director
F. Kennedy School of Government
to Congressional Representative
at Harvard University, where she
Gloria Negrete McLeod and as
bridges practice, technology, and
legislative director to California
academia to build sustainable
State Assemblymember Luis
democracies.
Alejo, where she managed a broad
For over ten years, Teresa has progressive policy agenda. A former
worked at the state and national California State Senate Fellow
levels in a variety of policy, political, and legislative aide to California
and governance roles, most recently State Senator Gilbert Cedillo,
director of policy and leadership she helped usher legislation that
programs at the National Hispanic sought to diminish social and civil
Leadership Agenda in Washington, inequalities. She has also been
DC, a premier coalition of the involved in numerous electoral
nation’s 40 leading organizations campaigns across the country.
advocating on behalf of Latinos in
the United States. Teresa managed Teresa graduated from the John F.
a national effort to increase diversity Kennedy School of Government at
Volume 32 | 2020 7Harvard University with a master’s receives in the House of Representa-
in public administration and from tives. While each state is allotted two
seats in the US Senate, the number of
San Diego State University with
representative seats fluctuates based
a bachelor’s of arts in political on the state’s population. Predicated
science and Chicana/o studies. She on the principle of one person, one
sits on various nonprofits’ boards, vote, every congressional district must
including New American Leaders. have equal population size for pur-
poses of representation. The same
principal holds for the apportionment
The Census is a vital but often of state legislative seats, requiring
overlooked civic action in our de- redistricting of congressional districts
mocracy. For the Latinx community, and state legislative districts to follow
participation in the upcoming Census every decennial Census. An under-
will have long-term consequences. count of a population diminishes a
Their participation will determine community’s influence in Congress,
how effectively they are represented state legislatures, and other govern-
in Congress and state legislatures and mental bodies.
how services for their community The Census provides us with
are funded. Therefore, it is critically greater insight into how individu-
important that measures be taken to als and communities perceive their
ensure Latinx households self-report identities. It produces one of the
in the Census and be counted. largest datasets reflecting the peo-
Why Does the Census Matter? ple living in the United States and
Mandated in the United States Con- its territories. Through the Census,
stitution, the founders enshrined the policymakers, businesses, and academ-
notion of counting every person living ics are provided with wide-ranging
in the country for purposes of deter- data that help guide the allocation
mining political representation. Since of federal aid, government services,
1790, the Census has been held every and other resources. For example, in
ten years, requiring all persons that 2017, 316 federal spending programs
reside in the country, irrespective relied on Census data to allocate
of citizenship or residency status, to $1.5 trillion to state and local gov-
participate. ernments, nonprofits, businesses, and
The Census aims to create equal households.1 These programs funded
distribution of power and is used communal resources such as roads,
for reapportionment, a process that fire stations, and schools as well as
redistributes the number seats a state aid to individuals such as child care
8 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policyand nutrition benefits. An accurate a major concern for some state and
Census helps ensure that funding is local officials as well as for advocates
properly allocated to communities of hard-to-count populations. Some
that need it most. states and local municipalities have
Given that money and power are responded to the federal government’s
at stake, an accurate count of all lack of funding by investing their own
people is necessary for fair allocation funds to ensure a complete count.
of resources and representation in California, which houses a high
our democracy. number of hard-to-count communities
including a large Latinx population,
Hard-to-Count Communities will invest over $150 million of state
and Census Challenges funding to ensure an accurate count.3,4
A challenging reality of the Census It is a modest and worthwhile in-
is that there are communities that vestment given the federal dollars it
are considered hard to count and are risks losing through an undercount
therefore underrepresented in the of its residents. However, 24 states
Census. Some of these communities will not make similar investments,
have long been underrepresented in including Texas, another state with
the Census, while others are just now a high number of Latinx residents.5
experiencing real or perceived barriers
to participation.2 An individual’s like- Undercounting the Latinx
lihood of responding to the Census Community
can vary greatly depending on their In the 2020 Census, the Latinx com-
race, ethnicity, immigration status, munity faces an acute risk of being
type of home dwelling, or income undercounted, which risks further
level, among other factors. Moreover, contributing toward the community’s
new collection methodologies can underrepresentation in the halls of
also impact response rates, and the power as well as depriving the Latinx
Census Bureau has bolstered its efforts community of critical federal invest-
to collect data online. ments it needs.
