EthicalMUN II FIFA Committee on Corruption and Transparency - Chairs: Zachary Zemmel and Cal Gelernt
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EthicalMUN II FIFA Committee on Corruption and Transparency Chairs: Zachary Zemmel and Cal Gelernt Crisis Director: Anton Van Schaik
EthicalMUN II
Dear Delegates,
Welcome to EthicalMUN II! Specifically, welcome to the FIFA Crisis Committee.
We hope that this committee will provide all of you with an interesting debate about
the world’s most popular (and in our opinion, greatest) sport. Over the course of the
Theo Dassin coming weekend, we will examine issues that surround not only the sport in general;
Co-Secretary General the global politics that surround soccer (football) will be discussed passionately too.
For this reason, many interesting characters from both the political and sporting
Iva Knezevic sides of football will be portrayed. We hope to see you all are looking forward to the
Co-Secretary General conference as much as we are.
Alex Keswani The purpose of this background guide is to help you in your research for this crisis
Chief of Staff committee; it has a comprehensive summary of each of the characters and their
positions. Additionally, it contains a detailed history of the subject. This being said,
Ryan Kelly it is not sufficient for your research on the topic. For this reason, you must do your
Vice-Secretary of own individual research to prepare for this committee. Finally, the questions to
Committees consider are particularly important in this committee, and you are encouraged to do
your research and construct your position papers around the questions specifically.
Olivia Becker
Vice-Secretary of This is a crisis committee and you should be prepared for the possible issues that
Administration Anton, our crisis director, will create. It important to note that our committee is
technically a historical committee as we begin on February 1, 2018. This
committee will not be acting as any particular branch of FIFA. Rather, it has brought
Halle Friedman current and former FIFA officials, governmental representatives, and important
Vice-Secretary of
people in the football world to discuss (and possibly punish) violations of different
Outreach
laws, statutes, and codes related to corruption and transparency. Additionally, this
committee will look to find methods to stop corrupt practices and increase
Leilani Elkaslasy transparency in the future.
Community Service
Director This committee will use the standard crisis committee parliamentary procedure. Due
to the nature of this committee, it is impossible to know the length of time for which
Abby Gewirtz each topic is discussed in advance. Therefore, you should be prepared for
Director of Photography substantive debates and discussions on all topics mentioned in this background
guide.
Prez Thomas, Ben
Kaiser, Max Zalta, Please note: Descriptions were not written about Swiss and American
and David Runte government officials as they will represent the interests of their entire
Senior Staff government, rather than themselves.
If you have any questions about this committee, please email us.
Best,
Zachary Zemmel (20zzemmel@ecfs.org),
Cal Gelernt (20cigelernt@ecfs.org)
Co-Chairs FIFA Crisis Committee
FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
General History of FIFA
On the 21st of May, 1904, the Fédération
Internationale de Football Association
(FIFA) was founded with the intention of
promoting the game of football
internationally and creating a unified set of
laws surrounding how the game was played.
FIFA began as an organization that solely
governed Europe. However, it started to
expand out of the continent as early as 1909. Figure 1: FIFA Headquarters in Zurich,
Switzerland
Unfortunately, the First World War put a
halt on FIFA’s operations and most sport Corruption at FIFA
worldwide. This meant that FIFA’s congress Allegations of FIFA’s corruption first began
would not meet for another seven years. 1
during João Havelange’s presidency when
Nonetheless, Uruguay hosted the first FIFA Swiss court documents implicated him and
World Cup in 1930 with much financial his son in law, Ricardo Teixeira, in
success even though only four European receiving kickbacks from a marketing
nations competed (the most notable company, ISL. Since then, numerous cases
establishments of football were in Europe at of corruption in FIFA have been uncovered,
the time). Although the outbreak of World including cases of match-fixing. In 2015, the
War II occurred only nine years after the United States and Switzerland began
first World Cup, FIFA had doubled in size investigations into FIFA corruption. In May,
since 1921. Around 1970, FIFA president seven FIFA officials were arrested by Swiss
Dr. Joao Havelange started to use FIFA as a Police on behalf of the United States and its
tool to “[promote] technical development ongoing FBI investigation into FIFA. Then,
worldwide” as opposed to pure competition. on December 3, 2015, 23 FIFA officials
Additionally, Havelange used the were indicted on a combined total of 92
organization to promote diplomacy between criminal charges, including fraud and
nations that continued into the presidency of racketeering. Bribery was not one of the
Joseph ‘Sepp’ Blatter. 2
charges listed, however, the prosecutors
stated they were looking into the World Cup
1FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
bidding process. The Indictments allege that In 2013, Chuck Blazer, the second-in-
the criminal schemes lasted 24 years. FIFA command at The Confederation of North,
and President Sepp Blatter have denied the Central American and Caribbean
allegations. Although Blatter defeated Association Football (CONCACAF) plead
Prince Ali bin Hussein in the FIFA 2015 guilty to corruption charges. Blazer was
election, Blatter resigned on June 2, 2015, granted immunity in exchange for becoming
amid the scandal. He was subsequently an informant to the FBI and the US
banned from any soccer-related activities for Department of Justice (DOJ) in exchange for
3
eight years. providing information about illegal FIFA
activities taking place on American soil.5
Role of the Swiss Government From Blazer’s testimony, the US
FIFA is headquartered in Zurich, Government learned that Jeffery Webb, the
Switzerland. Therefore, the Swiss head of CONCACAF and former Vice
government has jurisdiction over much of President of FIFA, was taking bribes from
the area in which crimes were being sports marketing officials. This bribery, in
committed by FIFA officials. In 2015, Swiss the form of $110 million, the DOJ learned,
police raided the Baur au Lac Hotel in resulted in the US hosting the 2016 Copa
Zurich and arrested seven FIFA officials. América.
