DETERMINANT OF SPORT MOTIVATION WITH WRESTLING ATHLETES
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94
Research in Kinesiology
2015, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 94-98
DETERMINANT OF SPORT MOTIVATION
WITH WRESTLING ATHLETES
(Original scientific paper)
Galina Domuschieva-Rogleva
National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”, Sofia
Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Sociology, Sofia, Bulgaria,
Abstract
The theoretical framework of this study includes the Self-Determination Theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985,
2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000). The aim is to reveal the particularities of the Self-Control, Self-Efficacy and Self-
Motivation with wrestling athletes, depending on their gender and sport results. Object of the research are 54
wrestling athletes from Bulgarian national teams of Free style and Greco-Roman style, 16 to 34 - years old,
41 men and 13 women, medalists -19; 35, ranked after the third place. We have used the Bulgarian versions
of the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS; Pelletier et al., 1995), the Rosenbaum scale SCS for measuring the level
of Self-control skills and Methods to research Self-efficacy in sport (Iancheva, Misheva-Aleksova, 2006). The
results showed that the participants in the present study scored higher on self-determined types of intrinsic
motivation than non self-determined types of motivation. The motivation of female athletes was more strongly
characterized by intrinsic motivation. Self-control has the biggest impact on the levels of Intrinsic motiva-
tion to know and Intrinsic motivation to accomplish; and Self-hindering influences negatively on the levels of
Intrinsic motivation to accomplish in athletes studied.
Keywords: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, self-efficacy, self-control, Stepwise regression analysis
INTRODUCTION vation within that context. When individuals are able
Self-determination theory (SDT) is one of the most to realize these needs, motivation will be more self-
popular and widely tested approaches to motivation in determined and positive cognitive, affective, and beha-
sport and other achievement domains (Deci & Ryan, vioral responses will ensue (Vallerand, 2001).
1985, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000). “SDT began with To examine the behavioral regulation resulting from
the premise that the most useful theories of motivation the satisfaction of these innate needs, researchers have
would be broad in scope, encompassing a wide range of employed a multidimensional perspective. That means
phenomena; use concepts that have phenomenological or there is a continuum of behavioral regulations and each
personal meaning for people; be derived using empirical reflect a qualitatively different reason for individuals
methods; and have principles that can be applied across undertaking a given behavior, ranging from the most to
life’s domains. As such, the theory has developed with the least self-determined forms of motivation: intrinsic,
these guiding criteria, and that may be the reason why extrinsic (external regulation, introjected regulation,
in the past 2 decades it has generated an enormous identified regulation), and amotivation (Deci & Ryan,
amount of research elaborating many aspects of the 1985, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000).
theory and addressing issues in many applied domains, Intrinsic motivation is fully self-determined and
such as parenting, health care, education, work, sport, characterised by interest in, and enjoyment derived
psychotherapy, and so forth” (Deci & Ryan, 2008, p.14) from, sports participation. There are three types of
This theory is based on a number of motives or intrinsic motivation, namely intrinsic motivation to
regulations, which vary in terms of the degree of self- know, intrinsic motivation to accomplish and intrinsic
determination they reflect. Essentially, self-determination motivation to experience stimulation. Intrinsic
theory proposes that individuals have three innate needs motivation is considered to be the healthiest type
(autonomy, competence, and relatedness) that must be of motivation and reflects an athlete’s motivation to
satisfied by social contexts in order to facilitate moti- perform an activity simply for the reward inherent inDETERMINANT OF SPORT MOTIVATION... 95
their participation. Barr-Taylor, & Brouillard, 1988).