To reach hard-to-count popula- As of 2018, there were approx-
tions, the Census Bureau must de- imately 59.9 million members of
ploy a variety of innovative methods. the Latinx community living in the
This means robust outreach, multiple United States and its territories, which
mailers, and in-person enumerators represents one the largest and fast-
to follow up with non-respondents. est-growing demographic groups in
However, the federal government’s un- the country.6 Yet, for the 2020 Census,
derinvestment in the Census has been the Latinx community makes up one
Volume 32 | 2020 9in every three hard-to-count census be undercounted.
tracks, and when individuals are not * Language barriers preventing
counted, entire communities are participation. Achieving an accurate
impacted. count requires participants to under-
While there are a variety of factors stand the questions and messaging
contributing to the potential underrep- intended to encourage participation.
resentation of the Latinx community While the online Census will offer
in the 2020 Census, there are several materials in 13 different languages,
factors that exacerbate the communi- the forms will only be available in
ty’s vulnerability to an undercount. English and Spanish. The usage of
* High proportion of undercounted non-English materials will play a
population: Latinx children. Histori- critical role in bolstering participation,
cally, the Census struggles to capture as 30 percent of all Hispanics residing
the accurate number of children living in the United States report they do not
in the United States. However, young speak English “very well.”9 Yet, while
Latinx children are more likely to go Census materials will be available
uncounted than their non-Hispanic in Spanish, there are language vari-
counterparts.7 In the 2010 Census, ances within the Latinx population,
Latinx children between the ages and lower levels of literacy among
of 0 and 4 accounted for 30 percent immigrant communities may require
of the undercounted group.8 As a additional interventions.10
result, states and local governments * Socioeconomic status and educa-
lost critical federal funding for the tional attainment. Communities with
education, nutrition, and health care higher income levels and educational
services meant for these children and attainment are less likely to be un-
their families. There are a variety of dercounted in the Census. However,
reasons this population is difficult poverty within the Latinx community
to count. For example, some chil- is pervasive—21 percent of the Latinx
dren may be not be counted because community lives in poverty, while over
they live in linguistically isolated 60 percent of Latinx individuals only
households, nontraditional family have a high school degree or never
settings, or with extended family such completed high school.11
as grandparents or unrelated adults. * Immigration status and polit-
Some forms of housing also impact ical climate. When our founders
the likelihood of being undercounted, mandated the federal government
as people living in rental properties conduct a census, they did not restrict
or multi-family dwellings are more participation to citizens. In spite of the
likely than single-family homes to Trump administration’s unsuccessfulattempt to add a citizenship question, work.16 In addition, Latinx families
it is essential that every single person are less likely to own homes and
residing in the United States have instead may live in nontraditional
an opportunity to participate in the living arrangements or low-visibility
2020 Census. However, for many housing. Those who rent may also
undocumented immigrants living in be at risk of being undercounted as,
fear of deportation, as well as those according to the Census, renters are
living in mixed-status homes, the fear less likely to respond because they
of exposure may contribute toward a are more mobile.17
sense of apprehension in participating * The digital divide and lack of
in a government-led survey. Within digital literacy among the Latinx
the US Latinx community, 34 percent community. As a cost-saving measure,
of individuals are foreign born, and the Census Bureau is encouraging
over 70 percent of undocumented participants to reply online. Yet, not
immigrants are from Latin Ameri- all communities have access to broad-
ca.12,13 While the Census adheres to band internet, nor do all individuals
Title 13 of the United States Code, have the digital literacy needed to par-
requiring strict confidentiality of re- ticipate in the online Census. While
spondents information, often these one-third of Americans lack access to
communities are not aware of the broadband services, approximately 53
confidential nature of the surveys, and percent of Latino households lack
the current political climate may not access or experience limited access
quell the concerns and distrust felt to home broadband services.18 Yet,
by immigrant communities.14 The even if a Latinx household can afford
Trump administration’s vocal hostility broadband internet, they may live in
toward immigrant communities, as a rural community that struggles to
well as the potential for workplace close the digital divide. Given the
raids, further increases fears among disparities in digital literacy among the
immigrants hesitant to participate in Latinx community, substantial online
the Census.15 participation in the Census may not
* Nontraditional living arrange- be a realistic expectation. This may
ments. The type of dwelling a person explain why, when compared to other
lives in also impacts their ability to groups, Latinx individuals are more
participate in the Census. Within the likely to prefer completing the Census
Latinx community, there are various through traditional paper forms, with
nontraditional living arrangements 75 percent of Latinx individuals saying
to consider, such as immigrants par- they would prefer to respond to the
ticipating in migratory or seasonal Census on paper questionnaires.19
Volume 32 | 2020 11Complexities around the 2020 In the 2010 Census, the race
Census question confounded the Latinx
The Census is continuously evolving. community, and nearly 50 percent
Leading up to the release of the 2020 chose “some other race or two or
Census, two proposed changes spurred more races.” The Census Bureau
debate for their potential impact on reports that testing the combined race
Latinx participation. and ethnicity question led to higher
accuracy and lower non-response
The Race & Ethnicity Question to the race question.21 Despite the
The Census Bureau collects informa- opportunity to improve the Census
tion on participants’ race and ethnicity accuracy, the Trump administration
for purposes of enforcing race-based denied requests to combine the race
protections, such as anti-discrimina- and ethnicity question, continuing
tion laws. But for many groups the the practice of offering two separate
racial and ethnic categories do not questions that lead to less-accurate
reflect their self-identities. The Census identification and misrepresentation
asks these questions in two parts: first, of the Latinx diaspora.
