From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
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RESEARCH ORIGINAL ARTICLE 171
Dominik Groß
From SS-Obersturmbannführer to
dentist president: The astonishing
career of Gerhardt Steinhardt*
Introduction: Until 2022, Gerhardt Steinhardt has been the only university
lecturer to be elected both President of the DGZMK and the DGMKG. At the
same time, he is the only DGZMK president with an SS membership in the
Third Reich. This paper looks at Steinhart’s life and work, and in particular
clarifies how these seemingly irreconcilable findings fit together.
Material and methods: The central basis of the study are primary sources
from the Schleswig-Holstein State Archives and various file collections from
the Federal Archives in Berlin. In addition, a critical reanalysis of secondary
literature by and about Steinhardt was carried out, with special reference to a
dissertation on the life and work of Gerhard Steinhardt published in 2004.
Results: Steinhardt was one of the leading professors in the Federal Republic
of Germany, especially with his contributions to the physiology and pathol-
ogy of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and his clinical expertise as a
maxillofacial surgeon. He was also regarded as an assertive professional politi-
cian. During the Third Reich, he joined the NSDAP (National Socialist German
Workers’ Party), the SS (Schutzstaffel) and other Nazi organisations, resigned
from the church in accordance with Nazi ideology and took on various politi-
cal tasks. After 1945 he was enacted for political reasons but managed a return
to the university in the 1950s.
Discussion and conclusion: Steinhardt was extraordinarily well connected
both during the Nazi era and in the Federal Republic. He also impressed with
his broad education and professional versatility. Politically, he showed himself
to be strongly adapted in both systems. In the Third Reich he appeared as a
convinced National Socialist and used his political network to establish a ca-
reer. After 1945 he tried to construct a distance to Nazi ideology through a
series of deliberately false statements. In the end, he was able not only to con-
tinue his university career, but even to expand it considerably. He also achiev-
ed high social honors.
* In 2022, the DGZMK Board unanimously passed a resolution to posthum-
ously revoke the honours awarded to Gerhard Steinhardt (Honorary Fellow-
ship, Golden Badge of honour) due to his political entanglement in the Third
Reich.
Keywords: maxillofacial surgery; National Socialism; SS (Schutzstaffel); tem-
poromandibular joint; Würzburg
PRWTH Aachen University, Medical School, Aachen: Prof. Dr. Dr. Dr. Dominik Groß
Citation: Groß D: From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt. Dtsch Zahnärztl Z Int 2021; 4: 171–181
Peer-reviewed article: submitted: 12.01.2021, revised version accepted: 09.04.2021
DOI.org/10.53180/dzz-int.2022.0021
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
172 From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
Introduction mentioned biography was carried
Gerhardt Steinhardt’s career offers out. The same applies to the
two striking features: On the one laudations and necrologies published
hand, he was the only university lec- by and about Steinhardt.
turer until 2022 to be elected both
president of the “Deutsche Gesell- Results and Discussion
schaft für Zahn-, Mund- und Kiefer-
heilkunde” (German Society for Den- 1. Gerhard Steinhardt: Central
Courtesy of “Deutscher Ärzteverlag”.
tal and Oral Medicine, DGZMK) stations in his life
(1965–1969) and president of the Gerhard Friedrich August Wilhelm
“Deutsche Gesellschaft für Mund-, Steinhardt (Fig. 1; [9]) was born on
Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie” (Ger- May 24, 1904 in Damerkow in Po-
man Society for Oral and Maxillofa- merania [7, 12, 14–16, 33, 36–41, 46,
cial Surgery, DGKG, today: DGMKG) 47, 50, 52, 76, 77]. He was the son of
(1969–1971), which clearly shows his the farmer and farm owner [4] Wil-
broad professional recognition in helm Friedrich Steinhardt and his
dentistry and maxillofacial surgery. wife Berta Pauline Ernestine, née Figure 1 Portrait of Gerhard Steinhardt
On the other hand, he is the only Hapke, and had three younger sib- [9]
DGZMK president with SS member- lings [12].
ship and extensive contacts with in- Gerhard Steinhardt graduated
fluential Nazi officials.. from the Realgymnasium Belgard
This paper deals with Steinhardt’s (today Białogard, Poland) in 1923. In pleted his medical doctorate
life and work. In a first step, Stein- the same year he enrolled in Heidel- (Dr. med.). This second dissertation,
hardt’s academic and political work berg to study chemistry but changed “Über besondere Zellen in den al-
will be analysed and classified. Then to dentistry after two semesters at the ternden Mundspeicheldrüsen (Onko-
it will be clarified how Steinhardt was same university. Here he passed the cyten)” (On special cells in the ageing
able to achieve such success despite dental examination in November oral salivary glands [oncocytes]), was
the aforementioned political burden. 1927. At that time, the Heidelberg again a pathological study. It was
In this context, it is also necessary to Dental Institute was headed by Georg supervised by Siegmund and sub-
look at the only biography of Stein- Blessing (1882–1941) [13]; the other mitted in Heidelberg [54]. The start-
hardt to date. In 2004, Wencke authoritative teachers were the titular ing point of Steinhardt’s study were
Fischer wrote a dissertation on his life professor Gerhard Weißenfels the “oncocytes” described by Herwig
and work and explains Steinhardt’s (1890–1952) [13] and Elsbeth von Hamperl (1899–1976) in 1931, which
loyalty to the regime under National Schnizer [13, 28], who habilitated made Hamperl famous within a very
Socialism with the statement: under Blessing in those years. short time [32].