These officials were extradited to the United
The FBI and DOJ are still continuing with
States because the arrests were part of an
their investigations. Nonetheless, nine FIFA
FBI investigation into the corruption
officials and five corporate executives have
allegations made against FIFA.4
been indicted by the United States
government for conspiracy, racketeering,
Role of the U.S Government and corruption.6
The United States Government continues
plays a large role in the prosecution of FIFA
officials. This is because many of the crimes
committed by FIFA officials involved the
US banking system.
2FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
Questions to Consider:
1. Should those who oversaw corruption at
FIFA be held responsible? How so?
a. If they are to be prosecuted
criminally, noting the lack of
enforcing power this committee
has, how can it try those who
have been accused of
wrongdoing?
2. Given the issues surrounding the
2018 and 2022 World Cups, how can
the World Cup bidding process be
improved in terms of transparency?
a. Given the human rights issues
that have arisen, should Russia
and Qatar even be permitted to
keep the World Cup?
i. How can these issues be
better addressed in the
future?
3. How should FIFA restructure to
better prevent corruption?
a. Should an independent overseer
be created?
b. Should it disband entirely?
3FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
Portfolio Powers entities like banks in the US), has voting
rights.
Swiss Government
Michael Lauber (Attorney General)
Can choose to prosecute anyone if he can Non-Governmental Officials
demonstrate probable cause (to the chairs) of Gianni Infantino (President of FIFA)
a crime being committed by them in Swiss Gianni Infantino is the Swiss/Italian current
territory (or when interacting with Swiss president of FIFA. He assumed the office on
entities like banks in Switzerland), has February 26, 2016. Although he campaigned
voting rights. for the position on the promise of decreasing
corruption, he has been involved in scandals
Simonetta Sommaruga (Federal himself. Firstly, he was heavily criticized
Councilor - Head - of Federal Department when he suddenly removed Cornel Borbély,
of Justice and Police)
Can call for police raids on Swiss territory, the former head of the Investigatory
can make arrests on Swiss territory, can Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Board, along
choose to accept or deny warrant requests by with other Ethics Board members who were
other Swiss government officials for police investigating him for malpractice. This
raids or arrests (all with probable cause as investigation was concerned with the
determined by the chairs), has voting rights. allegations that he tried to influence a
Confederation of African Football (CAF)
Guy Parmelin (Head of Federal presidential election. The other main
7
Department of Defense, Civil Protection, criticism surrounding Infantino’s supposed
and Sport)
Can direct Swiss military, make decisions lack of transparency comes from his
about Swiss governance of sport, has voting involvement in the Mossack Fonseca
rights. “Panama Papers” leak; when he was the
director of legal services at UEFA, he may
have signed off on a contract with two
United States Government
Jeff Sessions (Attorney General) Argentinian businessmen who have now
Can choose to prosecute anyone if he can been accused of bribery. This contract was
8
demonstrate probable cause (to the chairs) of apparently related to a TV deal for UEFA
a crime being committed by them in US Champions League broadcasting rights.
territory (or when interacting with American While UEFA and Infantino claim the
broadcasting rights were sold to the highest
4FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
bidder, US prosecutors claim that millions Fatma Samba Diouf Samoura (Secretary-
General of FIFA)
of dollars in bribes were given to UEFA
Fatma Samoura is a Senegalese senior
officials to secure broadcasting rights. He
United Nations official and the current
has the power to make decisions about
Secretary-General of FIFA. Her
administration of FIFA, hire and fire FIFA
appointment by the FIFA council in May
officials, has voting rights.