the participant is asked to self-identify
their ethnicity, then the participant is Trump Administration and the
asked to self-identify their race. Citizenship Question
For the Latinx community, ques- In 2018, the Trump administration
tions around race and ethnicity are formally announced its intention to
complex and stem from differences add a citizenship question to the 2020
in language, culture, generations, and Census for the first time in over 50
histories rooted in colonization. The years. This question was previously
Latinx population is not a monolith, removed by the Census Bureau, as it
and each individual person views their was found to result in an inaccurate
self through a unique ethnocentric count that disproportionally affected
lens that may not be shared by the people of color.22 The Department
entire group.20 For example, the same of Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross
respondents who identify as Hispanic, maintained that the citizenship ques-
Latino, or Spanish under the ethnic tion was necessary to enforce the Voting
question may choose two different Rights Act of 1965. However, in 2017,
races. Some Latinx may identify with internal documents from Kansas Sec-
their European roots and choose retary of State Kris Kobach, a member
White as their race, while others may of President Trump’s now-defunct
identify with their African roots and Voter Fraud Commission pointed to
choose Black as their race. another motive, saying that “aliens .
12 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policy. . are still counted for congressional states took to the courts to stop the
apportionment purposes.”23 In light of Trump administration from including
the leaked documents, a likely motive it in the 2020 Census.
for the citizenship questions was to In 2019, the Supreme Court ruled
purposely exclude noncitizens from in Department of Commerce v. New
the Census, impacting the population York, rejecting the Department of
numbers from which redistricting Commerce’s claim that the question
lines are drawn and helping red-state would be used to enforce the Voting
legislatures draw districts that benefit Rights Act of 1965.
Republicans. While a citizenship question will
Advocates and states with large not appear on the 2020 Census, a
hard-to-count populations were con- chilling effect remains among partici-
cerned that the citizenship question pants already distrustful of the survey.
would suppress communities with It is not clear what lasting damage the
large undocumented populations from proposed question will have for the
completing the Census. Latinx count, but for undocumented
According to random controlled immigrants and households with a
trials conducted at the John F. Kennedy mixed immigration status, the fear
School of Government at Harvard of the Census continues.
University, asking a citizenship ques-
tion greatly suppressed participants of What Is at Stake for the Latinx
Hispanic origin.24 Community?
They concluded: As a fast-growing population in the
[A]sking about citizenship status United States, the Latinx community
significantly increases the percent is entitled to greater political repre-
of questions skipped, with particu- sentation and equitable funding. That
larly strong effects among Hispan- is why the potential undercount of
ics, and makes respondents less the Latinx community in the 2020
likely to report having Hispanic Census could have devastating long-
household members. Aggregating term effects.
this to the national level suggests * Loss of political power and
that asking a citizenship question representation. Census data are used
may lead to an undercounting of to form federal, state, and local district
Hispanics of between 5,761,284 boundaries around an equal number
and 6,382,820 in the 2020 Census of people for the purposes of politi-
(based on 2010 figures).25 cal representation. This is to realize
Fearing the citizenship question equal political power among every
would lead to an inaccurate count, individual. If there is an undercount of
Volume 32 | 2020 13the Latinx population, their political How Do We Ensure Latinx
power is diluted in a representative Participation in the 2020
democracy. Census?
An undercount of the Latinx pop- Improving quality of life within the
ulation will impact federal funding Latinx community depends upon
for various programs the Latinx com- proportional representation in the
munity relies on: 2020 Census. Below are recommen-
* Food and Nutrition. In 2016, dations that strive to ensure the 2020
Latinx households accounted for Census accurately captures the size
one-fifth of Supplemental Nutrition of the Latinx community.
Assistance Program (SNAP) benefi- * Education on Census. Educa-
ciaries, resulting in approximately tion will be key to informing respon-
$16 billion in funding.26 In 2015, dents of the benefits of completing the
Latinxs accounted for 63 percent Census and allaying the fears around
of participants enrolled in Special it. Doing so will require sharing infor-
Supplemental Nutrition Program mation on how the Census informs
for Women, Infants and Children political representation and federal
(WIC).27 In 2005, Latinx children funding. Moreover, education should
made up 24 percent of all Nation- focus on addressing the legitimate fear
al School Lunch Program (NSLP) respondents feel around sharing their
participants.28 personal information. Respondents
* Healthcare. In 2013, Latinxs must know not only that their infor-
made up 25 percent of Federal Med- mation will be kept confidential by
ical Assistance Program (Medicaid) the Census Bureau but also that there
recipients,29 while in 2010, Latinx are a variety of methods available by
children accounted for 23 percent which they can respond.
of enrollees in Medicaid/Children’s * Outreach by trusted messengers.