“People in high and important posi- Steinhardt took up an assistant After his second doctorate, Stein-
tions, like Prof. Dr. Dr. Steinhardt, position with Blessing after his hardt worked for another year as an
had no other option than to join the studies. In 1928 he received his doc- assistant at the Stuttgart Institute of
NSDAP and SS” [12]. torate (Dr. med. dent.) with the thesis Pathology: there he now devoted
But is this assertion accurate? And “Zur Pathogenese der zirkulären himself to his habilitation project –
how did Steinhardt himself see and Karies am Milchgebiß” (On the pa- namely “Untersuchungen über die
outline his role in National Social- thogenesis of circular caries in the Beanspruchung der Kiefergelenke
ism? These questions are discussed in milk dentition) [53]. His doctoral und ihre geweblichen Folgen”
detail in this article. Accordingly, a supervisor was the Heidelberg pathol- (Studies on the strain on the tempo-
strong focus is placed on Steinhardt’s ogist Siegfried Gräff (1887–1966) [12]. romandibular joints and their con-
political stance in the Third Reich At that time Steinhardt studied medi- sequences for the tissue) [55]. From
and on his denazification procedure. cine – parallel to his part-time work 1933 he was also an assistant at the
in the Heidelberg prosthodontics de- Dental Institute of the University of
Material and methods partment. In 1931 he passed the Cologne under Karl Zilkens
The study is based on a variety of pri- medical examination in Heidelberg. (1876–1967) [13], where he soon be-
mary sources from the Schleswig-Hol- He completed the mandatory prac- came head of the prosthetic depart-
stein State Archives, the Federal tical year at the Medical Clinic of the ment.
Archives in Berlin and the Cologne University of Heidelberg with Ri- In September 1933, Steinhardt
University Archives. In addition, chard Siebeck (1883–1965) [12] and married the factory owner’s daughter
Steinhardt’s publications were evalu- at the Pathological Institute of the Elisabetha Gutermann. Their only
ated – with special attention to his Katharinenhospital Stuttgart with the child together, a daughter, was born
writings during the Third Reich. oral pathologist Herbert Siegmund in 1934 [12].
Furthermore, a critical analysis of (1892–1954) [43, 51]. In June 1932 he The next career step followed in
the secondary literature on Stein- received his licence to practise medi- the same year: in November 1934 he
hardt’s places of work and the afore- cine and in December 1932 he com- submitted the above-mentioned ha-
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt 173
bilitation thesis in Cologne [55], with NSDAP
Term of office Name Life data
Zilkens and the pathologist Ernst Leu- Membership
pold (1884–1961) [43] acting as re-
viewers. The formal route via the Co- 1906–1926 Otto Walkhoff + 1860–1934
logne medical faculty and via Karl
Zilkens was necessary because the Ka- 1926–1928 Wilhelm Herrenknecht + 1865–1941
tharinenhospital in Stuttgart did not
have university status and therefore 1928–45, 1949–54 Hermann Euler + 1878–1961
had no habilitation rights. Steinhardt
was able to complete the procedure in 1954–1957 Hermann Wolf + 1889–1978
July 1935 and was appointed Privat-
dozent. During that period, there was 1957–1965 Ewald Harndt + 1901–1996
a change of head in Cologne dentis-
try: Zilkens – a member of the Cath- 1965–1969 Gerhard Steinhardt + 1904–1995
olic “Deutsche Zentrumspartei” (Ger-
man Centre Party) – was considered 1969–1971 Eugen Fröhlich + 1910–1971
politically suspect by the Nazis; he
had already been dismissed in 1934 1972–1977 Rudolf Naujoks – 1919–2004
and was officially forced to resign in
1936. Steinhardt, however, remained 1977–1981 Werner Ketterl + 1925–2010
unaffected by this measure: in 1935,
he was able to move to the Surgical Table 1 The presidents of the CVDZ (from 1933: DGZMK) who experienced the Third
University Clinic in the Bürgerspital Reich as adults and their party-political orientation
in Cologne as an assistant to Hans
von Haberer (1875–1958) [43], where
he expanded his general surgical
knowledge; he worked there until Berlin and arrived in Satrup near versity of Würzburg, succeeding Karl
February 1937 [12]. Flensburg. There he worked as a self- Peter (1896–1959), who was seriously
In March 1937 Steinhart took up employed dentist from August 1945 ill. After Peter’s death in 1959, he was
a visiting professorship at the State to December 1949, with his wife act- appointed tenured associate professor
Dental School in Tokyo. For three ing as a “dental assistant” [12]. there [12, 42, 44].