External and introjected regulations represent non- The behavior which is typical for a personality in
self-determined or controlling types of extrinsic moti- state of high tension and stress, is determined by the
vation because athletes do not sense that their behaviour level of self-control skills through which the person
is choiceful and, as a consequence, they experience searches for a change of the level of control over the
psychological pressure. Participating in sport to receive situation. Rosenbaum (1990) defines three basic types
money as a prize, to win medals typifies external of self-control:
regulation. Participating to avoid punishment or negative - supporting, carried out on a psychological level
evaluation is also external. Introjection is an internal without active participation of the consciousness. It
pressure under which athletes might participate out of supports the homeostasis of the organism;
feelings of guilt or to achieve recognition. Identified - recuperative – directed towards overcoming the
regulation represent self-determined type of extrinsic dissonance and recovering the equilibrium;
motivation because behaviour is initiated out of choice, - transformative, accompanied by an activity which
although it is not necessarily perceived to be enjoyable. aims to overcome the inefficient habits and to form a
These types of represents engagement in a behaviour new, more efficient demeanor (Rosenbaum, 1990).
because it is highly valued. The level of self-control skills determines the degree
Amotivation represents a lack of intention to of control of the situation during training and during
engage in a behaviour. It is accompanied by feelings competition. It is known that people with high level of
of incompetence and lack of connection between one’s self-control are characterized by less stress symptoms
behaviour and the expected outcome. Some of athl- in stress situations. This can be seen in a comparison
etes exhibit a sense of helplessness and often require between Rosenbaum‘s scale for research of the level of
counselling, as they are highly prone to dropping out. self-control and motivation in sport.
Within a self-determination theory framework, Guided by Self-determination theory (Deci & Ryan,
research in sport and phisical education (Kowal & 1985, 2008; Ryan & Deci, 2000), we suppose that self-
Fo-rtier, 1999; Standage, Duda, & Ntoumanis, 2005) control and self-efficacy would positively influence the
has linked more self-determined forms of motivation self-determined forms of motivations of athletes.
(i.e., intrinsic motivation and identified regulation) to The aim of the present study is:
a variety of positive motivational outcomes. The least - to examine the level of self-control, self-efficacy
self-determined forms of motivation (i.e., amotivation and the sport motivation with wrestling athletes
and external regulation) have typically been linked to depending on their gender and sports results;
maladaptive motivational outcomes (or negatively - to reveal whether the level of self-control, self-
related to adaptive outcomes). efficacy influence in the sport motivation of athletes.
Self-efficacy is connected to one’s confidence in The object of the research are 54 wrestling athletes
one’s own ability to act in a way so that one’s mani- from Bulgarian national teams of Free style and Greco-
festations lead to the desired result. According to Roman style, 16 to 34 - years old, 41 men and 13 wom-
Bandura self-efficacy is linked to one’s perception en, medalists – 19; 35 ranked after the third place.
of one’s own abilities to act successfully in certain
situations (Bandura, 1986). Subjectively perceived self- METHODS
efficacy can be used for foreseeing behavior in various 1. Scale for measurement of the level of self-
areas – cognitive functioning, stressors management, control developed by Rosenbaum (1990) and adapted
health related behavior, as well as sport (Bandura, 1986, for Bulgarian conditions (Georgiev, 2001). The test
1994; Counolly, 1989, Smith, 1989, Wang & Richarde, consists of 36 statements and a 6-stage scale of a Lycert
1988). type for evaluation of each one of the statements. The
Perceived self-efficacy is concerned with people‘s higher the score is, the better the self-control skills.
beliefs in their capabilities to exercise control over 2. Methods for researching the Self-Efficacy in
their own functioning and over events that affect their sport (Iancheva & Micheva, 2005), which include two
lives. Beliefs in personal efficacy affect life choices, subscales – self-efficacy and self-hindering.
level of motivation, quality of functioning, resilience 3. Sport Motivation Scale (SMS) (Pelletier et al.,
to adversity and vulnerability to stress and depression. 1995) (Bulgarian version (Muchovski, 2004) - a test
People‘s beliefs in their efficacy are developed by which consists of 28 items researching the motivation
four main sources of influence. They include mastery in sport assesses: intrinsic motivation to know, intrinsic
experiences, seeing people similar to oneself manage motivation to accomplish, intrinsic motivation to
task demands successfully, social persuasion that one experience stimulation, identified regulation, introjected
has the capabilities to succeed in given activities, and regulation, external regulation, and amotivation. Each of
inferences from somatic and emotional states indicative the subscales is scored on a 7-point Likert scale ranging
of personal strengths and vulnerabilities. Ordinary from 1 (does not correspond at all) to 7 (corresponds
realities are strewn with impediments, adversities, exactly).