Health Insurance Program (CHIP).30 Who is messaging and educating the
* Education Funding. In 2015, Latinx community about the 2020
the Census helped determine $14 Census is equally important. Assuag-
billion in funding for Title I grants, ing fears and creating excitement
$11 billion for special education grants in responding are best conveyed by
to states, and $8 billion for Head trusted messengers within hard-to-
Start, respectively. With one-third count communities. Family, com-
of the Latinx community under 18 munity leaders, local governments,
years old, investments in educational businesses, and community-based
programs like these have tremendous organizations are best suited to edu-
economic potential.31 cate Latinx communities about the
14 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic PolicyCensus and convey it in culturally
competent ways. Endnotes
* Media leverage. Creative and 1 Andrew Reamer, “Counting for Dollars 2020:
efficient use of media can help deliver The Role of the Decennial Census in the Geo-
graphic Distribution of Federal Funds,” GW
important Census information to a
Institute of Public Policy, 10 February 2020,
large number of people. Investing accessed 1 March 2020, https://gwipp.gwu.edu/
in ethnic media to convey this in- counting-dollars-2020-role-decennial-cen-
formation in culturally appropriate sus-geographic-distribution-federal-funds.
ways will help capture persons in 2 Counting the Hard to Count in a Census
non-English-speaking media mar- (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2019)
[PDF file].
kets. Creatively using social media
3 For the purposes of this commentary, “Latinx”
to geotarget messaging may also raise is used interchangeably with the terms “His-
awareness and enthusiasm within the panic” and “Latino.”
Latinx community.32 4 California Complete Count – Census 2020
* Full funding assurance. Achiev- (California Census 2020) [PDF file].
ing a full count will require a variety 5 Michael Wines and Joes A. Del Real, “In 2020
Census, Big Efforts in Some States. In Others,
of outreach methods to speak to hard-
Not So Much,” New York Times, updated
to-count populations. For that reason, 17 December 2019, https://www.nytimes.
federal and state governments must com/2019/12/15/us/census-california-texas-un-
increase funding for the Census, dercount.html.
which will help ensure there are 6 “Hispanic Heritage Month 2019,” US Census
sufficient funds for paid media and Bureau, 20 August 2019, https://www.census.
gov/newsroom/facts-for-features/2019/hispan-
for part-time Census takers to follow
ic-heritage-month.html.
up with residents who have not yet 7 William O’Hare, Deborah Griffin, and Scott
responded to the Census. Konicki, Investigating the 2010 Undercount of
The 2020 Census will prove to Young Children – Summary of Recent Research
be a pivotal moment for the Latinx (Washington, DC: US Census Bureau, 2019)
community to define themselves as [PDF file].
8 William o’Hare et al., “The Invisible Ones:
well as provide an opportunity for
How Latino Children Are Left Out of Our Na-
the Latinx community to secure eq- tion’s Census Count,” Child Trends, 26 April
uitable representation and resources. 2016, https://www.childtrends.org/publications/
By being counted, Latinx people the-invisible-ones-how-latino-children-are-left-
increase their visibility among power out-of-our-nations-census-count.
structures, forcing their needs and 9 Antonio Flores, “2015, Hispanic Population
in the United States Statistical Portrait,”
wants to be considered. The fate of
Pew Research Center, 18 September
this community’s future rests on the 2017, https://www.pewresearch.org/his-
actions it takes today. panic/2017/09/18/2015-statistical-informa-
Volume 32 | 2020 15tion-on-hispanics-in-united-states/. 21 Kelly Mathews et al., “2015 National Content 10 A Community Speaks: A Report of the National Test: Race and Ethnicity Analysis Report,” Latino Commission on Census 2020 (NALEO US Census Bureau, 28 February 2017, https:// Educational Fund, 2019) [PDF file]. www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decenni- 11 “American Fact Finder,” US Census Bureau, al-census/2020-census/planning-management/ accessed 15 January 2020, https://factfinder. final-analysis/2015nct-race-ethnicity-analysis. census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/pro- html. ductview.xhtml?src=bkmk. 22 “Commerce Department’s Adminis- 12 Flores, “2015, Hispanic Population in the trative Record For Census Citizenship United States Statistical Portrait.” Question Lawsuits,” NPR, https://apps. 13 Jeffrey S. Passel and D’Vera Cohn, “Mexicans npr.org/documents/document.htm- decline to less than half the U.S. unauthorized l?id=4500011-1-18-Cv-02921-Administra- immigrant population for the first time,” Pew tive-Record. Research Center (blog), 12 June 2019, https:// 23 “Commerce Department’s Administrative www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/12/ Record,” NPR. us-unauthorized-immigrant-population-2017/. 