years he lectured there on oral pa- However, he was temporarily de- At the beginning of 1961, Stein-
thology and worked as an assistant at tained in Neuengamme near Ham- hardt then took the opportunity of
the surgical department [4]. In No- burg from December 1945 to Feb- another guest professorship – this
vember 1939, while still in Tokyo, he ruary 1947 [48]. time at the Medical Faculty of the
was appointed associate professor in In 1950 Steinhardt obtained a lec- University of Alexandria in Egypt,
Cologne. After his return to the Ger- tureship at the University of Kiel: his where he worked as a lecturer and
man Reich in May 1940, he then former colleague Heinrich Hammer surgeon for several months.
took up a position as senior phy- had in the meantime become direc- Once again, the return from
sician at the University Clinic of tor of the Kiel Dental Institute and abroad was followed by a promotion:
Maxillofacial Surgery in Berlin. This was able to arrange that (minor) in March 1962, Steinhardt was able
clinic, directed by Otto Hofer teaching position for him [12]. to take up a full professorship at Er-
(1892–1972) [40, 62], was considered With effect from April 1, 1952, langen University; at the same time,
leading in the German Reich. There Steinhardt was appointed head of the he was appointed Director of the
Steinhardt also got to know the se- newly founded jaw clinic of the Clinic and Polyclinic for Dental Dis-
nior physicians Heinrich Hammer (non-university) “Städtische Kran- eases there. Steinhardt had thus
(1891–1972) [13] and Ewald Harndt kenanstalten Bremen” (Bremen Mu- climbed the last rung on the career
(1901–1996) [13, 18, 66]. Steinhardt’s nicipal Hospitals). There he soon ladder as a university lecturer. From
time in Berlin also saw an important gained professional recognition, es- the winter semester of 1969/70 to the
private change: after his first mar- pecially in the field of therapy of summer semester of 1972, he also
riage had been divorced in July 1942, temporomandibular joint disorders acted as provisional head of the De-
he married the dentist Annemarie Jä- [12]. In July 1956 he obtained a civil partment of Orthodontics in Er-
nicke (*1915) in August 1942. Jänicke servant position there and was pro- langen [12].
had been acting as ward physician in moted to department director. Never- Steinhardt formally became
the surgical department headed by theless, he retained his lectureship in emeritus professor on September 30,
Hofer since March 1941 [5]. Three Kiel. 1972, but remained provisional direc-
children were born of this second In 1957, the next step in his ca- tor until October 1, 1973. He then
marriage [12]. reer followed: Steinhardt was ap- moved with his wife to Feldafing on
Steinhardt was dismissed from pointed (non-tenured) associate pro- Lake Starnberg. During this period,
university service in 1945. He left fessor and clinic director at the Uni- he suffered from the late effects of a
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174 From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
self-experiment: as a young re-
searcher he had infused a colloidal
solution of the then new X-ray
contrast medium Thorotrast into the
ductal system of his parotid gland
[12, 71]. The agent had the desired ef-
fect, but later nodules formed in the
tissue and the cells eventually degen-
erated. Thus, a parotidectomy had to
be performed, which resulted in pe-
ripheral facial paresis.
Steinhardt died on June 18, 1995
in Feldafing and was buried in the
local mountain cemetery (section A,
grave no. 16). His widow sub-
sequently moved to Rottach-Egern
(Rupertihof) [12].
2. Steinhardt’s scientific and
professional status in
German dentistry
Steinhardt’s career was impressive: al-
ready at a young age he had gained
experience abroad and held leading
positions in both prosthodontics and
oral surgery. He had acquired pro-
found expertise in pathology and was
also trained in internal medicine and
general surgery. He was able to pub-
lish basic studies (in the field of tem-
poromandibular joint disorders), but
was also considered an accomplished
clinician. In addition, he had a track
record in university and professional
politics: He was Dean of the Erlangen
Medical Faculty in 1965/1966 and Figure 2 Document concerning Gerhard Steinhardt’s SS membership (1942) [6].