2016 was widely seen as a positive step for
FIFA as she is the first African and the first
Joseph “Sepp” Blatter (Former President
woman to hold the position. However, her
of FIFA)
Sepp Blatter is a Swiss former president of involvement in the CAF election scandal
FIFA. He started his term in 1998 and with Gianni Infantino has cast major doubts
announced his resignation on June 2, 2015, on her credibility. In order to help get her
amidst new allegations surrounding his favored candidate, Ahmad Ahmad, elected,
involvement in the FIFA corruption scandal. she supposedly promised presidents of
He stated that he planned to resign by different football associations that she could
February of 2016. In September of 2015, the “accelerate payments of FIFA development
Swiss government began an investigation money to their [respective] football
into his relationship with the president of associations if the presidents voted for
UEFA at the time, Michel Platini. While Ahmad.” She has the power to make
they were both cleared of corruption decisions about FIFA’s administration, hire
charges, Blatter was discovered to have and fire FIFA officials and has voting rights.
given a $1.7 million payment to Platini.
They were both subsequently banned from Jérôme Valcke (Former Secretary-
General of FIFA)
all football-related activities for eight years
Jérôme Valcke is a French former Secretary-
(later reduced to six) for conflict of interest,
General of FIFA. He was banned from
dereliction of duty, and the “disloyal
football-related activities for 12 years (later
payment.” He has voting rights and access to
reduced to 10) in January of 2016 for his
$20 million.
role in a number of scandals. He was found
to have breached seven counts of the FIFA
Ethics code. For example, he took private
flights rather than commercial ones “without
5FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
any business rationale for doing so.” More
13
Warner. He subsequently “used the payment
importantly, however, he attempted to for cash withdrawals, personal loans, and to
facilitate the sale of TV rights for the 2018 launder money.” He has access to $160
and 2022 World Cups “for a fee far below million and voting rights.
their actual value.” It was additionally found Maria Claudia Rojas (Chair of the
Investigatory Chamber of the FIFA
that Valcke “had helped a sports marketing
Ethics Committee)
firm gain an undue advantage from the Maria Claudia Rojas is the Colombian chair
selling of World Cup tickets.” Finally, of the Investigatory Chamber of the FIFA
Valcke deleted files, folders, and emails Ethics Committee. While she has not been
relevant to the investigation against him accused of corruption, her competence as
despite knowing that they were relevant chair of the committee was called into
pieces of evidence. He presumably did this question by a recent report by Anne
with the intent to obstruct the investigation. Brasseur, a representative of the
He has voting rights and $5 million. Luxembourg Democratic Party and
president of the Council of Europe’s
Jack Warner (Former President of parliamentary assembly. The report states
CONCAF and Former Vice President of
that Rojas does not have “the requisite
FIFA)
Jack Warner is a Trinidadian former experience of conducting criminal or
President of CONCACAF and Vice financial investigations” necessary to chair
President of FIFA. He was banned from the committee. “her lack of knowledge of
football-related activities for life in 2015 and English and French is a major obstacle, as
is currently indicted by the US government almost all documents [relevant to the
for corruption. He was found to have investigations] are in one of these two
received $10 million in bribes, sent on languages.” The report suggests that her
behalf of South Africa, in return for his vote capacity to examine confidential work is
for South Africa to host the 2010 World limited because she often requires
Cup. While the money was meant to be used translators who do not have the necessary
for the Caribbean Diaspora Legacy clearance to view confidential documents.
Programme (a program meant to develop However, much of the criticism of Rojas
football in the Caribbean), it was arguably comes down to the fact that she is largely
understood that it was, in fact, a bribe to seen as failing in terms of investigating the
6FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
Russian doping scandal. Currently, Rojas is committee members if the investigatory
responsible for investigating Vitaly Mutko branch comes up with findings about them.
along with any Russian footballers who may
have broken the rules surrounding doping. Mohammed bin Hammam (Former
President of the AFC)
She has voting rights and the power to start
Mohammed bin Hammam is a Qatari former
investigations into different crisis committee
President of the Asian Football
members (chairs will give results of
Confederation (AFC). In 2011, he ran
investigations).
against Sepp Blatter for President of FIFA
and promised that he would bring more
Vassilios Skouris (Chair of the
transparency to the position.20 However, he
Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA
Ethics Committee and the Former withdrew his candidacy three days before
President of the European Court of
the vote when it was discovered that he paid
Justice
Vassilios Skouris is the Greek chair of the $1 million to 25 members of the Caribbean
Adjudicatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics Football Union in exchange for their votes.