24 Matthew A. Baum et al., Estimating the 14 “Title 13, U.S. Code | History,” US Census Effect of Asking About Citizenship on the U.S. Bureau, n.d., https://www.census.gov/history/ Census: Results from a Randomized Controlled www/reference/privacy_confidentiality/ Trial (Cambridge, MA: Shorenstein Center on title_13_us_code.html. Media, Politics and Public Policy, 2019) [PDF 15 Miriam Jordan and Caitlin Dickerson, “As file]. Trump Threatens Deportations, Immigrant 25 Baum et al., Estimating the Effect of Asking Communities Brace for New Arrests,” About Citizenship on the U.S. Census. New York Times, 18 June 2019, https://www. 26 “SNAP Helps Millions of Latinos,” Center nytimes.com/2019/06/18/us/immigra- on Budget and Policy Priorities, updated 26 tion-raids-fear-families.html. February 2018, https://www.cbpp.org/research/ 16 A Community Speaks (NALEO Educational food-assistance/snap-helps-millions-of-latinos. Fund). 27 “WIC 2015 Eligibility and Coverage 17 “2020 Census: Renters,” US Census Bureau, Rates,” US Department of Agriculture, 25 26 February 2020, https://www.census.gov/ April 2018, https://www.fns.usda.gov/wic/ newsroom/press-kits/2020/2020-census-renters. wic-2015-eligibility-and-coverage-rates. html. 28 Katherine Ralston et al., The National School 18 “Internet/Broadband Fact Sheet,” Pew Lunch Program Background, Trends, and Issues Research Center, 12 June 2019, https:// (economic research report no. ERR-61; Wash- www.pewresearch.org/internet/fact-sheet/ ington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, internet-broadband/. 2008) [PDF file]. 19 A Community Speaks (NALEO Educational 29 “Medicaid & CHIP,” Kaiser Family Founda- Fund). tion, n.d., https://www.kff.org/state-category/ 20 Jorge González and Robert Santos, “Separat- medicaid-chip/medicaid-beneficiaries/. ing Race from Ethnicity in Surveys Risks an 30 Christine Coyer and Genevieve M. Kenney, Inaccurate Picture of the Latinx Community,” “The Composition of Children Enrolled in Urban Wire (blog), https://www.urban.org/ Medicaid and CHIP: Variation over Time urban-wire/separating-race-ethnicity-sur- and by Race and Ethnicity,” Urban Institute, veys-risks-inaccurate-picture-latinx-community. 29 March 2013, https://www.urban.org/ 16 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policy
research/publication/composition-chil- dren-enrolled-medicaid-and-chip-varia- tion-over-time-and-race-and-ethnicity. 31 Eileen Patten, “The Nation’s Latino Population Is Defined by Its Youth,” Pew Research Center, 20 April 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/ hispanic/2016/04/20/the-nations-latino-popula- tion-is-defined-by-its-youth/. 32 A Community Speaks (NALEO Educational Fund). Volume 32 | 2020 17
Feature
Still Unrepresented:
A 10-Year Look at the Diversity Crisis on
Capitol Hill
Congressional Hispanic
Staff Association
The Congressional Hispanic Editor’s Note:
Staff Association (CHSA) is an The Harvard Kennedy School Journal
of Hispanic Policy published a report
official, nonpartisan, bicameral
prepared by CHSA titled “Unrepre-
congressional staff organization, sented: A Blueprint for Solving the
recognized by the Committee Diversity Crisis on Capitol Hill” in
on House Administration, whose Volume 22 in 2010. Ten years later,
mission is to recruit, retain, and we partnered again with CHSA to
update the report and publish it on
advance Hispanic staffers in the
our pages.
US Senate and US House of
Representatives. For three decades,
CHSA has served as a professional Abstract
development catalyst, peer support A decade ago, the Congressional
Hispanic Staff Association (CHSA)
system, and personal enrichment released a groundbreaking report,
organization for numerous Latino “Unrepresented: A Blueprint for Solv-
congressional staffers. Today, ing the Diversity Crisis on Capitol
CHSA continues to push for more Hill.” The 2010 report found that
Latinos were drastically underrepre-
diversity on Capitol Hill.
sented in the Senate and House of
Representatives, especially among
18 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policysenior positions. The report made Latinos for only 3.7 percent of their
several recommendations to improve top positions, and newly elected House
diversity so that the halls of Congress members hired Latinos for only 6.5
would look more like the America it percent of their senior staff.