was also, until 2022, the only univer-
sity lecturer to chair both the
DGZMK and the DGKG (today:
DGMKG) [10, 12, 16, 33]. mann (1898–1985) [13] was also part orthodontics [20], also paid tribute to
It was precisely the professional of Steinhardt’s early network: he met Steinhardt’s studies on the tempo-
versatility described above that was him around 1932 at the Katharinen- romandibular joint [35]. Even de-
appreciated by contemporaries. hospital in Stuttgart. Together they cades later, Steinhardt showed his
Erwin Reichenbach (1897–1973) [19] investigated the connections “be- commitment to this field: in 1989, in
and Eugen Fröhlich (1910–1971) [30] tween occlusion and temporoman- collaboration with Albert Gerber
emphasised: “The range of his train- dibular joints”. Both later also (1907–1990), he wrote a textbook en-
ing is unusually wide. Apart from worked together in the field of focal titled “Kiefergelenkstörungen – Diag-
working as an assistant in prostho- infection [49]. nostik und Therapie” (Temporoman-
dontics and surgery at the specialist The early studies on the tempo- dibular joint disorders – diagnostics
dental clinics in Heidelberg and Co- romandibular joint conducted with and therapy) [72].
logne [… ] we find him [… ] as an as- Siegmund are still considered Stein- As clinic director in Erlangen,
sistant physician at the internal clinic hardt’s most important contributions Steinhardt then established a “De-
in Heidelberg, the surgical clinic in and it was no coincidence that one of partment for Functional Dentition
Cologne and at the pathological in- the research papers from this period Analysis” – the first institution of its
stitute of the Katharinenhospital in was awarded a prize by the Adolf Wit- kind in the German-speaking world;
Stuttgart, where Siegmund was in- zel Foundation in 1934 [56]. Ewald Oskar Bock (1915–1979) became
strumental in determining his later Harndt particularly highlighted head of the department in 1964.
main direction of work” [50]. Indeed, Steinhardt’s habilitation thesis on Steinhardt’s scientific focus [76]
Siegmund laid the foundation for this topic [37]. Karl Häupl also included salivary gland research
Steinhardt’s career. Konrad Thiele- (1893–1960), international pioneer of [57, 64, 71], the management of
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From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt 175
mandibular and temporomandibular powerful protagonists of the disci- tian churches for ideological reasons
joint fractures [68, 70, 74], tumour pline. He stated in his memoirs that and was therefore regarded as a sign
therapy [67, 69, 71], the therapy of Steinhardt had “done everything” to of particular closeness to National So-
bite anomalies and jaw malpositions become DGZMK president in 1965 cialism. Steinhardt had left the Prot-
[60, 61, 73], prosthetic treatment of and to prevail against the opposing estant Church in 1935 [5, 6]. Stein-
the gap dentition or the role of the candidate Ulrich Rheinwald [11]. hardt’s second wife Annemarie Jä-
temporomandibular joints in pros- The fact that Steinhardt was nicke was not a party member, but
thetic planning [59, 63, 65] and focal highly respected and well networked also classified herself as “gottgläu-
infection [58]. No scientific, but clini- among his colleagues becomes clear big” [5].
cal fields of work were root tip resec- from the large number of offices, Whether Steinhardt was con-
tion and the therapy of cleft lip and awards and honours he received [10, vinced of the Nazi ideology or acted
palate. 12, 78]: In addition to the two presi- opportunistically is difficult to assess
Steinhardt was not a “prolific dencies in the DGZMK and the retrospectively. What is certain is that
writer”. In terms of quantity, his DGKG (DGMKG) mentioned above he supported the Nazi regime with
œuvre of around 90 publications re- and the office of dean, he served as his various memberships and by leav-
mained significantly behind that of press officer of the then DGKG as ing the church. His stay in Tokyo
other DGZMK presidents. Werner early as the 1950s. In 1960 he was ap- from May 1937 to May 1939 must
Ketterl, for example, published well pointed honorary member of the Ita- also be placed in this context: In the
over 300 papers [31], Hermann lian Dental Society. In 1970 and 1971 Third Reich, research stays in the
Euler over 240 [25, 34] and Her- he served as conference president of partner country Japan [45] were al-
mann Wolf [29] wrote more than the DGMKG. In May 1973 he was ap- ways carried out in close coordination
180 publications. pointed honorary member of the with political decision-makers. Only
Notwithstanding the basic re- Swiss Dental Society and in the same representatives loyal to the regime
search-oriented contributions to TMJ, year he received the Badge of Honour were considered for exchange with
Steinhardt was considered a good of the “Deutsche Zahnärzteschaft” Japan. This was also evident in the
clinician and surgeon [15]. Stein- (German Dental Association). In Steinhardt case. For example, the files