setbacks, frustrations and inequities (Bandura, Cioffi,96 G. Domuschieva-Rogleva
Organization It was found that by all wrestling athletes in our
Surveyed athletes were tested during training camp in study intrinsic types of motivation was leading. Intr-
july and august 2014. SPSS 17.0 was used for statisti- insic motivation to experience stimulation is primar-
cal processing. A set of statistical procedures was ap- ily (М=6,03; SD=1,01) (table 2). Similar results were
plied: descriptive statistics, comparative analysis (the acquired with reference to the other two types of intrinsic
Mann-Whitney criterion were applied for two samples), motivation - IM to accomplish (М=5,71; SD=1,00) and
regression and correlation analysis. IM to know (М=5,72; SD=1,07), which shows that
there is a high level of self-determination of wrestling
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION athletes. Introjected regulation is leading of external
The results from the variational analysis of ex- types of motivation (М=5,56; SD=1,35). This type of
perimental data shows the following characteristics motivation, while internal to the person, is not truly
of distribution concerning the level of self-control: self-determined since it is limited to the internalization
М=154,67; SD=16,30; self-efficacy: М=4,23; SD=0,46 of past external contingencies. Nevertheless, the
and self-hindering М=2,37; SD=0,46 for all examinat- same group of subjects of the research show lower
ed people. Women show a statistically significant higher levels of external regulation, identified regulation and
level of self-control (u=2,15**) and lower self-efficacy amotivation (table 2).
(u=2,0*) in comparison to men (tabl. 1). Women show a statistically significant higher
The results of the comparative analysis (Mann-Whi- level of intrinsic types of motivation (IM to know -
tney criterion) show that the differences in the values of u=3,08**; IM to accomplish - u=1,96*; IM to expe-
self-control and self-hindering between the competitors rience stimulation - u=3,41**) and lower amotivation
medalists and those ranked after the third place are too (u=1,96*) in comparison to men. By the competitors,
a statistically significant difference experienced. Athl- ranked from 1 to 3 spot the averages of amotivation
etes ranked after 3rd place have lower level of self- and external regulation are lower toward those of the
control (u=1,96*) and higher level of self-hindering competitors outside the top three. The levels of other
(u=2,91**) compare to medalists. The athletes with me- components of self-determination are lower by the
dals have higher level of self-efficacy but the difference athletes ranked after the third place, in relation to the
is negligible. levels of the athletes medalists. Results from other
Table 1. Mean values of self-control and self-efficacy, differentiated
by gender and classification
Self-Control Self-Efficacy Self-Hindering
Variables
M SD M SD M SD
Athletes in the research 154,67 16,30 4,23 0,46 2,37 0,46
Women 163,09 10,11 4,04 0,24 2,52 0,45
Men 150,96 17,26 4,30 0,49 2,32 0,48
Medalists from 1st to 3rd place 161,08 13,89 4,32 0,42 2,09 0,35
Athletes ranked after 3rd place 151,04 16,72 4,18 0,48 2,53 0,48
Table 2. Mean values of sport motivation, differentiated by gender and classification
of introjected
to accomplish
motivation to
of identified
Amotivation
stimulation
Intrinsic
regulation
experience
motivation
motivation
motivation
motivation
regulation
regulation
Extrinsic
Extrinsic
External
Intrinsic
Intrinsic
to know
Variables
M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD M SD
Athletes in the
5,72 1,07 5,71 1,00 6,03 1,01 4,05 1,38 5,56 1,35 4,78 1,25 1,86 1,04
research
Women 6,44 0,43 6,23 0,41 6,73 0,46 4,21 1,11 5,69 1,71 5,04 0,98 1,38 0,40
Men 5,37 1,12 5,45 1,11 5,69 1,03 3,97 1,51 5,50 1,17 4,65 1,36 2,09 1,18
Medalists from
5,84 1,00 5,70 0,90 6,08 1,02 3,63 1,26 5,30 1,47 4,52 1,17 1,73 1,05
1st to 3rd place
Athletes ranked