represents. There were several positive steps
taken over the past decade to im-
prove diversity on Capitol Hill. Senate
“There is a crisis afflicting
Democrats have led the way with
Capitol Hill.” – 2010 CHSA establishing a robust diversity office,
Report and the result has been a significant
increase in Latinos breaking into
There have been some positive senior positions. Senate Democrats
developments over the past decade, started collecting demographic data
with Latinos making up a greater in 2017. The House of Representa-
portion of congressional staff than ever tives has followed suite, with House
before. In the House, Latinos have Democrats establishing a diversity
grown from making up 5.8 percent office in 2017. In 2019, Democrats
of all staff to 12.2 percent. There are and Republicans in the House es-
now more Latinos in senior positions tablished the Office of Diversity and
in the Senate, and more Latinos are Inclusion to work for both parties and
being hired for entry-level positions. conducted a House-wide diversity
However, the diversity crisis re- compensation study.
mains. Latinos, who make up nearly The diversity offices are making a
one in every five Americans, are still positive difference, but much more
drastically underrepresented among work remains to have a congressio-
senior positions and on key commit- nal staff makeup that embodies all
tees. There are no Latino staff direc- Americans. Enacting CHSA’s recom-
tors in the Senate. There is almost mendations in this report will help
no Democratic Latino staff on the address the diversity crisis. Together,
three top Senate committees. In the we can help Congress better reflect
House, the number of Latino chiefs and serve America
of staff would have to increase more
than five times to be representative Introduction
of the nearly one in five Americans Policies impacting all Americans are
of Latino descent. decided in a Congress where Latinos
Unfortunately, looking at the newly are largely absent from top-level staff
elected members provides little opti- positions. Nearly one in every five
mism. Newly elected Senators hired Americans is Latino, but Congress
Volume 32 | 2020 19gets few Latino perspectives on critical Senate
decisions affecting our communities,
our economy, and whether we are at Senate Personal Offices
war or peace. There has been some progress in
Ten years ago, CHSA released the having more Latinos among top-lev-
report “Unrepresented: A Blueprint el staff in Senate personal offices.
for Solving the Diversity Crisis on In the Senate, there are now three
Capitol Hill,” exposing the lack of Latino Senate Democratic chiefs
Latinos on the Hill. Over the past of staff, three deputy chiefs of staff,
decade, many positive steps were taken four legislative directors, and three
to ensure that congressional staffing communications directors. While this
is more reflective of the American is still far short of being equitable, it
public. Senate leaders like Senators signals some progress from ten years
Harry Reid and Chuck Schumer have ago, when Latinos were almost com-
led the way in establishing a Senate pletely absent from these positions.
Diversity Initiative and in starting to
track and publicize data. The Rooney 2010 201516 2020
Rule (diversity) principals have been Chiefs of Staff 1 3 3
encouraged amongst Senate Demo-
Deputy Chief of Staff 0 1 3
crats and more recently in the House.
The House has created a diversity Legislative Director 1 3 417
office for both parties, and funding has Total 2 7 10
been allocated to pay personal office
Senior Staffing among Senate offices,
interns in the House and the Senate. 2010–2020
These efforts are commendable and
should be applauded. In 2015, the 54-seat Republican
More Latinos than ever are on majority had four senior staff who
the Hill in entry-level and junior were Latino versus only three for
positions. However, the crisis remains. Democrats. Five years later, Dem-
Latinos remain largely absent from ocrats now have ten senior staffers,
top senior-level positions and key a tripling of their 2015 mark. This
committee positions. The data are suggests that Democratic efforts to
clear: Latinos are almost completely increase diversity are paying off and
shut out from senior staff positions should be adopted across the aisle.
on Capitol Hill. This report focuses While these gains warrant recog-
on Latinos, but other minorities are nition, Latinos are still drastically
also being denied a seat at the table underrepresented, and more work
where key policy decisions are made. remains ahead of us. If staffing re-
20 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic Policyflected the population of the Ameri- did not collect committee data in its
can public, there would be 18 Latino 2010 report. However, a 2015 Joint
chiefs of staff instead of only 3. Center study found there was not a
A 2015 study by the Joint Center single Latino among the 39 Republi-
for Political and Economic Studies can and Democratic committee staff
(Joint Center) found that out of 336 directors. Five years later, nothing has
top US Senate staffers (chiefs of staff, changed. If representative of the na-
legislative directors, communications tion’s Latino population, there should
directors, and staff directors), only 7 be at least 7 Latino staff directors, but
were Latinos. This is only 2.1 percent not one of the 39 Republican and
of senior-level staff for a population Democrat staff directors of full Senate
that compromised 17.6 percent of committees was Latino at the start of
the total US population at that time. 2020. Furthermore, there are also
Overall, only 24 of the top Senate no African American staff directors.
staffers were people of color (POC).