hardt’s student Ferdinand Sitzmann 1974 he was awarded the Golden of the Federal Archives contain the
(*1939) noted: “He was able to single- Badge of Honour of the DGZMK, in minutes of a meeting that took place
handedly translate scientific preten- 1977 he became an honorary on September 3, 1936 between the
sion with technical operative skill member of the DGZMK and in 1980 Japanese host and rector of the Tokyo
into practice [… ] He [… ] was able to an honorary member of the DGMKG university, Professor Thol Shmanine,
make the right decision at the right on the occasion of the 30th annual the dental “Reichsdozentenführer”
moment. Through his performance conference in Zurich. The “Arbeitsge- Karl Pieper (1886–1951) [23] and the
and example, he was a natural, self- meinschaft für Funktionslehre” “Reichszahnärzteführer” Ernst Stuck
evident authority” [52]. (Working Group for Functional The- [24]. It was decided that Hermann
Steinhardt, who continued to ory, DGFDT) also appointed him as Groß (1899–1979), who was in Tokyo
play golf into old age [52], was re- its honorary member. at the time, would return to Germany
garded by his colleagues as sociable in the spring of 1937 and that Stein-
and eager to debate. Harndt noted: 3. Gerhardt Steinhardt and hardt would take his place [4]. Groß –
“Steinhardt prefers ‘uncomfortable’ National Socialism also an avowed National Socialist –
colleagues; he loves sharp, objective Steinhardt joined the NSDAP shortly was to leave early to replace Zilkens,
discussion [… ]” [37]. Sitzmann also after the Reichstag elections of who had been forced to resign, as
confirmed this characteristic: “He March 3, 1933 (admission May 1, head of the Dental Clinic of the Uni-
loved sharp, factual discussions [… ]. 1933; membership no. 2,117,571) versity of Cologne [13]. Only one day
Tolerance towards dissenters was an and also decided to join the SS as after the meeting, Pieper then offi-
important maxim” [52]. early as summer 1933 (admission Au- cially proposed Steinhardt as Groß’s
Steinhardt’s trainees found in gust 1, 1933; no. 118,465). He also successor to the head of the NS-Do-
him a committed mentor, which became a member of the “NS-Ärzte- zentenbund – Hermann Hiltner –
Martin Herrmann (1895–1976) [13] bund” (Nazi Medical Association). pointing out that Steinhardt had
also emphasised in a laudation [38]. Furthermore, he joined the “NS- been an NSDAP member since 1933
In addition to the aforementioned Volkswohlfahrt” (Nazi People’s Wel- and was thus politically reliable and
Ferdinand Sitzmann, his academic fare) and the “NS-Dozentenbund” that there were no other noteworthy
students included Manfred Straßburg (Nazi Lecturers’ Association) (admis- candidates [4].
(1930–2014) and Hans-Dietrich Mie- sion January 1, 1940) [1, 4, 6]. Before Steinhardt left for Japan,
rau (1930–2019). In the archive files Steinhart re- he was “honorably discharged” from
A critical undertone, on the other peatedly describes himself as the SS; his reinstatement was envis-
hand, can be found in Carl-Heinz “gottgläubig” (God-believing). This aged for the time of his return. In the
Fischer (1909–1997) [34], who as Rec- term had been introduced by the first year of his stay in Tokyo, how-
tor of the University of Düsseldorf Nazis for those believers who had re- ever, Steinhardt then received in-
(1970–1972) was also one of the nounced the institutionalised Chris- formation that “former members of
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176 From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
adapt his uniform in Tokyo to the
new SS grade. Therefore, on June 9,
1939, he requested the “sending of
the [matching] sleeve stripes as well
as the collar insignia” for a fee, in
order to be able to wear the uniform
in a correctly adapted form at meet-
ings of the NSDAP local group Tokyo-
Yokohama [6]. Steinhardt had joined
the aforementioned local group in
Tokyo and functioned there as a
“Blockleiter” (block leader); this
emerges from a letter dated Novem-
ber 5, 1939 [4].
Steinhardt was in regular cor-
respondence with Reichsdozenten-
führer Pieper during his stay in
Japan. He made no secret of his atti-
tude to Nazi politics. On December 1,
1939, for example, he wrote to
Pieper: “We have followed the victory
of our armies in Poland with enthusi-
asm. Now our eyes turn to our brave
navy, which we all hope will con-
tinue to deal such considerable blows
to the British fleet in conjunction
with the Luftwaffe that proud Eng-
land will soon fall to its knees [… ].
For Führer and people may it bring
victory over presumptuous England
and her mean methods of war leaders
and propaganda. With heartfelt
greetings and Heil Hitler!” [3].
At the end of April 1940, Stein-
hardt began his return journey to
Germany. Already in 1939, it had
been explored in the German Reich
Figure 3 Denazification notice for Gerhard Steinhardt dated July 22, 1947 [48]. how and where Steinhardt could con-
tinue to be employed after his return.