Committee and the former president of the Additionally, he was suspected of being
European Court of Justice. As chair, he involved in a vote-trading pact with Angel
oversees rulings made by the adjudicatory Maria Villar Llona which was designed to
chamber. Skouris is a well-respected and help Qatar’s World Cup bid. This caused
holds honorable distinctions from the Greek, him to be banned for life from football-
Cypriot, Austrian, French, Romanian, and related activities. He later appealed this ban.
Italian governments.18 While the However, he received a second life ban
appointment of Skouris was not when it was discovered that he had
controversial, the Infantino’s effective firing “conflicts of interest” as president of the
of Hans-Joachim Eckert, the judge who AFC.21 He has voting rights and access to
preceded Skouris, was. By getting rid of $70 million.
Eckert, many argue that Infantino was trying
to hide information and that the firing of Michael J. Garcia (Former Chairman of
the Investigatory Chamber of the FIFA
Eckert was a “purge for reasons of self-
Ethics Committee)
interest from the FIFA president.”19 He has Michael J. Garcia is an American lawyer,
voting rights and the power to try and judge, and former Chairman of the
sentence (on permission of the chairs) Investigatory Chamber of the FIFA Ethics
7FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
Committee. In 2012, FIFA launched an Committee, and International Olympic
independent investigation, led by Garcia, Committee. Nsekera was the first woman to
into the bidding process for hosting rights of hold a seat on the executive committee.24
the 2018 and 2022 World Cups. Garcia She has largely focused her time on the
finished his investigation in 2014 and wrote FIFA Council on anti-corruption work. She
a 350-page report. However, FIFA and is one of the few members of this committee
Hans-Joachim Eckert declined to release the who has actual experience in drafting anti-
full report and instead released a 42-page corruption legislation.25 She can issue
summary. Garcia described the summary as official suggestions for appointments and
“materially incomplete,” and stated that it dismissals of FIFA Executive Officials
had “erroneous representations of the facts (President, VP, Secretary-General, Different
and conclusions [of the original report].” For FIFA Committee Chairs, etc.) and has
this reason, the Associated Press wrote that voting rights.
Eckert’s summary “was denounced by
critics as a whitewash.”22 Garcia appealed Sunil Gulati (Former President of United
States Soccer Federation)
the decision to not release the report to the
Sunil Gulati is the American representative
FIFA Appeal Committee. The Appeal
of the FIFA Council and the president of the
Committee deemed Garcia’s appeal “not
United States Soccer Federation (USSF). He
admissible.” Garcia resigned a day later in
was widely criticized for a lack of leadership
protest citing “a lack of leadership” and lost
after the US Men’s National Team
confidence in Eckert’s independence from
(USMNT) failed to qualify for the 2018
FIFA’s oversight.23 He has voting rights and
World Cup. For this reason, he is not
can indict and sentence (on permission of
seeking reelection in the 2018 USSF
the chairs) individuals if trial is in a court
presidential election.26 Despite his supposed
under jurisdiction of NY State Court of
failures with the USMNT, Gulati has
Appeals.
managed to keep the USSF largely clear of
the FIFA corruption scandal.27 Though
Lydia Nsekera (Member of the FIFA
Gulati was close to Chuck Blazer, there are
Executive Committee)
Lydia Nsekera is a Burundian member of currently no major links between the USSF
the FIFA Council, FIFA Executive and the scandal. In fact, Gulati was one of
Committee, FIFA Women’s Football several FIFA Executive Committee
8FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
members to call for the release of the full executive decisions about appointments and
Garcia Report.28 He can issue official dismissals within FIFA, make decisions
suggestions for appointments and dismissals about governance of football in Asia, and
of FIFA Executive Officials (President, VP, has voting rights.
Secretary-General, Different FIFA
Committee Chairs, etc.), has voting rights, Michel Platini (Former President of
UEFA)
hire and fire members of the USSF, and
Michel Platini is a former French player
make decisions about governance of football
considered to be one of the best footballers
in the US.
of all time and was subsequently a football
administrator. Platini served as the French
Sheikh Salman bin Ibrahim Al-Khalifa
national team coach for 4 years before being
(President of the AFC)
Sheikh Salman bin Ibrahim Al- Khalifa is elected the sixth president of UEFA, serving
the President of the Asian Football from December 2007 to December 2015.
