FABA BEAN AND ITS IMPORTANCE TO FOOD SECURITY IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
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Food Security
and Climate Change
in Dry Areas
Amman, Jordan
1‐4 Feb 2010
FABA BEAN AND ITS IMPORTANCE
TO FOOD SECURITY
IN THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
JJ. I.
I Cubero
C b (Univ.
(U i off Córdoba)
Có d b )
Carmen Ávila (IFAPA)
Ana Mª Torres (IFAPA)
Córdoba, Spain
An increasing population
is the strongest challenge
t produce
to d nott only
l more ffood
d
but also
more plant-derived products
According to FAO, the world agrarian production
should duplicate for 2050
to guarantee food for a world population of about
9.000 million inhabitants
TO FULFILL THE NEEDS,
WE HAVE TO
INCREASE THE PRODUCTION
IN A SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
MAINTAINING THE POTENTIAL OF THE
ENVIRONMENT AND EVEN IMPROVING IT
IS A MUST
INCREASING FOOD
CHALLENGES
Impact on climatic change
E i
Environmental
t l impacts
i t off agriculture
i lt
Rising cost of food products
Food safety
Public resistance to chemical use
NEW CROPS ARE INDEED NEEDED,
BUT WHY NOT TO START WITH
IMPROVING AND EVEN REMODELLING
TRADITIONAL CROPS…?
ESPECIALLY THOSE THAT
DO MAINTAIN AND IMPROVE
THE FERTILITY OF THE SOIL
WHILE PROVIDING FOOD AND FEED
FOR EXAMPLE, PULSES
BUT... Pulses: world cultivated area
100
Millones 90
Soya NO
ha
80
CHANGES
Cultivated area (2000‐2008) M h
Garbanzos
70
Habas
Guisantes
60
Pulses
Alt
Altramuz
(faba
Caupí
ha
50
beans)
Frijoles secos
40 still
Guandú
are
Lentejas
Common beans (dry) the
Veza
poor
man
Sojafood
30
20
Other pulses
C
10
Faba beans
0
2000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2008
2006
FAOSTAT, 2009
The reason is a very low research work on pulses
M ha Main crops at world level
Wheat
250
Rice
Maize
200
Soya (oil crop)
Barley
150
Sorghum
Millet
100
Cotton
B
Beans (Phaseolus
Ph l )
50
Sunflower
Sugar cane
0
Potato
Yields, in general 1t/ha
/
20
ha
15
10 t
5
0
beans
chickpeass
cowpea
lentils
lupins
Faba beans
peas
vetch
WHAT IS REQUIRED
Adaptability
R i t
Resistance to
t stresses
t
Agronomic performance
Nutritional valueXXth century
2000 BP
>1500 AC
>8000 BP
XXth centuryFaba bean problems
Low yields
BUT
Lack of improved varieties WE WILL SEE THAT
Poor mechanization THERE HAVE BEEN
Biotic and abiotic stresses ADVANCES IN ALL
N t iti
Nutritional
l constraints
t i t
THESE FIELDSTO SUCCEED IS POSSIBLE
AGRICULTURAL REFORMS…
…AND AND BREEDING EFFORTS
NEVER FORGET THEIR
ROLE IN THE SOIL:
SOIL
THE NATURAL
nodules
AND UNLIMITED
SOURCE OF NITROGEN N
Chickpeas 24‐84 C
Beans 12‐215
Faba bean 178-251 N (kg/ha/year) At
Atmosferic‐
f i N rhizobium
NH4+
Peas 174‐196
Lentils 167‐189It can be used as a forage crop
or as a green manure
Forage yield
70000
60000
50000
40000 Trat 1
kg/ha
a
30000 Trat 2
Trat 3
20000
10000
0
barbecho habas vezas narbonensis
fallow Faba bean vetch narbonensisSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
IS IMPOSSIBLE
WITHOUT LEGUMES:
Faba beans are among g the best
N-fixing cropsTh
There have
h b
been many advances…
dTraditional (indeterminate) habit Determinate habit
Determinate
plus
Low tannin content
NEW TYPES
HAVE BEEN
OBTAINEDIndeterminate FCF F50FA F1VM FTF
91.5 99.6 111 148.8
Determinate
91.8
February 97.8 108.6 PODDING April June
107.9
FCF F50FA FTF
F1VM
Rapid maturity allows
to “escape” from
a dry springResistance to
Orobanche crenata
(broomrape)
Rebaya 40 x F 216
“Baraca”
F 402 Egypt
F 402 (Vf 1071) x ‘Alameda’