Karl Friedrich Schmidhuber
(1895–1967) [27] – director of the Hei-
the SS who are abroad can remain in tended by one year. This success delberg Dental Clinic, leader of NS-
the SS on application for the du- message was sent to Steinhardt by Dozentenbund in Heidelberg and also
ration of their stay abroad”. Stein- Pieper by telegraph after Otto Koell- a member of the SS – announced as
hardt took this information as an op- reutter (1883–1972) had given Stein- early as 1939 that he would make a
portunity to proactively apply for in- hardt a positive report. This in- position available for Steinhardt at his
stant reinstatement in the SS. The formation is found in a correspon- institution [75]. At the same time,
local group leader in charge sup- dence between Pieper and Steinhardt however, there were efforts to get him
ported Steinhardt’s application. On dated 4 May 1939 [4]. Koellreutter, a into position as a lecturer at the Char-
October 27, 1938 Steinhardt received professor of law, was, like Pieper, a ité. This proposal came from none
the message that his application had convinced National Socialist. He had other than Max de Crinis
been granted: “You are reinstated in already come to prominence in 1934 (1889–1945), prominent ministerial
the Schutzstaffel with effect from as the author of “Der deutsche advisor for medical matters in the Ber-
September, 20” [6]. Führerstaat” (The German Führer lin Ministry of Science and full profes-
Steinhardt’s demonstrative zeal State) [43]. Koellreutter was in Japan sor of neurology at the Charité [43]. It
had an effect: only a few months during those years and had appar- was explicitly supported by Pieper.
later – on January 30, 1939 – he was ently got to know Steinhardt in It was precisely against this back-
appointed SS-Untersturmführer. In Tokyo. ground that Steinhardt was ap-
addition, his stay in Japan, originally In view of his promotion to Un- pointed professor in November 1939
scheduled for two years, was ex- tersturmführer, Steinhardt wanted to – in absentia [75]. This titular profes-
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From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt 177
sorship was formally conferred on
him at his last university location: in
Cologne. By doing so, Steinhardt was
able to take up his post at the re-
nowned University Clinic for
Maxillofacial Surgery at the Charité
in Berlin as professor (and senior
physician) (May 1940). This clinic
was considered a career springboard
and was also timely from a profes-
sional point of view: since Steinhardt
had previously worked mainly in
prosthodontics (and oral surgery) at
the dental clinics in Heidelberg and
Cologne, he was now able to gain im-
portant clinical experience in
maxillofacial surgery.
In 1942, the dental chair at the
University of Tübingen had to be
filled. The Tübingen Medical Faculty
put Steinhardt [13] on its list of three
favourites, in addition to the much
older colleagues Walter Adrion
(1891–1960) [13] and Karl Greve
(1897–1942). All three were party
members. In addition to professional
assessments, it was customary at the
time to obtain expert opinions on
the political views of each list candi-
date. One of the opinions on Stein-
hardt came from Reichsdozenten-
führer Pieper: on February 24, 1942,
he praised Steinhardt in the highest
terms and stated that he had “worked
to a very significant extent for Nazi
Germany in Japan scientifically, prac-
tically, but also politically”; he also
pointed out that Koellreutter was of Figure 4 Letter from Steinhardt to the Review Committee dated September 15, 1947
the same opinion [4]. Gustav Borger [48].
(1899–1989) [13, 43], temporary head
of the Department of Science in the
Nazi Lecturers’ Association, came to
the same conclusion on March 30, Shortly before the end of the striking that he was much more
1942 [4]. The Tübingen chair ulti- Third Reich, another appointment politically involved – not only at the
mately went to Adrion, who was opportunity seemed to arise: There level of memberships, but also
13 years older and far more experi- was a professorship to be filled at the through personal networking with
enced. All the experts involved ac- German University in Prague, where influential Nazi officials.
cording to the files – Erwin Reichen- Steinhardt was again counted among Steinhardt’s network ranged from
bach, Otto Hofer and Eugen Wan- the favourites in 1944 [2]. But the the central functionaries of the dental
nenmacher (1897–1974) [43] – had end of the war got in the way: in- profession (Ernst Stuck, Karl Pieper)
assessed Steinhardt positively, but stead of filling the position of clinic to the responsible representatives in
also indicated that he was still in the director, the entire German Univer- the Nazi lecturers’ association (Gustav
process of gaining in-depth surgical sity was dissolved in 1945 and the Borger, Hermann Hiltner) to the
experience. Wannenmacher stated: clinic was “handed over” to the local “Theorist of the Führer State” [43]
“It can be assumed that his devel- maxillofacial surgeon Františ ek Otto Koellreutter and the powerful
opment in maxillofacial surgery will Kostečka (1893–1951). ministerial advisor Max de Crinis.