Senate Democrats have collected 2015 2019
and released general diversity data Latino Staff Directors 0 0
for personal offices in July of 2017,
Senate Latino Committee Staff Directors,
2018, and 2019, but so far, we are
2015–2020
not seeing much improvement. Out
of the 43 Senate Democratic senators The data collected and publicized
serving from 2017 through 2019, by Senate Democrats showed only 2
less than half have improved upon out of 18 Democrat-staffed commit-
the percentage of Latinos in their tees to have Latinos near or above
office. In fact, 19 Senate offices have the 18 percent that would reflect
had a decrease in the percentage of the Latino general population. The
staff that are Latino, while 4 offices Senate Committee on Indian Affairs,
maintained the same percentage, led by Senator Tom Udall (D-NM),
including two offices that had no has a staff that is 29 percent Latino,
Latinos in 2017, and still had no and the Special Committee on Aging,
Latinos two years later. Unfortunate- led by Senator Bob Casey (D-PA),
ly, Senate Republicans do not collect has a staff that is 20 percent Latino.
data on diversity, so we do not know Five Senate committees have
whether they are improving. no Democrat Latino staff at all.
These includes some of the most
Senate Committees powerful committees: Agriculture,
Committee staff play a critically im- Armed Services, Banking, Finance,
portant role in shaping policy. CHSA and Rules.1 According to the Senate
Volume 32 | 2020 21Democratic survey, the Agriculture, All "A"
2017 2018 2019 Total
Armed Services, Banking, and Rules committees
committees have not had a Latino Agriculture,
Democrat staffer for three consecutive Nutrition, and 0 0 0 0
Forestry
years, since at least 30 June 2017.
The Agriculture, Armed Services, Appropriations 0 0 5% 1.7%
and Rules committees also lacked Armed Services 0 0 0 0
a single Democrat staffer who was Banking,
African American. Housing, and 0 0 0 0
Senate Democrat Caucus rules Urban Affairs
designate three committees as “Su- Commerce,
Science, and 4% 4% 7% 5.0%
per A” committees: Appropriations, Transportation
Armed Services, and Finance.2 But
Energy and
Latinos are largely absent from the Natural 27% 14% 11% 17.3%
three committees designated to be Resources
the most important by Democratic Finance 4% 0 0 1.3%
leaders. Between 30 June 2017 and
Foreign Affairs 8% 7% 7% 7.3%
30 June 2019, Latinos have made
Health,
up only 1 percent of staff of the top Education,
Super A committees. 11% 7% 14% 10.7%
Labor and
Pensions
Super A Total Homeland
2017 2018 2019 Security and
Committees (average) 4% 4% 3% 3.7%
Governmental
Appropriations 0 0 5% 2% Affairs
Armed Services 0 0 0 0 Judiciary 12% 9% 13% 11.3%
Finance 4% 0 0 1% Total 6.4% 4.1% 5.5% 5.3%
Total 1% 0 2% 1% Democratic Latino Staff on Senate “A”
Committees, 2017–2019
Democratic Latino Staff on “Super A”
Committees, 2017–2019 There is no substantive data col-
lected on the Senate Republican
Looking at all the A committees, committees, but anecdotal evidence
Latinos made up only 5.3 percent suggests Republicans fair no better
of these important policy positions, when it comes to hiring Latinos. On
including a decline of nearly 1 per- both sides of the aisle, the number
cent from 2017 to 2019. Latinos are of Latinos making policy on Senate
simply not in the room where policy committees is abysmally low. Put
decisions happen. simply, Latinos are not proportionallyrepresented in the room where key If Latino staffing reflected the per-
policy decisions happen. centage of Latinos in America, there
would be nearly 80 Latino chiefs of
House of Representatives staff in the House.
According to the 2019 House Em-
ployment Survey, Latinos made up an 2009 2020
estimated 12.2 percent of all House Chiefs of Staff 12 18
Staff.3 This more than doubles the Legislative Director 9 19
5.6 percent of House staff estimated If proportional to Latino
to be Latino in the 2009 House em- 67 80
percent of population
ployment survey.
Democratic Latino Staff on Senate “A”
Committees, 2017–2019
The Joint Center for Political and
Economic Studies examined diversity
among all chiefs of staff, legislative
directors, and communications direc-
tors in September 2018 and found
that only 45 Latinos among these
Latino Staff in the House of top 1,100 positions, or 4.1 percent.4
Representatives, 2009–2019
However, the 2019 House Em-
CHSA’s 2010 report found that ployment Survey found slightly larger
Latinos were drastically underrep- numbers for these positions. They
resented in senior positions in the found that Latinos made 7.1 per-
House. Out of the 440 elected con- cent of all House chiefs of staff and
gressional members, only 12 had deputy chiefs of staff, 8.3 percent of
Latino chief of staffs, and only 9 had legislative directors, and 11.4 percent
legislative directors. If Latinos were of communications directors.5 The
hired in proportion to the population survey also found that Latinos make
at the time, there would have been up 6.6 percent of professional staff on
67 Latino chiefs of staff and another House committees. 6 Looking at staff
67 legislative directors. directors and deputy staff directors,
The 2010 report was hopeful we Latinos made up 4 percent.