5,64 1,13 5,71 1,08 5,99 1,02 4,33 1,41 5,74 1,26 4,95 1,30 1,95 1,05
after 3rd placeDETERMINANT OF SPORT MOTIVATION... 97
Table 3. Correlation between the studied variables
Intrinsic motivation to
experience stimulation
Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivation
Self-Hindering
of introjected
to accomplish
Self-Efficacy
of identified
regulation
regulation
to know
Variables
Self - Control 0,471** -0,308** 0,582** 0,461** 0,568**
Self-Efficacy -0,552** 0,437** 0,471**
Extrinsic motivation of
0,554** 0,608** 0,385* 0,359* 0,339*
external regulation
Extrinsic motivation of
0,407** 0,324* 0,406**
introjected regulation
Extrinsic motivation of
0,377* 0,473** 0,383*
identified regulation
Intrinsic motivation to
0,723** 0,787**
know
Intrinsic motivation to
0,742**
accomplish
* р=0,05; ** р=0,01*.
Table 4. Results of regression analysis
Dependent Self- Control Self-Hindering
Variables β t Sig. Δ R2 β t Sig. Δ R2
Intrinsic motivation to know 0,582 4,17 0,001 0,319
Intrinsic motivation to accomplish 0,58 3,14 0,001 0,189 -0,394 2,68 0,01 0,314
studies indicate that the sportsmen have shown lower as independent variables. The diferent types of sport
levels for forms of internal motivation and higher le- motivation have been analyzed as dependent variables.
vels for forms of extrinsic motivation of introjected We found that the high level of self-controlling skill
regulation and amotivation, in comparison with the more raises the intrinsic motivation to accomplish and the
poorly performing athletes Fortier, Vallerand, Briere, & intrinsic motivation to know. The feeling of self-hin-
Provencher,1995; Kowal & Fortier,1999). dering leads to decrease of the intrinsic motivation to
In order to show the connections and interdependence accomplish in the tested wrestling competitors (table 4).
of the studied variables, we used correlation analysis
(Spearman criterion) for the group of wrestling athletes. CONCLUSIONS
Numerous correlations between self-control, self-effic- The first purpose of this study was to examine
acy and the components of sport motivation are being the level of self-control, self-efficacy and the sport
found. motivation with wrestling athletes depending on their
Increasing of the skills of self-control is associated gender and sports results.
with higher levels of self-efficacy and three types of in- The tested wrestling athletes show high level of
trinsic motivation, as well as weaker forms of self-hin- self-control and self-efficacy and lower level of self-
dering (tabl. 3). The feeling of self-efficacy is stronger at hindering in many cases, which determines their suc-
high levels of intrinsic motivation to accomplish and in- cess in sports. The results from the research add to the
trinsic motivation to experience stimulation, and at a low picture of the personality determinants of sport mo-
level of self-hindering. Numerous positive correlations tivation and of their regulatory role for the behavior
between the different types of sports motivation are fou- and the adaptation to the requirements of sports activity.
nd. The results showed that the participants in the present
Stepwise regression analysis has been applied in study scored higher on self-determined types of intrinsic
keeping with the aim of the research. The self-control, motivation than non self-determined types of motiva-
self-efficacy and self-hindering have been analyzed tion. The motivation of the female athletes was more98 G. Domuschieva-Rogleva
strongly characterized by intrinsic motivation. There is Bandura, A., (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran
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lations with self-concept, social adjustment, and men-
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Correspondence:
Domuschieva-Rogleva Galina D.
National Sports Academy “Vassil Levski”
Department of Psychology, pedagogy end sociology,
Studentski grad, 1700 Sofia, Bulgaria
E-mail: galinarogleva@abv.bgYou can also read