soon be completed, so that he will be When comparing Steinhardt’s at- Steinhardt sought and cultivated
able to fully represent this field” – titude and activities in the Third these contacts. Therefore, Wencke
implying that this point in time had Reich with other dental university Fischer’s statement that “people in
not yet been reached [4]. teachers covered in this series, it is high and important positions, such as
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
178 From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
Prof. Dr. Dr. Steinhardt was,” had “no member before 1945, supported member of the NSDAP, especially
other option” at that time “than to Steinhardt in his career within the since circumstances that could seri-
join the NSDAP and SS” [12] is clearly DGZMK: under Harndt’s presidency ously exonerate Steinhardt are not
inadequate: Steinhardt’s actions, un- Steinhardt moved up to the DGZMK apparent. The committee therefore
like those of the majority of univer- board, and after Harndt’s retirement unanimously considers an admission
sity teachers [17], went beyond Steinhardt became his successor [33]. of St. to the university to be politi-
“purely nominal” memberships. Join- The fact that the two cultivated a cally unacceptable” [48]. The last sen-
ing the SS and holding the position friendship was shown, among other tence was of decisive importance, be-
of SS-Obersturmführer (cf. Fig. 2) things, by the fact that they honour- cause it meant that Steinhardt’s de-
were also by no means typical. This is ed each other with laudations and sired university career would be
shown by the fact that not even one also referred to their personal rela- blocked.
in ten of the approximately 400 den- tionship [8, 36, 37, 66]. The latter submitted a revision re-
tal university lecturers in the Third The questions of how Steinhardt’s quest on September 15, 1947, which
Reich had SS membership, as a still denazification proceeded and was common practice (cf. Fig. 4;
unpublished study by our research whether he critically reflected on his [48]). But Steinhardt’s objection
group shows. Among the SS relationship to National Socialism mainly contained false statements –
members, practitioners and rather in- after 1945 still require an answer: which was rather unusual in this
significant scientists predominated. The denazification procedures form and obviousness. Steinhardt’s
At most, the professors Karl-Friedrich pursued the goal of determining the statement about his SS membership
Schmidhuber (1895–1967) [27] and political burden of those affected. In was particularly brazen: he claimed,
Eugen Wannenmacher (1897–1974) the end, they were to be classified in on the one hand, that his entry into
[13] attained similar career positions – one of five categories (I main culprits, the SS had only taken place in 1935 –
but even they did not come close to II incriminated [activists], III lesser at the time of his habilitation and ex-
Steinhardt in academic terms. incriminated, IV followers and clusively against this background –
Steinhardt had also established a V exonerated). Steinhardt was in- and, on the other hand, that he had
network beyond the aforementioned itially held in the British internment left the SS “voluntarily as early as
Nazi functionaries, which already camp Neuengamme at the end of February 1937”. Both were untrue: he
proved useful in the Third Reich, but 1945, as he had been “provisionally” had already joined the SS in 1933.
also after 1945: Hans von Haberer classified in group III (cf. Fig. 3; [48]). Above all, however, he had not fin-
[43] had hired Steinhardt at the Co- He was not allowed to leave the ally left the SS in 1937 as Unterschar-
logne Surgical University Hospital in camp until February 1947. führer. He had only suspended his
1935 – at a time when its previous In the denazification proceedings, membership “in honour” for purely
head Karl Zilkens had been sus- it was established practice that those formal reasons because of his stay in
pended and was thus no longer eli- affected procured character references Japan, in order to rejoin on his own
gible as an academic mentor. At the – popularly known as “Persilscheine”. initiative the following year and sub-
beginning of 1942, von Haberer then The name was derived from the deter- sequently achieve the rank of SS-
gave Steinhardt a positive reference – gent “Persil”, because the certificates Obersturmführer. Steinhardt had ap-
in the context of the Tübingen ap- were intended to cleanse the person parently withheld this crucial fact
pointment procedure – as Pieper concerned of any accusation of politi- from the committee in the first pro-
mentioned in his letter of Feb- cal incrimination. In Steinhardt’s ceedings – for in the denazification
ruary 24, 1942 [4]. Von Haberer was a case, too, the statements – including a decision of July 1947, it was erron-
university-political “heavyweight”: as statement by Karl Zilkens – were in- eously stated that he had already left
Rector, he was at the head of the tended to “prove” his political dis- the SS in 1937 on his own initiative
politically centralised University of tance from National Socialism. as a Unterscharführer, which he was
Cologne from 1935. Heinrich Groß – Thanks to the practice of character given credit for.