Spain
‘Baraca’RUST ASCOCHYTA BOTRYTIS: Genes for resistance are known
Pathogen Genotype with
Stress factor
Antinutr. factor
favourable trait
(examples)
Eufaba findings
Findings Contact
Orobanche 2 QTL: Oc2 (OPAC06342),
)
Giza402; Baraka; Vf136
crenata Oc3(OPAA07807)
Botrytis fabae BPL710, B261 In progress
Monogenic ge2ruozd@uco.es
ge2ruozd@uco es
2N52 hypersensitivity Uvf- anam.torres.romero@jun-
Uromyces fabae 1(OPI20900)
tadeandalucia.es
Slow rusting, quantitative
B261
resistance; in progress
2 QTL; Af1(OPAB071026),
Vf6
Af2(OPE171272)
Ascochyta fabae
2 QTL; Af3(OPG041131),
29H
Af4(OPJ18655)
Drought ILB938/2 Quantitative genetic traits H.Khan6@wlv.ac.uk
Winter frost Côte d’Or, Hiverna with heterosis; in progress wlink@gwdg.de
Monogenic recessive low
Vicin, Convicin Mélodie, Disco content vc-; white seed duc@epoisses.inra.fr
hilum at < 10cM distance anam.torres.romero@jun-
Monogenic recessive zero
tadeandalucia.es
Tannin Gloria,, Disco content “zt1”,, “zt2”;; white
flower at 0,0 cM
Source: W.Link, 2006
24Advances…
The availability of model species:
Medicago truncatula y Lotus japonicus
Mapping and DNA sequenciation of the M. truncatula genome
Progress in MAS (marker-assisted selection)
Although still in the first steps:
Active work on sinteny,
Studies on gene expression
Chromosome “walking” g
Identification of candidate genesAnd even…
In vitro regeneration
and
TransformationAgrobacterium
g – Mediated transformation of Vicia ffaba embryo
y axes
Agrobacterium
Direct
Transformation
(Particle GUN PDS
1000 Helium)
Embryonic axes explants
Seeds,
S d T1 after
f about
b
total 10-11 months
Selection on 2 mg/l PPT and
Agrobacterium elimination
by
y timienten
In vitro grafting
(Hanafy et al. 2005)
Shooting on MS medium + B5 vit.
+4.5 mg/l BAP + 0.1mg/l NAA
under selection pressure (6 months)
H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct.
2006Limitations of genetic engineering in
pea andd ffaba
b bean
b
Low transformation efficiency between 0,3 and 0,6%
MAB for transformability
Expression instability of transgenes
•Enhancement of transformation efficiency
•Co‐expression of silencing suppressors
H.Kiesecker, Cordoba Oct. 2006STILL UNEXPLORED VARIABILITY
Ana Mª Torres
Carmen ÁvilaMBead
31
Pistache r=-0.03
Gobo
ent (NIRS, %)
30
Increasing the seed Gloria
protein content: Music Styria
29 Mars
otein conte
Just the motivation to P l
Pelep Scirocco
Maya
do the breeding job is Alfred
28 Troy Karna
missing.
Seed pro
Victor
HFreya
27 L2(Min. x CEx.)
L1(Min. x CEx.)
Merkur
26
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Yield performance (t/ha)
Source: W.Link, 2006
32
Zeid et al., 2004HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
7
r = 0.85**
6
2 crosses
Zeid et al., HYBRIDS
5 2002
eld of 62
Heterosis
4 Faba bean data
Hybrid yie
4 environm.
i r = 2-4
24
6m² plot size
3 Heterosis
H
2
20
2.0 30
3.0 40
4.0 50
5.0 60
6.0 70
7.0
Parental means of 62 crosses
Source: W.Link, 2006HETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
SYNTHETICS
Fouad MaaloufHETEROSIS: THE FORGOTTEN POSSIBILITY
52
50
48
46
44
Yield ((q/ha)
42 SYNTHETICS
40
38
36
34
32
P Syn 0 Syn 1 Syn 2 Syn 3 Syn 4
Synthetic generation
Superiority of synthetic populations over their homozygous
components (St lli ett all., 1994)
t (Stelling
Source: W.Link, 2006Nutritional value “Vikinga”
(from Amcor x ZT)
White hilum
White flower (low
t
tannin
i content)
t t)
High yield
AmcorClosed
flowers
Wild type
flowersWHAT ABOUT DROUGHT TOLERANCE?