could close the gap. There has been The House has taken several im-
an increase in Latino chiefs of staff portant steps recently that could pay
and legislative directors, but this has dividends over the coming years. In
not even kept pace with the increase 2017, the House Democratic Caucus
of Latinos in the general population. adopted a diversity initiative as part of
Volume 32 | 2020 23their Caucus rules, and they hired a Republicans and two Democrats. The
diversity director in November of that new senators represent states includ-
year to start ramping up this effort. ing Arizona (31.6 percent Latino8),
In 2019, a House Office of Diversity Nevada (29 percent9), and Florida
and Inclusion was created as part (26.1 percent10), where Latinos make
of the House rules package. Both up over a quarter of the general pop-
Democratic and Republican staff were ulation. The Joint Center found that
hired to focus on each party and with out of the nine offices, not a single
the intent to hire additional staff to chief of staff was Latino, not a single
focus on recruitment and leadership legislative director was Latino, and
development on a bipartisan basis. only one of the communications di-
This office helped conduct the 2019 rectors, hired by Nevada Democratic
House survey of offices, but delays Senator Jacky Rosen, was Latino.11
have so far prevented efforts to fully Overall, this means that Latinos made
staff up. up just 3.7 percent of senior position
Similarly, the House Democratic hires for freshman Senate offices.
Caucus has included a diversity rule in
Hires of Latino
their rules but have yet to fully imple- Total
Position Latino Percentage
ment it. CHSA understands that it takes Hires
Decent of Hires
time to get offices set up and running to Chief of Staff 0 9 0.0%
see the full impact. We applaud House
Legislative
Speaker Nancy Pelosi, House Leader 0 9 0.0%
Director
Kevin McCarthy, and their House
Communications
colleagues for setting up the House 1 9 11.1%
Director
Office of Diversity and Inclusion and Total 1 27 3.7%
urge them to move forward as quickly
Senior Latino Hires Newly Elected Senate
as possible to fully implement and staff
Offices, 2019
this important office.7
The House had 92 newly elected
New Members members, including 6 newly elected
Newly elected members can serve Latino members. Out of these 92 fresh-
as bellwethers for efforts to increase men members, only four chief of staffs,
diversity. They must hire an entire seven legislative directors, and seven
office staff upon taking office, whereas communications directors were hires
returning members only hire period- of Latino decent. Only 4.3 percent of
ically when positions open. chiefs of staff for new members were
There were nine newly elected sen- Latino, and only 6.5 percent of all new
ators sworn into office in 2019—seven senior hires were Latino.12
24 Harvard Kennedy School Journal of Hispanic PolicyHires of Latino Diversity and Inclusion was passed
Total
Position Latino Percentage into law but has not yet been fully
Hires
Decent of Hires implemented. This office should be
Chief of Staff 4 92 4.3% made permanent and fully funded.
Legislative
7 92 7.6%
Director Recommendation 2: Commit
Communications
7 92 7.6%
to Systematic Ongoing
Director Demographic Data Collection
Total 18 276 6.5% In 2017, Senate Democrats were the
Senior Latino Hires Newly Elected House
first to start collecting annual demo-
Offices, 2019 graphic data and making them public;
the House conducted a bipartisan sur-
Latinos are still unrepresented in vey in 2019. This has provided useful
senior positions even with new offices. information, but CHSA recommends
Latino senior staffers can aid these committing to systematic and ongoing
offices in their ability to understand demographic data collection.
Latino priorities and concerns. Yet, the Rather than having surveys that
stark lack of Latinos in key positions require staff to respond annually, we
hinders Senate and House offices’ recommend collecting demographic
efforts to represent the best interests data when staffers are hired. This
of their constituents. would increase the data accuracy,
ensure access to the most up-to-date
Recommendations information, and save time for con-
gressional staff by not requiring an
Recommendation 1: annual survey.
Diversity Offices Should The rest of the federal government
Be Fully Funded, Staffed, collects data in this way, getting the
and Supported demographic information when the
Senate Democrats have so far set individual is first hired and then keep-
the bar with their diversity office in ing a running tally. This results in
operation for over a decade now. More better, completely up-to-date informa-
positive results could be achieved if tion with much less effort. Congress
additional funding allowed Senate should follow this example and collect
Democrats to amplify their efforts. demographic data upon hire.
Republican Senate Leader Mitch Additionally, it is critical that data
McConnell should create a similar released include a breakdown for
office for Senate Republicans. On entry-level, mid-level, and senior staff.
the House side, the House Office of Surveys should differentiate between a
Volume 32 | 2020 25You can also read