Zilkens’ successor in Cologne – also references, the trial chambers increas- In his appeal, Steinhardt also em-
exerted a supportive influence on ingly developed into “Mitläuferfabri- phasised that he had disapproved of
Steinhardt’s career: in 1940, as the re- ken” (follower factories). In the end, anti-Semitism. In doing so, he wrote
sponsible expert at the University of even obviously incriminated National on an attached sheet under the head-
Cologne, he supported Steinhardt’s Socialists were mostly denazified as ing “Einstellung zur Rassenfrage” (At-
appointment there as a titular profes- followers (group IV) or even exon- titude to the question of race) the (in-
sor; it took place in absentia because erated (Group V) – at the latest in the complete) sentence: “Gelegentlich
Steinhardt was still in Tokyo [75]. revision proceedings [17]. der Berufung nach Japan durch das
Heinrich Hammer in turn provided In the case of Steinhardt, how- dortige Kulturministerium Austritt
him with a lectureship at the Univer- ever, the denazification committee aus der SS, 1937” (On the occasion of
sity of Kiel in 1950 and thus enabled came to the conclusion in July 1947 the appointment to Japan by the
him to make his first connection to that he was to be classified in Group Ministry of Culture there, resignation
the university in the post-war period. III (cf. Fig. 3; [48]). The reason given from the SS, 1937) [48]. This remark
Ewald Harndt, who, like von Haberer, was that Steinhardt “could by no was apparently intended to suggest
Groß and Hammer, was a party means be regarded as only a nominal that he felt prompted by Nazi policy
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt 179
on the “racial question” to “resign” Conclusions References
from the SS and saw the appoint- Steinhardt showed remarkable 1. Bundesarchiv Berlin (BArch) R
ment to Japan as a suitable opportun- scientific and professional achiev- 4901/13277
ity to do so. ements. He was medically broadly 2. BArch R 9361-II/119188
Furthermore, Steinhardt claimed trained, acquired several sub-special-
3. BArch R 9361-II/217433
to have been “only a nominal member ities within the field of dental medi-
of the party”; moreover, he stated that cine and achieved recognition both 4. BArch R 9361-II/976360
he had had “neither professional nor in basic research and in the clinic. 5. BArch R 9361-III/199890
non-professional advantages of any He was also an excellent networker; 6. BArch R 9361-III/558147
kind” due to his membership in the this is shown by the numerous of-
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in Tokyo would have been inconceiv- served the Nazi regime, joined sev-
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the picture of a purely nominal party tioned Karl Pieper [23], Fritz Faber 11. Fischer CH: Lebenserinnerungen von
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to the two list placements in the afore- cialism, but the latter would hardly 12. Fischer W: Der Zahnheilkundler Prof.
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zahnärztlichen Hochschulgelehrten der
also the result of party-political protec- terms. Geburtsjahrgänge 1840–1909. Untersu-
tion. Ultimately, of all the DGZMK chungen über beruflichen Werdegang,
Thus, the question of whether presidents who experienced the Lebenserwartung und private Neigungen
Steinhardt critically reflected on his Third Reich as adults and who are in den verschiedenen Altersgruppen.
Diss. med. dent. Berlin 1968.
relationship to National Socialism examined in more detail in this
after 1945 can be answered with a series, he exhibited the strongest 14. Fuchs P: Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Stein-
hardt 24.5.1904–18.6.1995. Nachruf.
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Quintessenz 1995; 46: 950
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and glossed over his own role. structed a distance to Nazi ideology 15. Fuchs P: Prof. Dr. Dr. Gerhard Stein-
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Unfortunately, there is no explicit in the denazification proceedings
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16. Groß D: Die “Deutsche Gesellschaft
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of September 15, 1947 was successful. tified, for example, in the proceed- 1999). Quintessenz, Berlin 1999, 143,
However, there is a document dated ings of DGZMK presidents Harndt 145, 177, 182, 184, 189, 191
October 4, 1947, which again notes [18] or Fröhlich [30], these were less 17. Groß D: Zahnärzte als Täter.
the classification in Group III. An- misleading than in Steinhardt’s case. Zwischenergebnisse zur Rolle der
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most likely that the original classifi- way back to success in post-war Ger- 18. Groß D: A complex case: Ewald
cation (III) was retained. This is also many. Harndt (1901–1996) and his relationship
to National Socialism. DZZ International
indicated by the fact that Steinhardt
2020; 2: 131–141
actually only returned to the univer-
sity in a roundabout way and with 19. Groß D: Erwin Reichenbach
Conflict of interest (1897–1973). Leben und Werk unter be-
considerable delay (a mere lectureship
sonderer Berücksichtigung seiner poli-
in Kiel in 1950, a non-university The author declares that there is no tischen Rolle im “Dritten Reich” und der
management function in Bremen conflict of interest within the mean- DDR. MKG Chirurg 13/4 (2020),
1952–1957). And yet he ultimately ing of the guidelines of the Inter- 278–290
managed to pass through all the national Committee of Medical Jour- 20. Groß D: Karl Häupl (1893–1960) –
stages of a successful university career. nal Editors. Leben und Werk unter besonderer Be-
© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
180 From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
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© Deutscher Ärzteverlag | DZZ International | Deutsche Zahnärztliche Zeitschrift International | 2022; 4 (5)GROSS:
From SS-Obersturmbannführer to dentist president: The astonishing career of Gerhardt Steinhardt
181
Photo: University Hospital Aachen
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ferkranke der Universität Erlangen-Nürn- dgross@ukaachen.de
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störungen: Diagnostik und Therapie. memberships to former Nazis by German
Quintessenz, Berlin 1989 [auch auf Eng- and Austrian dental societies (1949–1982).
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