3000
Drought
2500
tolerance 2000 Córdoba
kg/ha
1500 (S. Spain)
1000
500
0
w ithout glyphosate w ith glyphosate
A very hi
high
h
EUFABA trial in Spain: the same cultivars
GxE interaction Logroño
g
kg/ha
(N. Spain)
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0Drought
tolerance Drought Stress Trial 2005 at Göttingen
Mediterr. cvs. Yield (g/plot)
ot under drought stress
500 ICARDA
Condor x ILB938
German genotypes
400 There are
Th
possibilities
300
of maintaining
BA712
Alameda
Fuego
Mélodie
the potential
CI37 CI41
Lobo
CI15 under dryy
d per plo
200 B k Condor/1
Baraka Fr.xEnantia
Enantia CI29
conditions
ILB2282/1
100 ILB938
Yield
ILB2282/2
rr=0
0.65
65
LSD(5%)
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
Yield per plot with irrigation
Source: W.Link, 2006Advances…
MOLECULAR METHODS ARE AVAILABLE
(INCLUDING MICROCHIPS),
ALTHOUGH NOT IN SUCH A STANDARD
WAY AS IN OTHER CROPS:
THERE ARE ONLY A FEW TEAMS...PROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis
TANNIN CONTENT VICINE-CONVICINE
L H L H M L H M
OPB9
OPH1
OPP17 OPU2
Fig.
g 1 DNA patterns for primers OPP17
and OPU2. Polymorphic bands within
contrasted bulks for tannin content (L:
low; H: high), are indicated by arrows. Fig. 2 DNA patterns for primers OPB9 and OPH1 in the 7 F2
individuals of each contrasted bulk. RAPD markers linked to
M: molecular-weight marker φx174/Hae III. high (H) vicine-convicine content are indicated by arrows.
molecular weight marker φx174/Hae III.
M: molecular-weight III
EUFABA-
EUFABA-Prague,
Córdoba,
Prague,September
September
6-7 March 2003
2003
2003 Partner
Partner
2: UCO
2: UCOPROGRESS: WP 5 DNA marker analysis
¾Antinutritional
A ti t iti l factors:
f t tannins
t i and
d vicine-convicine
i i i i
Cross 6 x zt2
- 39 polymorphic markers identified in the pools (white vs normal flower)
- Test for consistent detection and subsequent analysis on the individuals
that formed each bulk
Cross 6 x zvc
- 48
8 RAPD markers
a esp present
ese t in o
only
yoone
eoof tthe
e poo
pools
s
- Up to now, 4 of them displayed consistent detection in each of the F2
individuals of the bulk
EUFABA- Prague,
- EUFABA- September
Prague, 2003
September 2003 Partner 2: UCO
Partner 2: UCOWP 5 DNA marker analysis
Previous results from QTL analysis (F2)
- Orobanche crenata
3 QTLs identified (Or1, Or2 and Or3; R2 = 74%)
Roman et al. (2002). Genome 45:1057-1063
- Ascochyta fabae
6 136
6x136 Af1 (Chrom.
(Ch 3 R2 = 25%)
3,
Af2 (Chrom. 2; R2 = 21%)
29H X 136 Af1 (Chrom. 3, R2 = 20%)
Af2 (Chrom. ?; R2 = 22%)
Roman et al. (2003). Australian J. Agric. Res. 54:85-90
Avila CM, (2002) PhD. Thesis Distance (cM) Marker name
1.6 OPR07930
Monogenic traits: rust resistance 2.8 OPP021172
OPD13736
0.0
5 RAPDs linked to Uvf-1 7.1 OPL181032
Avila CM et al. (2003). TAG 107: 353-358 0.0 OPI20900
Uvf 1
EUFABA-
EUFABA-Prague,
Córdoba,
Prague,September
September
6-7 March 2003
2003
2003 Partner
Partner
2: UCO
2: UCOMAPPING
Distance (cM) Marker name
1.6 OPR07930
2.8 OPP021172
0.0 OPD13736
7.1 OPL181032
0.0 OPI20900
Uvf 1
GENE EXPRESSIONNew Uses
Legumes (other than soya)
Nutritional value:
Chickpeas (0.69)
Peas (0.67)
(0 67)
Faba beans (0.65)
Lentils (0.52)
Whole wheat – legum.
g flour ((0.85))Not only
nutrition
Moisture Proteins but
Minerals
NEW USES:
Lipid Prebiotics
Nutraceuticals
Carbohydrate
ADDED
VALUEOTHER PULSES DID IT…
Food Ingredients distribution of...