Confederation and a Vice-President of Platini was involved in the 2015 corruption
FIFA. He assumed office on May 2, 2013. scandal. Swiss prosecutors accused then
Additionally, he is a member of the FIFA FIFA president Sepp Blatter of making a
Council and chairman of the FIFA “disloyal payment” to Platini of $2 million.
development committee. Amid the Swiss attorney general Michael Lauber
corruption scandal, Salman was seen as a claimed that Platini was investigated and
quality alternative to Sepp Blatter and many questioned by the Swiss government, and
believed he would be the next president of Platini was placed under special
FIFA. In October 2015, Sheikh Salman investigation by the FIFA ethics committee
announced his candidacy to become the in September of 2015. On October 8, 2015,
FIFA’s next president. During the campaign, Platini was provisionally suspended for 90
several allegations of using money from days and then, on December 21, Platini was
development project funds to finance his barred from football for eight years. The
campaign as well as allegations of forming committee stated that Platini "did not show
illegal alliances to influence the election commitment to an ethical attitude during his
ended up costing him the election. He was tenure.” He has access to $140 million and
defeated by the UEFA Secretary-General at has voting rights.
the time, Gianni Infantino.30 He can make
9FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
Edson “Pelé” Arantes do Nascimento praised for being a visionary and attempting
(Former Football Player)
to put the tiny country of Qatar on the map.
Edson Arantes do Nascimento, commonly
Yet the decision to place the World Cup in
referred to as Pelé, is the widely regarded as
Qatar was met with tremendous amounts of
the greatest footballer ever. He played for
criticism from football experts and human
the Brazilian national team and the club
rights groups. Among the concerns are the
teams Santos and New York Cosmos. After
climate in Qatar, human rights abuse of
his retirement from football, Pele became an
laborers, the high expected cost, and the
outspoken critic of Brazilian football
various allegations of bribery involved in the
administrators in 1990s. In 1993, Pele
bid for the location. Several former FIFA
publicly accused Ricardo Teixeira, then the
officials have publicly admitted the decision
president of the Brazilian Football
was a mistake, including Sepp Blatter and
Confederation, of corruption. Pele also
Theo Zwanziger. The decision was often
heavily criticized FIFA’s decision to put the
cited as one of the main examples of
2016 World Cup in Brazil, a country rife
corruption in FIFA during the 2015 scandal.
with poverty, because of the amount of
He has $2.4 billion and has voting rights.
money Brazil’s government would be forced
to spend. Pele also called the 2015
Vitaly Mutko (President of the Russian
corruption scandal “a shame,” and criticized
Football Union)
FIFA’s leadership. He has $100 million, can Vitaly Mutko is the Deputy Prime Minister
call for protests/demonstrations throughout of Russia and the Russian Football Union
the Americas and Europe, and has voting President. He assumed office in October
rights. 2016 and was previously the Minister of
Sport. In that position, Mutko was the
Sheikh Hamad Bin Khalifa Bin Ahmed chairman of Russia’s successful bid for the
Al-Thani (Former Emir of Qatar)
2018 World Cup. Mutko was criticized for
Hamad Bin Khalifa Bin Ahmed Al-Thani is
saying there was corruption in English
a member of the Qatari royal family and was
Football, a rival bidding nation, but later
the Emir of Qatar (the country’s highest
said, "What I meant was that sometimes the
position) from 1995-2013. Under his
English media say there is corruption in
leadership, Qatar won the bid to host the
Russia, but I meant that if you dig deeply
2022 World Cup. Initially, Al-Thani was
you find corruption in any country." He was
10FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
also appointed to FIFA’s Executive
Committee in 2009. In 2015, Mutko was
accused of complicity in a wide range
doping scheme involving the Russian Track
and Field Team. Though some said it was
impossible for him to be aware of it, he was
banned for life from Olympic games by the
International Olympic Committee. Because
of the doping ban, Mutko is expected to step
down from his post as Russian Football
Union President as of February 2018. In
March 2017, Mutko was barred from
seeking re-election as a member of FIFA’s
council due to his governmental position.37
He can make executive decisions about
governance and policy of Russian
government (including hiring/firing), make
executive decisions about governance of
Russian football, and has voting rights.
11FIFA EthicalMUN II Crisis
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