Pea Protein
Pea Starch
Pea Fiber
Bamboo Fiber
Natural and GMO free ingredients
Natural Fibers
Micronized Products
Low Carbohydrate Formulations
Low Fat Formulations
Custom Blends
Natural Flavor Enhancers
Probiotic and Prebiotic Ingredients
Seasoning Blends
N b C
Norben Company, IInc. • P.O.
P O Box
B 766 • Willoughby,
Will hb OH 44096
Source: J. I Boye, 2008Protein isolate/concentrate alternatives
Proteins of
soy/pea/rice
Protein shakes
(just add water)
Protein powders
Source: J. I Boye, 2008Gel/Film
WHY NOT
FROM
FABA BEANS?
Designed to heal the wounds Pea starch
… Cliff Hedley and colleagues from JIC have developed a process
for producing a range of novel film materials from pea starch
that may be suitable for use in wound dressing applications…
Patent Reference: International Patent Publication No. WO 05/118729
E‐contact: adam@pbltechnology.com Source: J. I Boye, 2008Our pea and bean products are all non‐GMO, gluten‐free,
low allergenic, lactose free, natural and very functional.
available in Organic as well.
well
HERE THEY ARE…!
Our pea starch, pea fibre and pea protein concentrates are
Prestige Protein Field Pea protein (50%)
Propel
p Protein Yellow field pea (44% )
Fababean Protein
Progress Protein Yellow or green field pea (56%)
Great Northern Protein
B l P
Barley Protein
t i
THIS IS ADDED VALUE
Source: J. I Boye, 2008BUT VERY LITTLE CAN BE ACHIEVED
WORKING IN ISOLATIONTHE GREATER SUCCESS ON FABA BEAN IN THE PAST
WAS POSSIBLE WITHIN
INTERNATIONAL COOPERATIVE PROGRAMSIN THE 70-80’s:
0 80’ EEC
C (=EU)
( ) and ICARDA
C
SINCE LATE 70s: NILE VALLEY PROJECT
LATE IN THE 80s
80s-90s:
90s: EU projects
CAMAR (coord. Univ. Córdoba)
TRANSLEG (coord. Univ. Berlín)
EUFABA (coord. IAS, España)
GLIP (coord.
(coord JIC,
JIC Norwich,
Norwich GB)ALL THESE PROGRAMS PRODUCED
NEW MATERIALS,
MATERIALS
NEW GENES,
NEW KNOWLEDGE,
KNOWLEDGE
NEW METHODS…
…AND THE FEELING OF
BELONGING TO
ONE SINGLE BUT GREAT TEAMA good example
of collaboration
3 QTLs
(Torres et al., 2006)
Orobanche crenata
F.A. Lohmüller, 2005
Zeid, Ghazy and Link, 2006 59AN EXCELLENT EXAMPLE OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION
Development of faba bean productivity and production in the
Nile Valley, Red Sea and sub-Saharan region
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009
COLLABORATION… IT CAN BE DONE…
Source: F. Maalouf et al., 2009WHAT FABA BEAN CAN DO FOR DEVELOPING COUNTRIES?
PRODUCING A NATURAL N-FERTILIZER
N FERTILIZER
INCREASING THE ORGANIC MATTER IN THE SOIL
ROTATIONS, CROP DIVERSIFICATION
SUSTAINABLE FARMING
FOOD AND FEED,
FEED DRY AND GREEN
GREATER NUTRITIONAL VALUE ALONE OR BLENDED
NEW FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS
TO SUM UP: AGRICULTURAL AND HEALTH BENEFITSBUT TO ACHIEVE THESE GOALS,
THE MAGICAL WORD IS…
COOPERATIONTHANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION
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